Bu eser hibe Ernst und Berta Grimmke Stiftung ve Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft (köpek) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada deneysel prosedürler hayvan bakımı Komitesi, Rheinland-Pfalz tarafından Almanya kabul edildi. Hayvan bakımı hayvan oftalmik kullanımı için vizyon ve Oftalmoloji (ARVO) deyiminde araştırma ve vizyon araştırma için kurumsal yönergeleri ve dernek için standartlarla uyumlu. Hayvanlar göre Avrupa Birliği yönetmeliği uyarınca 2010/63/AB hayvan deneyleri için tedavi edildi. 3-4 ay yaşlı erkek C57BL/6J fareler (Jackson laboratuvar, Bar Harbour, bana, ABD) deneyler için kullanılmıştır. Hayvanlar (sıcaklık 23 ± 2 ° C, nem aralığı 55 ± %10 ve 12 h açık/koyu döngüleri) standart koşullar altında yer alan ve standart fare chow ve su ad libitumyetkisi vardı.
1. yalıtım fare Retina
<ol><li>Diseksiyon aletleri hazırlık masaya koyun ve tüm araçları hızlı bir hazırlık etkinleştirmek için tam olup olmadığını kontrol edin.</li>
	<li>Fare CO2 inhalasyon tarafından kurban.</li>
	<li>Fare ile çelik makas başını kesmek, kafatası sagitally makas aynı çifti kullanarak iki yarısı kesilmiş ve çıkarmak belgili tanımlık deri ve göz makas (şekil 1) kullanarak beyin.</li>
	<li>Sadece orbital kemik göz makası kullanarak terk etmek kafatası kemik kesti.</li>
	<li>Yörünge buz gibi Krebs-Henseleit arabellek içeren bir diseksiyon kabına aktarın.</li>
	<li>Buzda diseksiyon çanak tutmak veya arabellek her 10 min değiştirin.</li>
	<li>Göz makas kullanarak orbital kemik kesme ve yavaşça göz küre ile birlikte orbital doku tipi 4 hassas cımbız ve öğrenci kenasen bahar makas (Şekil 2) kullanarak çıkarın.</li>
	<li>Yavaşça Harderian bezi, bağ dokusu ve Ekstraoküler kaslar türü 5 hassas cımbız ve oftalmik arter Ana dalı zarar vermemeye dikkat çekici kenasen capsulotomy makas kullanarak çıkarın.</li>
	<li>Yörünge oftalmik arter dalları ve sonunda 10-0 naylon dikiş (şekil 3) kullanarak oftalmik arter Ana dalı proksimal sonuna ligate.</li>
	<li>Göz dünyanın 10 s kullanarak türü için 4 hassas cımbız % 70 etanol içeren bir Petri kabına aktarın. Göz dünyanın geri diseksiyon çanak yerleştirin ve arabellek taze Krebs çözüm ile değiştirin. Kornea etanol maruz kaldıktan sonra beyazımsı görünür.</li>
	<li>Periferik kornea ile 30 gauge iğne ponksiyon ve kenasen capsulotomy makas kullanarak kornea incelemek. Yavaşça Iris doku kesmek, bir sivri kenasen capsulotomy makas koroid ve retina arasında yerleştirin ve kestim koroid ve sklera. Optik siniri (şekil 4) etrafında scleral bazı doku bırakın.</li>
</ol>2. montaj perfüzyon odası retinada
Not: Retina arteriyol deneyler için kullanılan perfüzyon dolu bir ev yapımı yer. Şeffaf bir rezervuar bir giriş ve çıkış tüp (şekil 5) ile oluşur. Bir silikon tüp bir ucunu histoacryl yapıştırıcı ve üç yollu stopcock bağlı diğer ucunu ile odası altına yapıştırılmış olan. Üçlü stopcock taze Krebs arabelleğe içeren bir şırınga bağlanmak ve tüp arabellek ile doldurun.
<ol><li>İğne bağı ile bir cam micropipette al ve tüp perfüzyon odası alt sonu içine itin. Sonra micropipette ucu 100 µm çapı bir ipucu elde etmek için tip 4 makasla bölün.</li>
	<li>Micropipette ucunda odak ve şırınga tüp bağlı yolu ile yıkayın. Kılcal enkaz tarafından tıkandı değil iyi bak. Durumunda tıkanıklığı, kaldırmak, tüp Temizleme ve başka bir micropipette ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Perfüzyon odası soğuk Krebs arabellek ile doldurun ve stereo mikroskopla odası koymak.</li>
	<li>Şeffaf plastik platformu perfüzyon odasına koyun. Bu platform için optik sinir ve oftalmik arter 1.8 mm genişlikte bir girinti vardır ve 1.6 mm çapı iki çelik teller üzerinde yer alıyor. Sonra bir paslanmaz çelik yüzük 2.8 mm iç çap ve 4.0 mm dış çap platformu üzerine yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Optik sinir ve ekli oftalmik arter ile retina diseksiyon odasından perfüzyon odanın içine bir kaşık kullanarak aşırı dikkatli aktarın. Bu adım potansiyel önlemek önemlidir bu deney için zararlı olabilir gibi dokuların germe.</li>
	<li>Oftalmik arter proksimal sonu dikilmiş kısmı kapalı kesmek, iki ön şekillendirilmesi döngüler 10-0 naylon sütür micropipette üzerine yerleştirin ve oftalmik arter micropipette ile cannulate. Arter micropipette (şekil 6) ile kravat ve retina fine-nokta-cımbız kullanarak şeffaf platform üzerine yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Yavaşça ön lens capsula iki ince nokta cımbız ile açık gözyaşı, lens çekin ve microscissors kullanarak tüm objektif capsula kesti.</li>
	<li>Daha sonra dört Radyal insizyon retina pars plana-Optik siniri yarım uzaklık yapmak ve paslanmaz çelik yüzük altına düzeltmek için retina üzerine yerleştirin. Retina şimdi deneme (Şekil 7) için hazırdır.</li>
</ol>3. deney için retina arteriyoller hazırlanması
<ol><li>Perfüzyon odası ışık mikroskop altında yerleştirin. 100 X su-daldırma objektif lens hedefidir.</li>
	<li>İki makaronlar için içinde - ve çıkış - flow pericyclic pompa için bağlanmak ve % 95'i O2 ile oksijenli ve 37 ° C'de % 5 CO2 gazlı Krebs arabelleği ile odası dolaşımda Bir akış hızı 100 ile 120 mL/dk arasında kullanın.</li>
	<li>Bir rezervuar silikon hortum aracılığıyla için üç yollu stopcock için micropipette bağlı, silikon tüp takın. O zaman, 50 mm Hg için karşılık gelen bir yükseklik Krebs arabelleğe ile rezervuar doldurun ama üçlü stopcock henüz açmayın.</li>
	<li>Mikroskop ve odak retina yüzeyinde amaçlarını bakın. Kan damarları veya kırmızı kan hücreleri için arama. Bu kan damarları tamamen, bazen sadece bazı kırmızı kan hücreleri görülebilir daraltıldığını mümkündür.</li>
	<li>Bir kan damarı bulduğumuzda, üzerinde durulması ve üç yollu stopcock açın. Gemi çapını hemen yükseltmeniz gerekir ve kırmızı kan hücreleri de sentirifüjlü, bir arteriyol ise veya centripetally bir venule durumunda taşıyın. Arteriyoller çapı aynı sırada venüller için karşılaştırıldığında küçüktür.</li>
	<li>İyi görünür bir duvar ile bir kan damarı bulunduktan sonra bir denge döneminden sonra bir 30 dk (şekil 8) deneyler için istihdam edilebilir. Denge döneminde arteriyoller luminal çap küçültme az % 10 kaynaklanan sadece zayıf iç sesi geliştirmek.</li>
</ol>4. deneme gerçekleştirme
<ol><li>Gemi thromboxane mimetic 9,11-dideoxy-9α, 11α-methanoepoxy prostaglandin F2α (U46619) ile canlılık banyo çözüm ekleyerek test. Bu Ajan yaklaşık % 50 oranında çapı ≥ 10 konsantrasyonları dinlenme--dan fare retina arteriyoller bitiminde-6 M.</li>
	<li>Gemi uygun onaylandıktan sonra pompa dolaşan by agonist banyo dışarı yıkama ve banyo içine taze Krebs arabellek kaynağı.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Toda, N., Nakanishi-Toda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide:+ocular+blood+flow,+glaucoma,+and+diabetic+retinopathy.">Nitric oxide: ocular blood flow, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.</a> Prog Retin Eye Res. 26 (3), 205-238 (2007).</li><li>Schuster, A. K., Fischer, J. E., Vossmerbaeumer, C., Vossmerbaeumer, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+coherence+tomography-based+retinal+vessel+analysis+for+the+evaluation+of+hypertensive+vasculopathy.">Optical coherence tomography-based retinal vessel analysis for the evaluation of hypertensive vasculopathy.</a> Acta Ophthalmol. 93 (2), e148-e153 (2015).</li><li>Cherecheanu, A. P., Garhofer, G., Schmidl, D., Werkmeister, R., Schmetterer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ocular+perfusion+pressure+and+ocular+blood+flow+in+glaucoma.">Ocular perfusion pressure and ocular blood flow in glaucoma.</a> Curr Opin Pharmacol. 13 (1), 36-42 (2013).</li><li>Faraci, F. M., Sigmund, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+biology+in+genetically+altered+mice+:+smaller+vessels,+bigger+insight.">Vascular biology in genetically altered mice : smaller vessels, bigger insight.</a> Circ Res. 85 (12), 1214-1225 (1999).</li><li>Kornfield, T. E., Newman, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+Retinal+Blood+Flow+Using+Fluorescently+Labeled+Red+Blood+Cells.">Measurement of Retinal Blood Flow Using Fluorescently Labeled Red Blood Cells.</a> eNeuro. 2 (2), (2015).</li><li>Guevara-Torres, A., Joseph, A., Schallek, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Label+free+measurement+of+retinal+blood+cell+flux,+velocity,+hematocrit+and+capillary+width+in+the+living+mouse+eye.">Label free measurement of retinal blood cell flux, velocity, hematocrit and capillary width in the living mouse eye.</a> Biomed Opt Express. 7 (10), 4229-4249 (2016).</li><li>Schallek, J., Geng, Y., Nguyen, H., Williams, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+and+topography+of+retinal+pericytes+in+the+living+mouse+retina+using+in+vivo+adaptive+optics+imaging+and+ex+vivo+characterization.">Morphology and topography of retinal pericytes in the living mouse retina using in vivo adaptive optics imaging and ex vivo characterization.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 54 (13), 8237-8250 (2013).</li><li>Gericke, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+muscarinic+acetylcholine+receptor+subtype+mediating+cholinergic+vasodilation+in+murine+retinal+arterioles.">Identification of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype mediating cholinergic vasodilation in murine retinal arterioles.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (10), 7479-7484 (2011).</li><li>Gericke, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+role+of+alpha1-adrenoceptor+subtypes+in+murine+ophthalmic+arteries.">Functional role of alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes in murine ophthalmic arteries.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (7), 4795-4799 (2011).</li><li>Bohmer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+alpha(1)B+-adrenoceptor+subtype+mediates+adrenergic+vasoconstriction+in+mouse+retinal+arterioles+with+damaged+endothelium.">The alpha(1)B -adrenoceptor subtype mediates adrenergic vasoconstriction in mouse retinal arterioles with damaged endothelium.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 171 (16), 3858-3867 (2014).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali ilgi alanlarına sahip.

Vasküler fare retina yanıt-e doğru ölçü retina damarları küçük boyutu nedeniyle meydan okuyor. Sunulan tekniği ile retina arteriyoller tarafından iletilen ışık mikroskobu görüntülenir. İzole retina yarı saydam olduğundan bu mümkündür. Teknik yüksek optik çözünürlük avantajdır. Hesaplanan Uzaysal çözünürlük 11 px/µm var. Ancak, beyaz ışık kullanır bu optik sistemi için gerçek çözünürlüğünü Abbe kırınım sınırına göre açıkladı 200 ve 300 nm arasındadır. Fare ret...

Retina perfüzyon bozukluğu diabetik retinopati, hipertansif retinopati ve glokom1,2,3gibi çeşitli oküler hastalıkların patogenezinde karıştığı olmuştur. Böylece, retinanın vasküler reaktivite ölçme amaçlı çalışmalar bu hastalıklar Patofizyoloji anlamak önemlidir ve yeni tedavi geliştirmek için yaklaşımlar.
Fare genom gen manipülasyon olasılığı nedeniyle, fare kardiyovasküler sistem4çalışmaları için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir hayvan modeli haline gelmiştir. Ancak, retina kan damarları (≤ 30 µm) küçük boyutu nedeniyle, fare retinanın vasküler reaktivite ölçümü zordur. Örneğin, in vivo ölçüm için stereomicroscopic teknikleri onların optik çözünürlük sınırlı olduğunu ve bu nedenle tam olarak çapı veya kan akışı ile donatılmış ≤ 30 µm çapı az küçük kan değişiklikleri algılamak için yalnızca izin ver Floresan boyalar veya uyarlamalı optik tarama ışık Ophthalmoscope5,6kullanarak confocal mikroskop gibi ek sofistike aygıtlar. Ayrıca, yerel tanımlama amaçlı vivo içinde ölçümleri yorumlanması mekanizmaları retina kan damarlarında Anesteziyoloji, şaşırmış sinyal sistemik kan basıncı ve etkisi retrobulbar kan damarlarının değiştirir.
Bu nedenle, yüksek optik çözünürlük ex vivoile fare retina kan damarlarının yanıtları ölçmek için bir yöntem geliştirdi. Burada sunulan teknik retinal arteriyoller üzerinden iletilen ışık mikroskobu görselleştirme sağlar. Fareler de kullanılabilir, bu yöntem gen teknolojisi oküler vasküler araştırma hedefleme avantajları erişim sağlar.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Steel Scissors</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>3576.1</td><td>1x 140 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Scissors</td><td>Geuder</td><td>G-19390</td><td>1x straight, 10.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Precision tweezers, straight with fine tips</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>LH68.1</td><td>2x type 4</td></tr><tr><td>Precision tweezers, straight with extra fine tips</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>LH53.1</td><td>2x type 5</td></tr><tr><td>Vannas capsulotomy scissors</td><td>Geuder</td><td>19760</td><td>1x straight, 77 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Student Vannas Spring Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>91501-09</td><td>1x curved,</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Barraquer&lt;/em&gt; Needle Holder</td><td>Geuder</td><td>G-17500</td><td>1x curved, 120 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Needle</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>305128</td><td>1x 30 G</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Capillaries (for producing micropipettes)</td><td>Drummond Scientific Company</td><td>9-000-1211</td><td>1x (1.2 x 0.8 mm; outer/inner diameter)</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon Suture</td><td>Alcon</td><td>198001</td><td>1x 10-0</td></tr><tr><td>Nunclon cell culture dish</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>153066</td><td>1x 35 mm diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Nunclon cell culture dish</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>172931</td><td>1x 100 mm diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Discofix C</td><td>Braun</td><td>16500C</td><td>10 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Histoacryl adhesive</td><td>B. Braun Surgical, S.A.</td><td>1050052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pericyclic pump&amp;nbsp; (CYCLO II)</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>EP76.1</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>Vertical Pipette Puller Model 700C</td><td>David Kopf Instruments</td><td></td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope (Vanox-T AH-2)</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>Water immersion objective LUMPlanFL, 1.0 NA</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera (TK-C1381)</td><td>JVC</td><td></td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>Perfusion chamber</td><td>self-made</td><td></td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Drugs and Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>K928.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>5239.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kalium chloride (KCl)</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>6781.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kalium dihydrogen phosphate (KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>3904.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulphate (MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>261.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>9265.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>0965.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-(D)-(+)- Glucose monohydrate</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH</td><td>6780.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9,11-dideoxy-9&amp;alpha;,11&amp;alpha;-methanoepoxy prostaglandin F2&amp;alpha; (U-46619)</td><td>Cayman Chemical</td><td>16450</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetylcholine chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6625-25G</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation steps for measurement of reactivity in mouse retinal arterioles ex vivo

Vasküler yetmezlik ve normal retina perfüzyon değişiklikler için çeşitli görme tehdit oküler hastalıklar, Diyabetik retinopati, hipertansif retinopati ve muhtemelen glokom gibi patogenezinde önemli faktörler arasındadır. Bu nedenle, retina mikrovasküler hazırlıklar önemli fizyolojik ve farmakolojik araştırmalar temel patofizyolojik mekanizmaları betimlemek ve hastalıklar için tasarım terapiler için araçlardır. Oftalmik araştırma fare modellerinde geniş kullanılmasına rağmen retinal vasküler reaktivite çalışmaları bu tür azdır. Bu retina kan damarları olan küçük boyutu sayesinde zorlu yalıtım yordamlar büyük sebebi bu tutarsızlık ~ ≤ 30 µm luminal çapındadır. Fare retina vasoactivity-fizyolojik koşullar altında ex vivo çalışmalar sağlar bir yalıtım ve hazırlama tekniği kurduk bu retina yüzdeki fonksiyonel çalışmalar için doğrudan yalıtım sorunu aşmak için . Her ne kadar mevcut deneysel hazırlıklar özellikle fare retina arteriyoller sevk edecektir, bu metodoloji kolayca yüzdeki için sıçanlarından emir istihdam edilebilir.

U-46619 retina arteriyoller konsantrasyon bağımlı vasoconstrictor yanıtlarında vahşi tipi fareler C57Bl/6J arka plan üzerinden üretti. 10-6 M konsantrasyon istirahat çapı ≈50% luminal çapı azalma oldu. Þekil 9A bir retina arteriyol bir temsilcisi konsantrasyon-yanıt eğrisini gösterir. U46619 ile preconstricted arteriyoller içinde asetilkolin toplu yönetim luminal çapı artışlar konsantrasyon bağımlı ≈25% preconstricted ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Vizyon tehdit eden birçok oküler hastalıklar işlevsel olmayan retina yüzdeki ile ilişkilidir. Bu nedenle, retina arteriyol yanıt ölçümü temel patofizyolojik mekanizmaları araştırmak önemlidir. Bu makalede fare retina arteriyol yalıtım ve damar çapı vazoaktif maddelerin etkilerini değerlendirmek için hazırlık için detaylı bir iletişim kuralı.

Fare retina arteriyoller Ex Vivo reaktivite ölçümü için hazırlık adımları

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular ...

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Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

7.1K Görüntüleme.  University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Vizyon tehdit eden birçok oküler hastalıklar işlevsel olmayan retina yüzdeki ile ilişkilidir. Bu nedenle, retina arteriyol yanıt ölçümü temel patofizyolojik mekanizmaları araştırmak önemlidir. Bu makalede fare retina arteriyol yalıtım ve damar çapı vazoaktif maddelerin etkilerini değerlendirmek için hazırlık için detaylı bir iletişim kuralı.

Video: Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes (ILM), and in conjunction with astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells they establish the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). BRB limits material transport between the bloodstream and the retina while the ILM acts as a basement membrane that defines histologically the border between the retina and the vitreous cavity. Labeling M&#252;ller cells is particularly relevant to study the physical state of the retinal barriers, as these cells are an integral part of the BRB and ILM. Both BRB and ILM are frequently altered in retinal disease and are responsible for disease symptoms.
There are several well-established methods to study the integrity of the BRB, such as the Evans blue assay or fluorescein angiography. However these methods do not provide information on the extent of BRB permeability to larger molecules, in nanometer range. Furthermore, they do not provide information on the state of other retinal barriers such as the ILM. To study BRB permeability alongside retinal ILM, we used an AAV based method that provides information on permeability of BRB to larger molecules while indicating the state of the ILM and extracellular matrix proteins in disease states. Two AAV variants are useful for such study: AAV5 and ShH10. AAV5&#160;has a natural tropism for photoreceptors but it cannot get across to the outer retina when administered into the vitreous when the ILM is intact (i.e., in wild-type retinas). ShH10 has a strong tropism towards glial cells and will selectively label M&#252;ller glia in both healthy and diseased retinas. ShH10 provides more efficient gene delivery in retinas where ILM is compromised. These viral tools coupled with immunohistochemistry and blood-DNA analysis shed light onto the state of retinal barriers in disease.

To investigate the blood-retinal barrier permeability and the inner limiting membrane integrity in animal models of retinal disease, we used several adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants as tools to label retinal neurons and glia. Virus mediated reporter gene expression is then used as an indicator of retinal barrier permeability.

Aracı Olarak Adeno-ilişkili virüs kullanarak Hastalığında Retina Engelleri Eğitim için

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes ...

Tıp

An Acute Retinal Model for Evaluating Blood Retinal Barrier Breach and Potential Drugs for Treatment

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An inflammatory factor, histamine, is demonstrated to compromise vessel integrity in the cultured retina through positive staining of IgG outside of the blood vessels. The effects of histamine itself and those of candidate drugs for potential treatments, such as lipoxin A4, are assessed using three parameters: blood vessel leakage via IgG immunostaining, activation of M&#252;ller cells via GFAP staining and change in neuronal dendrites through staining for MAP2. Furthermore, the layered organization of the retina allows a detailed analysis of the processes of M&#252;ller and ganglion cells, such as changes in width and continuity. While the data presented is with swine retinal culture, the system is applicable to multiple species. Thus, the model provides a reliable tool to investigate the early effects of compromised retinal vessel integrity on different cell types and also to evaluate potential drug candidates for treatment.

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach induced by histamine. Blood vessel leakage, M&#252;ller cell activation and the continuity of neuronal processes are utilized to assess the damage response and its reversal with a potential drug, lipoxin A4.

Tedavi Kan Retina Bariyer ihlali ve Potansiyel İlaçlar değerlendirilmesi için bir Akut Retina Modeli

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An ...

Determination of Mitochondrial Respiration and Glycolysis in Ex Vivo Retinal Tissue Samples

Mitochondrial respiration is a critical energy-generating pathway in all cells, especially retinal photoreceptors that possess a highly active metabolism. In addition, photoreceptors also exhibit high aerobic glycolysis like cancer cells. Precise measurements of these metabolic activities can provide valuable insights into cellular homeostasis under physiological conditions and in disease states. High throughput microplate-based assays have been developed to measure mitochondrial respiration and various metabolic activities in live cells. However, a vast majority of these are developed for cultured cells and have not been optimized for intact tissue samples and for application ex vivo. Described here is a detailed step-by-step protocol, using microplate-based fluorescence technology, to directly measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR) as an indicator of mitochondrial respiration, as well as extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) as an indicator of glycolysis, in intact ex vivo retinal tissue. This method has been used to successfully assess metabolic activities in adult mouse retina and demonstrate its application in investigating cellular mechanisms of aging and disease.

Determination of Mitochondrial Respiration and Glycolysis in Ex Vivo Retinal Tissue Samples

Described here is a detailed protocol for performing mitochondrial stress assay and glycolytic rate assay in ex vivo retinal tissue samples using a commercial bioanalyzer.

Ex Vivo Retinal Doku Örneklerinde Mitokondriyal Solunum ve Glikoliz Tayini

Mitochondrial respiration is a critical energy-generating pathway in all cells, especially retinal photoreceptors that possess a highly active metabolism. ...

Nörobilim

Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Model for Ischemic Retinal Diseases in Rodents

One of the commonly used models for ischemic retinopathies is the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Here we describe detailed protocols for the OIR model induction and its readouts in both mice and rats. Retinal neovascularization is induced in OIR by exposing rodent pups either to hyperoxia (mice) or alternating levels of hyperoxia and hypoxia (rats). The primary readouts of these models are the size of neovascular (NV) and avascular (AVA) areas in the retina. This preclinical in vivo model can be used to evaluate the efficacy of potential anti-angiogenic drugs or to address the role of specific genes in the retinal angiogenesis by using genetically manipulated animals. The model has some strain and vendor specific variation in the OIR induction which should be taken into consideration when designing the experiments.

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) can be used to model ischemic retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity and proliferative diabetic retinopathy and to serve as a model for proof-of-concept studies in evaluating antiangiogenic drugs for neovascular diseases. OIR induces robust and reproducible neovascularization in the retina that can be quantified.

Kemirgenlerde İskemik Retina Hastalıkları için Oksijen Kaynaklı Retinopati Modeli

One of the commonly used models for ischemic retinopathies is the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Here we describe detailed protocols for the OIR ...

Quantification of Vascular Parameters in Whole Mount Retinas of Mice with Non-Proliferative and Proliferative Retinopathies

Retinopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect the neurosensory tissue of the eye. They are characterized by neurodegeneration, gliosis&#160;and a progressive change in vascular function and structure. Although the onset of the retinopathies is characterized by subtle disturbances in visual perception, the modifications in the vascular plexus are the first signs detected by clinicians. The absence or presence of neovascularization determines whether the retinopathy is classified as either non-proliferative (NPDR) or proliferative (PDR). In this sense, several animal models tried to mimic specific vascular features of each stage to determine the underlying mechanisms involved in endothelium alterations, neuronal death and other events taking place in the retina. In this article, we will provide a complete description of the procedures required for the measurement of retinal vascular parameters in adults and early birth mice at postnatal day (P)17. We will detail the protocols to carry out retinal vascular staining with Isolectin GSA-IB4 in whole mounts for later microscopic visualization. Key steps for image processing with Image J Fiji software are also provided, therefore, the readers will be able to measure vessel density, diameter and tortuosity, vascular branching, as well as avascular and neovascular areas. These tools are highly helpful to evaluate and quantify vascular alterations in both non-proliferative and proliferative retinopathies.

This article describes a well-established and reproducible lectin stain assay for the whole mount retinal preparations and the protocols required for the quantitative measurement of vascular parameters frequently altered in proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathies.

Proliferatif Olmayan ve Proliferatif Retinopatilerle Farelerin Tüm Mount Retinalarında Vasküler Parametrelerin Nicelemesi

Retinopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect the neurosensory tissue of the eye. They are characterized by neurodegeneration, ...

In Vivo Vascular Injury Readouts in Mouse Retina to Promote Reproducibility

Advancements in ophthalmic imaging tools offer an unprecedented level of access to researchers working with animal models of neurovascular injury. To properly leverage this greater translatability, there is a need to devise reproducible methods of drawing quantitative data from these images. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging can resolve retinal histology at micrometer resolution and reveal functional differences in vascular blood flow. Here, we delineate noninvasive vascular readouts that we use to characterize pathological damage post vascular insult in an optimized mouse model of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). These readouts include live imaging analysis of retinal morphology, disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) measure of capillary ischemia, and fluorescein angiography measures of retinal edema and vascular density. These techniques correspond directly to those used to examine patients with retinal disease in the clinic. Standardizing these methods enables direct and reproducible comparison of animal models with clinical phenotypes of ophthalmic disease, increasing the translational power of vascular injury models.

In Vivo Vascular Injury Readouts in Mouse Retina to Promote Reproducibility

Here, we present three data analysis protocols for fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in the study of Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO).

İn vivo Tekrarlanabilirliği Artırmak için Fare Retinasında Vasküler Yaralanma Okumaları

Advancements in ophthalmic imaging tools offer an unprecedented level of access to researchers working with animal models of neurovascular injury. To ...

Measuring Retinal Vessel Diameter from Mouse Fluorescent Angiography Images

It is important to study the development of retinal vasculature in retinopathies in which abnormal vessel growth can ultimately lead to vision loss. Mutations in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) gene show hypopigmentation, microphthalmia, retinal degeneration, and in some cases, blindness. In vivo imaging of the mouse retina by noninvasive means is vital for eye research. However, given its small size, mouse fundus imaging is difficult and might require specialized tools, maintenance, and training. In this study, we have developed a unique software enabling analysis of the retinal vessel diameter in mice with an automated program written in MATLAB. Fundus photographs were obtained with a commercial fundus camera system following an intraperitoneal injection of a fluorescein salt solution. Images were altered to enhance contrast, and the MATLAB program permitted extracting the mean vascular diameter automatically at a predefined distance from the optic disk. The vascular changes were examined in wild-type mice and mice with various mutations in the Mitf gene by analyzing the retinal vessel diameter. The custom-written MATLAB program developed here is practical, easy to use, and allows researchers to analyze the mean diameter and mean total diameter, as well as the number of vessels from the mouse retinal vasculature, conveniently and reliably.

Mouse retinal vasculature is particularly interesting in understanding the mechanisms of vascular pattern formation. This protocol automatically measures the diameter of mouse retinal vessels from fluorescent angiography fundus images at a fixed distance from the optic disk.

Fare Floresan Anjiyografi Görüntülerinden Retina Damar Çapının Ölçülmesi

It is important to study the development of retinal vasculature in retinopathies in which abnormal vessel growth can ultimately lead to vision loss. ...

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the choroidal vessels supply the photoreceptors. Alterations in retinal perfusion contribute to numerous sight-threatening disorders, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinal branch vein occlusions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of blood flow through the retina and how these are altered during ocular disease could lead to the identification of new targets for the treatment of these conditions. Retinal arterioles are the main resistance vessels of the retina, and consequently, play a key role in regulating retinal hemodynamics through changes in luminal diameter. In recent years, we have developed methods for isolating arterioles from the rat retina which are suitable for a wide range of applications including cell physiology studies. This preparation has already begun to yield new insights into how blood flow is controlled in the retina and has allowed us to identify some of the key changes that occur during ocular disease. In this article, we describe methods for the isolation of rat retinal arterioles and include protocols for their use in patch-clamp electrophysiology, calcium imaging and pressure myography studies. These vessels are also amenable for use in PCR-, western blotting- and immunohistochemistry-based studies.

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

This manuscript describes a straightforward protocol for the isolation of arterioles from the rat retina that can be used in electrophysiological, calcium imaging and pressure myography studies.

Retina arteriyoller yalıtım Ex Vivo Hücre fizyolojisi çalışmaları için

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the ...

Biyoloji

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while maintaining transparency of the visual axis. Perturbations to this delicate balance cause blinding illnesses, such as diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the understanding of energy metabolism changes in the retina during disease is imperative to the development of rational therapies for various causes of vison loss. The recent advent of commercially-available extracellular flux analyzers has made the study of retinal energy metabolism more accessible. This protocol describes the use of such an analyzer to measure contributions to retinal energy supply through its two principle arms - oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis - by quantifying changes in oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) as proxies for these pathways. This technique is readily performed in explanted retinal tissue, facilitating assessment of responses to multiple pharmacologic agents in a single experiment. Metabolic signatures in retinas from animals lacking rod photoreceptor signaling are compared to wild-type controls using this method. A major limitation in this technique is the lack of ability to discriminate between light-adapted and dark-adapted energy utilization, an important physiologic consideration in retinal tissue.

This technique describes real time recording of oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates in explanted mouse retinal tissues using an extracellular flux analyzer.

Explanted Retina doku hücre dışı akı analizi ile enerji metabolizmasında ölçümü

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...

Monitoring Dynamic Growth of Retinal Vessels in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mouse Model

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is widely used to study abnormal vessel growth in ischemic retinal diseases, including retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Most OIR studies observe retinal neovascularization at specific time points; however, the dynamic vessel growth in live mice along a time course, which is essential for understanding the OIR-related vessel diseases, has been understudied. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for the induction of the OIR mouse model, highlighting the potential pitfalls, and providing an improved method to quickly quantify areas of vaso-obliteration (VO) and neovascularization (NV) using immunofluorescence staining. More importantly, we monitored vessel regrowth in live mice from P15 to P25 by performing fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) in the OIR mouse model. The application of FFA to the OIR mouse model allows us to observe the remodeling process during vessel regrowth.

This protocol describes a detailed method for the preparation and immunofluorescence staining of mice retinal flat mounts and analysis. The use of fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) for mice pups and image processing are described in detail as well.

Oksijene Bağlı Retinopati Fare Modelinde Retina Damarlarının Dinamik Büyümesinin İzlenmesi

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is widely used to study abnormal vessel growth in ischemic retinal diseases, including retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), ...