Name: detection of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli colonization in murine host by non-invasive in vivo bioluminescence system
Uploaded: 2018-04-09T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 20 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System at JoVE.com

Chi-Chung Chen üzerinden Bakanlığı tıbbi araştırma, Chi Mei Tıp Merkezi (Tainan, Tayvan) fare yardım için enfeksiyon ve ulusal Cheng Kung Üniversitesi laboratuvar hayvan merkezinden destek anıyoruz. Bu eser bilim Bakanı tarafından desteklenir ve Teknoloji (en) CC için (en 104-2321-B-006-019, 105-2321-B-006-011, and106-2321-B-006-005) verir.

Dikkat: EHEC O157: H7 Biyogüvenlik seviye 2 (BSL-2) olan patojen merkezleri hastalık kontrol ve Önleme (CDC) Biyogüvenlik talimat (https://www.cdc.gov/) göre. Bu nedenle, tüm deneysel prosedürler EHEC içeren BSL-2 tesisinde gerçekleştirilmelidir. Laboratuvar mont ve eldiven giymek deney yaparken. Bir Sertifikalı Biyogüvenlik içinde dolap (BSC) çalışır. Deneysel kürsüye önce ve deneysel bir işlem ile % 70 etanol sonra dezenfekte. Bütün aletleri veya ekipman kişi (veya potansiyel kişi) EHEC % 70 etanol veya çamaşır suyu ile dezenfekte. Kirlenmiş (veya potansiyel olarak kontamine) atıkların dikkatle mühürlü ve autoclaved olmalıdır. Bir maske, göz koruması, çift eldiven veya tulum, gerekirse giymek. 6-hafta-yaşlı C57BL/6 dişi fareler satın ve laboratuvar hayvan Merkezi, ulusal Cheng Kung Üniversitesi (NCKU) yapılmaktadır. Hayvan deneyleri kurumsal hayvan bakım ve kullanım NCKU Komitesi (onay numarası 104-039) tarafından kabul edildi.
1. Bioluciferase etiketli EHEC bakteri üretimi
<ol><li>Mix 50 ng deoksiribonükleik asit (DNA), 1 μL her 10 mikron ileriye ve geriye doğru astar, 2 μL 2.5 mM deoxynucleotides (dNTPs), 2 μL 10 x arabellek, 0.2 μL DNA polimeraz ve steril çift distile su (GKD2O) yükseltmek için 20 μL son hacmiyle Anti-sefaloridin kaset, nptII gen24. PBSL18024Ulusal BioResource Projesi (NBRP) üzerinden satın alınan, DNA şablonudur. PCR koşulları Tablo 1 ' de listelenen ve astar sıra Tablo 2' de kullanılabilir.</li>
	<li>PCR ürünleri ticari bir klonlama vektör seti takip için ligate ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) protokol.</li>
	<li>NptII gen parçası NsiI ve SmaI klonlama vektöründen tüketim ve sefaloridin dayanıklı plazmid oluşturmak için pAKlux29 NsiI ve ScaI tarafından sindirilmiş pBBR1MCS4 içine clone, pWF27813.</li>
	<li>Plazmid9, pAKlux2, SpeI-HF ve ScaI ve klon tarafından ifade luciferase üzerinden luxCDABE operon tüketim SpeI-HF ve SmaI sefaloridin oluşturmak için pWF278 sindirmek dayanıklı ve plazmid, pWF27913ifade luciferase. Not: plazmid çekimi ve eksize parçası purifications, ticari plazmid çıkarma ve jel ekstraksiyon kiti, sırasıyla kullanın. Enzim sindirim için 100 ng DNA, 1 μL 10 x tampon, her seçili restriksiyon enzimi ve steril GKD2O 10 μL, toplam hacmiyle 1 μL mix ve 2.5-3 h 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>PWF279 plazmid elektroporasyon ile 2500 V 4 ms için tarafından E. coli O157: H7 EDL933 yetkili hücrelere dönüşümü.</li>
	<li>1 mL Luria-Bertani (LB) orta 1 h için 37 ° C'de dönüştürülmüş bakteri hücrelerinde kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>16-18 h için 37 ° C'de sefaloridin 50 µg/mL ile desteklenmiş bir LB agar plaka üzerinde bakteri plaka.</li>
	<li>Plaka kollarındaki sinyal makine ertesi gün Imaging bir vivo içinde tarafından kontrol edin. Bir koloni plaka almak ve 3 ml 50 µg/mL sefaloridin 16-18 h için 37 ° C'de ile takıma LB kültür.</li>
	<li>Bakteriyel hisse senedi orta sulandrarak hazırlamak % 100 gliserol % 30 gliserol çözüm yapmak için steril GKD2O.</li>
	<li>Sefaloridin dayanıklı Don E. coli O157: H7 EDL933 bakteri olarak bakteri kültürü ve % 30 gliserol çözüm-80 ° C'de 1:1 oranında bir vidalı kapak cryovial bakteriyel bir hisse senedi olarak luciferase plazmid yataklık Gliserol son konsantrasyonu % 15 olduğunu.</li>
</ol>2. kollarındaki EHEC bakteri hazırlık Oral aşılama için
Not: Zaman çizelgesi akış çizelgesi EHEC hazırlık ve fare oral gavaj deneysel prosedürleri deneysel hazırlanmasında yardımcı olmak için şekil 1 ' deki sunulur.
<ol><li>Çizgi E. coli O157: H7 EDL933 bakteri luciferase plazmid 50 µg/mL sefaloridin-80 ° C stoktan bir LB agar plaka üzerine yataklık. 16-18 h 37 ° C'de için bakteri büyümesi</li>
	<li>Bir koloni gecede plaka ve kültür 3 mL LB orta 50 µg/mL sefaloridin 16-18 h 37 ° C kuluçka 220 RPM ile seç.</li>
	<li>Alt kültür için 2,5-3 h 37 ° C kuluçka 200 devirde LB suyu içeren bakteri (1: 100 seyreltme) sefaloridin (50 µg/mL). (Örneğin, 2 mL gecede takıma 200 mL LB orta sefaloridin (50 µg/mL) ile bakteri kültürlü ekleyin).</li>
	<li>Bakteri 2.5-3 h için kuluçkaya ve 600 optik yoğunluk değerini ölçmek nm (OD600) değeri olduğunu 0,9-1 arasında. Yaklaşık 108 koloni oluşturan birim (CFU) yoğunluğudur: bakteri hücre numarası / mL.</li>
	<li>8000 x g 30 dk, 4 ° c'de yeniden kültürlü bakteri santrifüj kapasitesi</li>
	<li>Süpernatant bakteri Pelet Tantanacı olmadan atmak ve 100 mL % 0,9 steril normal salin ile pelet tarafından nazik ajitasyon yıkayın.</li>
	<li>2.5 ve 2.6 bir kez adımları yineleyin.</li>
	<li>Wash sonra santrifüj kapasitesi 8000 x g 30 dk, 4 ° C de bakteri kültürü ve süpernatant yavaşça atın.</li>
	<li>Yoğuşma Pelet, 100-fold %0,9 steril normal salin ile. 200 mL bakteri centrifuged, örneğin, pelet askıya almak için 2 mL normal tuz ekleyin.</li>
	<li>(Yaklaşık 109 CFU/100 μL yoğunlaşma sonra normal salin olması gereken) CFU bakteri ile 10 kat seri seyreltme25konsantre bakteri kaplama tarafından onaylayın.</li>
</ol>3. fare sözlü sonda ile besleme, EHEC
<ol><li>6-hafta-yaşlı kadın C57BL/6 fareler streptomisin su (5 g/L) için 24 h ile tedavi.</li>
	<li>24 saat sonra normal içme suyu başka bir 24 saat daha önce sonda ile besleme için geçiş yapın. 24 h için düzenli su ile tedavi sonra fareler EHEC oral gavaj için hazırsınız demektir.</li>
	<li>Şırınga ile 100 μL EHEC bakteri üzerinde pistonu geri çekerek doldurun. Şırıngada hava hava kabarcığı yok olduğundan emin olun. Baloncuklar şırınga ile parmaklarını şaklatarak kaldırın.</li>
	<li>Hayvan yavaşça kaldırın ve bakım ile kafes üstüne yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Fareyi kuyruğundan dikkatle tutun ve hayvan kafes üst kavrama ve uzaklaşmaya girişimi.</li>
	<li>Yavaşça fare derisi boyun ve arka başparmak ve işaret parmağı fare başkanı taşınmasını engelleme hayvanla açgözlü tarafından dizginlemek.</li>
	<li>Fare sonda ile besleme iğne yerleştirin ve fare immobilize ve dikey başıdır emin olmak için bir dikey konumda tutun.</li>
	<li>Sonda ile besleme iğneyi ağız çatı takip fare ağzına yerleştirin ve yemek borusu ve mide doğru aşağı taşı.</li>
	<li>Eklenen iğne yarısı veya üçte iki uzunluğu fare olduğunda yaklaşık 109 CFU hücreleri içeren 100 μL EHEC bakteri enjekte et.</li>
</ol>4. görsel öğe
<ol><li>Oral gavaj sonra 1-2 gün kollarındaki sinyalleri algılayabilir.</li>
	<li>Hayvanların kollarındaki sinyalleri inceleyerek önce onları % 2.5 isoflurane 1, 5 L/dk oksijen ile TMMOB içine koyarak onları anestezi.</li>
	<li>Olana kadar tüm fareler bilinçsiz ve hareket durdurmak için 2-5 dk bekle. Hayvanlar bioluminescence vivo içinde tespiti için hazırsınız demektir.</li>
	<li>Algılamak ve hayvanların kollarındaki sinyalleri görüntüleme sistemi bir vivo içinde tarafından görüntü. Bölüm 5 "Veri toplama" yazılım işlem için bakınız. Görüntüleme işlemi sırasında tüm % 2.5 isoflurane 1, 5 L/dk oksijen ile sürekli bir tedarik altında hayvanlardır.<ol>
<li>Tıkırtı eğe > canlı ve el ile fare üzerinde odaklanmak.</li>
		<li>Pozlama zaman ve lazer yoğunluğunu seçin.</li>
		<li>Tıklama elde etmek > yakalamak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Ex vivo görüntüleme için fareler tarafından servikal çıkığı ötenazi ve virüslü fareleri tüm bağırsak kaldırın. Bağırsak bir 9-cm Petri kabına ve resim görüntüleme sistemi içinde vivo tarafından yerleştirin. Aynı görüş alanı A/b olarak ayarlanır dışında vivo içinde görüntüleme ayardır Lütfen ayrıntılar için Bölüm 5 "Veri toplama" bakın. Not: Yöntem servikal yerinden çıkması için: kafes üstünde fare böylece hayvanları kafes kavrama tek elle kuyruk açgözlü dizginlemek. Pen marker veya başparmak ve ilk parmak boyun arkası karşı diğer el kafatası tabanında yer. Hızlı bir şekilde el veya nesne ile baş frenleyici push ileri ve kuyruğunu tutan el ile geri çekin. Yakından solunum durması ve kalp atışı yoktu onaylamak için kontrol edin.</li>
</ol>5. veri toplama
Not: yazılım veri toplama için kullanılan Malzemeler tablolistelenir.
<ol><li>Resim alma için satın alma kontrol panelinin yazılımı (Şekil 2) açın.</li>
	<li>Seç "ışıklı," "Fotoğraf" ve "Overlay"</li>
	<li>Pozlama süresi "Otomatik" olarak ayarlayın "Orta" Binning ayarla</li>
	<li>Işıksaçan ve 8 için ƒ/1 durağı ayarlamak fotoğraf için. Ƒ/durdur denetimleri ışık miktarını CCD algılayıcısı tarafından aldı.</li>
	<li>Görüntüleri elde etmek için ilgi alanına göre görüş alanı ayarlayın. Seçenek "D" beş 6-hafta-yaşlı fareler uygun ve onları teker teker görüntü. "C" üç 6-hafta-yaşlı fare bir alandaki görüntü.</li>
	<li>Fare/örnekleri görüntüleme için hazır olduğunuzda, resim alma için "Al" düğmesini tıklatın.</li>
	<li>Satın alınan görüntü verilerini açın.</li>
	<li>Araç paleti paneli (şekil 3) açın.</li>
	<li>ROI araçlarını seçin. Daire (en soldaki bir) (şekil 4) görüntülerde kollarındaki alan aralığı için tavsiye ediyoruz.</li>
	<li>"Ölçü yüzey kollarındaki yoğunluğu (şekil 3) ölçmek için ROIs" (kalem simgesi) tıklatın. Yatırım Getirisi ölçümleri panelinde ve miktar değerleri (şekil 5) görünür.</li>
	<li>Yapılandırmak ölçü ROI ölçüm panelinin sol köşesinde değerleri/gerekli bilgileri (şekil 6) seçin, aksi takdirde "Bu veri tablosunu verin ve .csv dosyası (şekil 5) olarak kaydetmek için Dışa Aktar" düğmesini tıklatın için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Kollarındaki yoğunluğu miktar .csv dosyasındaki değerleri sütun "Toplam akı (p/s)" kullanın.</li>
</ol>

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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+green+fluorescence.">Improved green fluorescence.</a> Nature. 373 (6516), 663-664 (1995).</li><li>Weissleder, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clearer+vision+for+in+vivo+imaging.">A clearer vision for in vivo imaging.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 19 (4), 316-317 (2001).</li><li>Frangioni, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+near-infrared+fluorescence+imaging.">In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 7 (5), 626-634 (2003).</li><li>Collins, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Citrobacter+rodentium:+infection,+inflammation+and+the+microbiota.">Citrobacter rodentium: infection, inflammation and the microbiota.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 12 (9), 612-623 (2014).</li><li>Mallick, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+murine+infection+model+for+Shiga+toxin-producing+Escherichia+coli.">A novel murine infection model for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.</a> J Clin Invest. 122 (11), 4012-4024 (2012).</li><li>Petty, N. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Citrobacter+rodentium+genome+sequence+reveals+convergent+evolution+with+human+pathogenic+Escherichia+coli.">The Citrobacter rodentium genome sequence reveals convergent evolution with human pathogenic Escherichia coli.</a> J Bacteriol. 192 (2), 525-538 (2010).</li><li>Kovach, M. E., Elzer, P. H., Hill, D. S., Robertson , G. T., Farris, M. A., Roop, R. M., Peterson, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four+new+derivatives+of+the+broad-host-range+cloning+vector+pBBR1MCS,+carrying+different+antibiotic-resistance+cassettes.">Four new derivatives of the broad-host-range cloning vector pBBR1MCS, carrying different antibiotic-resistance cassettes.</a> Gene. 166 (1), 175-176 (1995).</li><li>Galen, J. E., Nair, J., Wang , J. Y., Wasserman, S. S., Tanner, M. K., Sztein , M. B., Levine, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+Plasmid+Maintenance+in+the+Attenuated+Live+Vector+Vaccine+Strain+Salmonella+typhiCVD+908-htrA.">Optimization of Plasmid Maintenance in the Attenuated Live Vector Vaccine Strain Salmonella typhiCVD 908-htrA.</a> Infect Immun. 67 (12), 6424-6433 (1999).</li><li>Francis, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+pneumococcal+infections+in+the+lungs+of+live+mice+using+bioluminescent+Streptococcus+pneumoniae+transformed+with+a+novel+gram-positive+lux+transposon.">Visualizing pneumococcal infections in the lungs of live mice using bioluminescent Streptococcus pneumoniae transformed with a novel gram-positive lux transposon.</a> Infect Immun. 69 (5), 3350-3358 (2001).</li><li>Goldwater, P. N., Bettelheim, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+enterohemorrhagic+Escherichia+coli+(EHEC)+infection+and+hemolytic+uremic+syndrome+(HUS).">Treatment of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).</a> BMC Med. 10, (2012).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Bu luciferase plazmid ile dönüştürülmüş EHEC onun Yerelleştirme Ana bilgisayarlar veya gen ifade vivo içinde8,11,12incelemek için kullanılan bildirilmiştir. Aşağıda gösterildiği fare modeli ayrıca fare ana bilgisayar8' bulmak belgili tanımlık kolonize EHEC zamanlama ve yerelleştirme bildirilmiştir. Yine de, biz, farelere EHEC aşılama intragastrically yönetmek ve kolların...

EHEC O157: H7 nedenleri ishal1, HS2, HUS3ve hatta Akut böbrek yetmezliği4 kontamine su veya gıda ile bir patojen var. EHEC patojenik bir enterobacterium olduğunu ve insanların1gastrointestinal sistem colonizes. EHEC ilk uygun zaman ana bağırsak epiteli, kolonizasyon faktörler bir bağlama inducing ve daha sonra zorlamak için (A/E) lezyon effacing moleküler bir şırınga işlev gören tür III salgı sistemi (T3SS) ile ana hücreleri içine enjekte yapışma (kolonizasyon)5. Bu genlerin A/E lezyon oluşumunda yer alan Enterocytes efasman (LEE) patojenitesi ada5locus tarafından kodlanır.
Bioluminescence olduğunu ışık üreten kimyasal reaksiyon, görünür ışık6oluşturmak için onun substrat biyoluminesans hangi luciferase tromboksan. Enzimatik bu işlem genellikle oksijen veya adenozin trifosfat (ATP)6varlığını gerektirir. (BLI) görüntüleme bioluminescence araştırmacılar canlı hayvan7görselleştirme ve ana bilgisayar-patojen etkileşimlerin niceleme sağlar. Saçınıza canlı hayvan bakteriyel enfeksiyon döngüsünde onlar göç ve farklı dokular7istila kollarındaki bakteri izleyerek karakterize olabilir; Bu enfeksiyon dinamik bir ilerleme ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, hayvanlarda bakteri yükü kollarındaki sinyal8' e ilişkilidir; Böylece, deneysel hayvan patolojik şartları basit ve doğrudan bir şekilde tahmin etmek için uygun bir göstergedir.
Burada kullanılan plazmid luciferase operon, bakteri, kendi luciferase substrat7,9kodlar Photorhabdus luminescens olan luxCDABE, yer. Bu luciferase ifade plazmid bakteri dönüştürerek, canlı hayvan kollarındaki bu bakteri gözlemleyerek kolonizasyon ve enfeksiyon işlemleri izlenebilir. Genel olarak, alma ve bioluminescence etiketli bakteri araştırmacılar bakteri numaraları ve konumu, bakteriyel canlılığı antibiyotikler/tedavi ve bakteri gen ekspresyonu enfeksiyon/kolonizasyon6, ile izlemek izin 7. çok sayıda patojen bakteri enfeksiyonu onların enfeksiyon döngüsü ve/veya gen ifade incelemek için luxCDABE operon express bildirilmiştir. Bu bakterilerin uropathogenic E. coli10, EHEC8,11,12,13, enteropathogenic de dahil olmak üzere, E. coli (EPEC)8, Sitrobacter rodentium14,15, Salmonella typhimurium16, Listeria Monositogenez17, Yersinia enterocolitica18,19, ve Vibrio cholerae20, dokümante edilmiştir.
EHEC kolonizasyon vitro ve in vivo21,22,23çalışma kolaylaştırmak için çeşitli modeller geliştirilmiştir. Ancak, EHEC kolonizasyon vivo içindeçalışmaya uygun hayvan modellerin eksikliği ve böylece ayrıntılar ortaya çıkan bir yetersizliği olduğunu. EHEC kolonizasyon mekanizması vivo içindeçalışma kolaylaştırmak için gözlemlemek ve non-invaziv bir yöntem canlı hayvan EHEC kolonizasyon ölçmek için hayvan modelleri oluşturmak için değerlidir.
Bu el yazması kollarındaki ifade sisteminin EHEC kolonizasyon zaman içinde yaşayan ana bilgisayarları izlemek için kullandığı bir fare-EHEC kolonizasyon modeli açıklar. Fareler intragastrically bioluminescence etiketli EHEC ile aşılanmış ve kollarındaki sinyal farelerde sistem13Imaging bir non-invaziv vivo içinde ile algılanır. Sonra 2 gün sonra 2 gün enfeksiyon sonrası bu bakteri konak bağırsaklarda kolonize önerilen enfeksiyon sonrası önemli kollarındaki sinyalleri onların bağırsaklarda gösterdi EHEC bioluminescence etiketli fareler bulaşmış. Ex vivo görüntü verilerini bu kolonizasyon özellikle çekum ve kolon farelerin olduğunu gösterdi. Bu fare-EHEC modelini kullanarak, kollarındaki EHEC kolonizasyon yaşam ana bilgisayarında bir görüntüleme sistemi daha fazla anlayış teşvik edebilir enterik bakteri kolonizasyonu detaylı mekanizmaları incelemek için in vivo tarafından tespit edilebilir EHEC kaynaklı fizyolojik ve patolojik değişiklikler.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Shaker incubator</td><td>YIH DER</td><td>LM-570R</td><td>bacteria incubation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Orbital shaking incubator</td><td>FIRSTEK</td><td>S300</td><td>bacteria incubation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>pBSL180</td><td></td><td></td><td>source of nptII gene</td></tr><tr><td>pAKlux2</td><td></td><td></td><td>source of luxCDABE operon</td></tr><tr><td>T&amp;amp;A Cloning Kit</td><td>Yeastern Biotech</td><td>FYC001-20P</td><td>use for TA cloning&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Nsi&lt;/em&gt; I</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0127S</td><td>use for plasmid cloning&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Sca&lt;/em&gt; I</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0122S</td><td>use for plasmid cloning&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Spe&lt;/em&gt; I-HF</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0133S</td><td>use for plasmid cloning&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Sma&lt;/em&gt; I&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0141S</td><td>use for plasmid cloning&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>T4 ligase</td><td>NEB</td><td>M0202S</td><td>use for plasmid cloning&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Ex Taq</td><td>TaKaRa</td><td>RR001A</td><td>use for PCR amplification</td></tr><tr><td>10X Ex Taq Buffer</td><td>TaKaRa</td><td>RR001A</td><td>use for PCR amplification</td></tr><tr><td>dNTP Mixture&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TaKaRa</td><td>RR001A</td><td>use for PCR amplification</td></tr><tr><td>PCR machine</td><td>applied Biosystem&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2720 thermal cycler&amp;nbsp;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;for PCR amplification</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>G5516-1L</td><td>use for bacteria stocking solution</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>31434-5KG-R</td><td>chemical for making LB medium, 10 g/L</td></tr><tr><td>Tryptone</td><td>CONDA pronadisa</td><td>Cat 1612.00</td><td>chemical for making LB medium, 10 g/L</td></tr><tr><td>Yeast Extract powder</td><td>Affymetrix</td><td>23547-1 KG</td><td>chemical for making LB medium, 5 g/L</td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>CONDA pronadisa</td><td>Cat 1802.00</td><td>chemical for making LB agar</td></tr><tr><td>kanamycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>K4000-5G</td><td>antibiotics, use for seleciton</td></tr><tr><td>streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S6501-100G</td><td>antibiotics, eliminate the microbiota in mice</td></tr><tr><td>EDL933 competent cell</td><td>Homemade</td><td></td><td>method is on supplemental document&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Electroporator</td><td>MicroPulser</td><td></td><td>for electroporation</td></tr><tr><td>Electroporation Cuvettes</td><td>Gene Pulser/MicroPulser</td><td>1652086</td><td>for electroporation</td></tr><tr><td>High-speed centrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>Avanti, J-26S XP</td><td>use for centrifuging bacteria&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed-Angle Rotor</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>JA25.5</td><td>use for centrifuging bacteria&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed-Angle Rotor</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>JLA10.5</td><td>use for centrifuging bacteria&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>centrifuge bottles</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>REF357003</td><td>use for centrifuging bacteria&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>centrifuge bottles</td><td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td><td>3141-0500</td><td>use for centrifuging bacteria&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>eppendorf biophotometer plus&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eppendorf</td><td>AG 22331 hamburg</td><td>for measuring the OD600 value of bacteria</td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6 mice&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Laboratory Animal Center of NCKU</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lab coat, gloves</td><td></td><td></td><td>for personnel protection&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>isoflurane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Panion &amp;amp; BF Biotech Inc.</td><td>G-8669</td><td>for mice anesthesia, pharmaceutical grade</td></tr><tr><td>1ml syringe&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>use for oral gavage of mice</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable 22 G ball-tipped feeding needle</td><td></td><td>&amp;phi;0.9 mm X L 50 mm</td><td>use for oral gavage of mice</td></tr><tr><td>surgical&amp;nbsp; scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>use for mice experiment</td></tr><tr><td>Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system</td><td>Perkin Elmer</td><td>IVIS spectrum</td><td>use for bioluminescent image capture&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Living Image Software</td><td>Perkin Elmer</td><td>version 4.1</td><td>use for quantifying the image data</td></tr></tbody></table>

detection of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli colonization in murine host by non-invasive in vivo bioluminescence system

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157: H7, hangi o causesdiarrhea, Hemorajik kolit (HS), gıda kaynaklı patojen olduğunu ve hemolitik üremik Sendromu (HUS), kolonize insanlar bağırsak için. EHEC kolonizasyon içinde vivo detaylı mekanizması çalışmaya EHEC kolonizasyon ölçmek ve izlemek için hayvan modelleri olması esastır. Burada bir fare-EHEC kolonizasyon modeli kollarındaki ifade plazmid EHEC izlemek ve yaşam ana EHEC kolonizasyon ölçmek için dönüşüm tarafından göstermektedir. Bioluminescence etiketli EHEC ile aşılanmış hayvanlar yoğun kollarındaki sinyalleri farelerde algılama tarafından görüntüleme sistemi bir non-invaziv vivo içinde ile göstermek. Sonra 1-2 gün enfeksiyon sonrası, kollarındaki sinyalleri hala enfekte hayvanlarda da EHEC konaklarda en az 2 gün için kolonize gösterir tespit edilemedi. Biz de bu kollarındaki EHEC bulun ki fare Bağırsaklarda, özellikle çekum ve iki nokta üst üste, için ex vivo imge--dan göstermek. Bu fare-EHEC kolonizasyon model EHEC kolonizasyon mekanizma mevcut bilgi ilerlemek için bir araç olarak hizmet verebilir.

Bioluminescence etiketli EHEC yönetilen (~ 109 bakteri hücreleri) 6 - hafta eski kadın C57BL/6 farelere oral gavaj tarafından. EHEC farelere 1s içinde sözlü aşı sonra hayvanlar kollarındaki sinyali VIVO içinde görüntüleme sistemi Şekil 7gösterildiği gibi tarafından incelenmiş. Sonuçlar sonda ile besleme farelerde bioluminescence etiketli EHEC ile güçlü bir kollarındaki sinyal gösterdi. Biz 2 gün sonrası enfeksiyo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System at JoVE.com

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

Bir fare modeli enterohemorrhagic bioluminescence etiketli bakteri kullanarak E. coli (EHEC) kolonizasyon için detaylı bir protokol sunulmuştur. Kollarındaki bu bakteriler tarafından bir non-invaziv görüntüleme sistemi içinde canlı hayvan vivo içinde tespiti geçerli anlayışımız EHEC kolonizasyon ilerletebilirsiniz.

Non-invaziv Vivo içinde Bioluminescence sistemi tarafından fare konak Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli kolonizasyon algılama

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7, which is a foodborne pathogen that causesdiarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HS), and hemolytic uremic syndrome ...

detection-enterohemorrhagic-escherichia-coli-colonization-murine-host

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

9.4K Görüntüleme.  National Cheng Kung University. Bir fare modeli enterohemorrhagic bioluminescence etiketli bakteri kullanarak E. coli (EHEC) kolonizasyon için detaylı bir protokol sunulmuştur. Kollarındaki bu bakteriler tarafından bir non-invaziv görüntüleme sistemi içinde canlı hayvan vivo içinde tespiti geçerli anlayışımız EHEC kolonizasyon ilerletebilirsiniz.

Video: Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

Using Luciferase to Image Bacterial Infections in Mice

Imaging is a valuable technique that can be used to monitor biological processes. In particular, the presence of cancer cells, stem cells, specific immune cell types, viral pathogens, parasites and bacteria can be followed in real-time within living animals 1-2. Application of bioluminescence imaging to the study of pathogens has advantages as compared to conventional strategies for analysis of infections in animal models3-4. Infections can be visualized within individual animals over time, without requiring euthanasia to determine the location and quantity of the pathogen. Optical imaging allows comprehensive examination of all tissues and organs, rather than sampling of sites previously known to be infected. In addition, the accuracy of inoculation into specific tissues can be directly determined prior to carrying forward animals that were unsuccessfully inoculated throughout the entire experiment. Variability between animals can be controlled for, since imaging allows each animal to be followed individually. Imaging has the potential to greatly reduce animal numbers needed because of the ability to obtain data from numerous time points without having to sample tissues to determine pathogen load3-4.
This protocol describes methods to visualize infections in live animals using bioluminescence imaging for recombinant strains of bacteria expressing luciferase. The click beetle (CBRLuc) and firefly luciferases (FFluc) utilize luciferin as a substrate5-6. The light produced by both CBRluc and FFluc has a broad wavelength from 500 nm to 700 nm, making these luciferases excellent reporters for the optical imaging in living animal models7-9. This is primarily because wavelengths of light greater than 600 nm are required to avoid absorption by hemoglobin and, thus, travel through mammalian tissue efficiently. Luciferase is genetically introduced into the bacteria to produce light signal10. Mice are pulmonary inoculated with bioluminescent bacteria intratracheally to allow monitoring of infections in real time. After luciferin injection, images are acquired using the IVIS Imaging System. During imaging, mice are anesthetized with isoflurane using an XGI-8 Gas Anethesia System. Images can be analyzed to localize and quantify the signal source, which represents the bacterial infection site(s) and number, respectively. After imaging, CFU determination is carried out on homogenized tissue to confirm the presence of bacteria. Several doses of bacteria are used to correlate bacterial numbers with luminescence. Imaging can be applied to study of pathogenesis and evaluation of the efficacy of antibacterial compounds and vaccines.

Methods for bioluminescence imaging of bacterial infections in living animals are decribed. Pathogens are modified to express luciferase allowing optical whole body imaging of infections in live animals. Animal models can be infected with luciferase expressing pathogens and the resulting course of disease visualized in real-time by bioluminescence imaging.

Farelerde Görüntü Bakteriyel Enfeksiyonlar Lusiferaz Kullanımı

Imaging is a valuable technique that can be used to monitor biological processes.  In particular, the presence of cancer cells, stem cells, specific ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative medicine. However, direct injection of hESCs, and cells differentiated from hESCs, into living organisms has thus far been hampered by significant cell death, teratoma formation, and host immune rejection. Understanding the in vivo hESC behavior after transplantation requires novel imaging techniques to longitudinally monitor hESC localization, proliferation, and viability. Molecular imaging has given investigators a high-throughput, inexpensive, and sensitive means for tracking in vivo cell proliferation over days, weeks, and even months. This advancement has significantly increased the understanding of the spatio-temporal kinetics of hESC engraftment, proliferation, and teratoma-formation in living subjects.

A major advance in molecular imaging has been the extension of noninvasive reporter gene assays from molecular and cellular biology into in vivo multi-modality imaging platforms. These reporter genes, under control of engineered promoters and enhancers that take advantage of the host cell s transcriptional machinery, are introduced into cells using a variety of vector and non-vector methods. Once in the cell, reporter genes can be transcribed either constitutively or only under specific biological or cellular conditions, depending on the type of promoter used. Transcription and translation of reporter genes into bioactive proteins is then detected with sensitive, noninvasive instrumentation (e.g., CCD cameras) using signal-generating probes such as D-luciferin.

To avoid the need for excitatory light to track stem cells in vivo as is required for fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence reporter gene imaging systems require only an exogenously administered probe to induce light emission. Firefly luciferase, derived from the firefly Photinus pyralis, encodes an enzyme that catalyzes D-luciferin to the optically active metabolite, oxyluciferin. Optical activity can then be monitored with an external CCD camera. Stably transduced cells that carry the reporter construct within their chromosomal DNA will pass the reporter construct DNA to daughter cells, allowing for longitudinal monitoring of hESC survival and proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, because expression of the reporter gene product is required for signal generation, only viable parent and daughter cells will create bioluminescence signal; apoptotic or dead cells will not. 

In this video, the specific materials and methods needed for tracking stem cell proliferation and teratoma formation with bioluminescence imaging will be described.

With the growing interest in stem cell therapies, molecular imaging techniques are ideal for monitoring stem cell behavior after transplantation. Luciferase reporter genes have enabled non-invasive, repetitive assessment of cell survival, location, and proliferation in vivo. This video will demonstrate how to track hESC proliferation in a living mouse.

In vitro ve in vivo Biyoparlaklık Reporter Gen Görüntüleme İnsan Embriyonik Kök Hücreleri

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative ...

Biyoloji

In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria

There is a considerable number of bacterial species capable of emitting light. All of them share the same gene cluster, namely the lux operon. Despite this similarity, these bacteria show extreme variations in characteristics like growth behavior, intensity of light emission or regulation of bioluminescence. The method presented here is a newly developed assay that combines recording of cell growth and bioluminescent light emission intensity over time utilizing a plate reader. The resulting growth and light emission characteristics can be linked to important features of the respective bacterial strain, such as quorum sensing regulation. The cultivation of a range of bioluminescent bacteria requires a specific medium (e.g., artificial sea water medium) and defined temperatures. The easy to handle, non-bioluminescent standard-research bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), on the other hand, can be cultivated inexpensively in high quantities in laboratory scale. Exploiting E. coli by introducing a plasmid containing the whole lux operon can simplify experimental conditions and additionally opens up many possibilities for future applications. The expression of all lux genes utilizing an E. coli expression strain was achieved by construction of an expression plasmid via Gibson cloning and insertion of four fragments containing seven lux genes and three rib genes of the lux-rib operon into a pET28a vector. E. coli based lux gene expression can be induced and controlled via Isopropyl-&#946;-D-thiogalactopyranosid (IPTG) addition resulting in bioluminescent E. coli cells. The advantages of this system are to avoid quorum sensing regulation restrictions and complex medium compositions along with non-standard growth conditions, such as defined temperatures. This system enables analysis of lux genes and their interplay, by the exclusion of the respective gene from the lux operon, or even addition of novel genes, exchanging the luxAB genes from one bacterial strain by another, or analyzing protein complexes, such as luxCDE.

In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria

Bioluminescent bacteria regulate light production through a variety of mechanisms, such as quorum sensing. This novel method allows the in situ investigation of bioluminescence and the correlation of light emission to cell density. An artificial bioluminescent Escherichia coli system allows the characterization of lux operons, Lux proteins, and their interplay.

Situ Ölçüm ve korelasyon hücre yoğunluğu ve kollarındaki bakterilerin ışık emisyon

There is a considerable number of bacterial species capable of emitting light. All of them share the same gene cluster, namely the lux operon. Despite ...

Biyokimya

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of bacteria in gene and cell therapy for cancer. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumors following systemic administration. Bacteria engineered to express the lux gene cassette permit BLI detection of the bacteria and concurrently tumor sites. The location and levels of bacteria within tumors over time can be readily examined, visualized in two or three dimensions. The method is applicable to a wide range of bacterial species and tumor xenograft types. This article describes the protocol for analysis of bioluminescent bacteria within subcutaneous tumor bearing mice. Visualization of commensal bacteria in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by BLI is also described. This powerful, and cheap, real-time imaging strategy represents an ideal method for the study of bacteria in vivo in the context of cancer research, in particular gene therapy, and infectious disease. This video outlines the procedure for studying lux-tagged E. coli in live mice, demonstrating the spatial and temporal readout achievable utilizing BLI with the IVIS system.

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This article describes the administration of lux-tagged bacteria to mice and subsequent in vivo analysis using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

Bioluminescent Bakteriyel Görüntüleme<em&gt; In Vivo</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Modern advancements in imaging technology encourage further development and refinement in the way viral research is accomplished. Initially proposed by Russel and Burch in Hume's 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement), the utilization of animal models in scientific research is under constant pressure to identify new methodologies to reduce animal usage while improving scientific accuracy and speed. A major challenge to Hume's principals however, is how to ensure the studies are statistically accurate while reducing animal disease morbidity and overall numbers. Vaccine efficacy studies currently require a large number of animals in order to be considered statistically significant and often result in high morbidity and mortality endpoints for identification of immune protection. We utilized in vivo imaging systems (IVIS) in conjunction with a firefly bioluminescent enzyme to progressively track the invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by an encephalitic virus in a murine model. Typically, the disease progresses relatively slowly, however virus replication is rapid, especially within the CNS, and can lead to an often, lethal outcome. Following intranasal infection of the mice with TC83-Luc, an attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strain modified to expresses a luciferase gene; we are able to visualize virus replication within the brain at least three days before the development of clinical disease symptoms. Utilizing CNS invasion as a key encephalitic disease development endpoint we are able to quickly identify therapeutic and vaccine protection against TC83-Luc infection before clinical symptoms develop. With IVIS technology we are able to demonstrate the rapid and accurate testing of drug therapeutics and vaccines while reducing animal numbers and morbidity.

In Vivo Imaging Systems IVIS Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Utilizing luciferase and in vivo imaging systems (IVIS) as a novel means to identify disease endpoints before clinical developments occur. IVIS has allowed us to visualize in real time the invasion of encephalitic viruses over multiple days, providing a more accurate disease model for future study. It has also allowed us to identify the potential protective features of antivirals and vaccines faster than currently utilized animal models. The capability to utilize individual animals over multiple time points ensures reduced animal requirements, costs, and overall morbidity to the animals utilized ensuring a more humane and more scientific means of disease study.

Bir Nöro-İnvazif encephalitic Virüs Vivo Görüntüleme Sistemleri (IVIS) Algılama

Modern advancements in imaging technology encourage further development and refinement in the way viral research is accomplished. Initially proposed by ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

This protocol outlines the steps required to longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with integrated &mu;CT (DLIT-&mu;CT) and the subsequent use of this data to generate a four dimensional (4D) movie of the infection cycle. To develop the 4D infection movies and to validate the DLIT-&mu;CT imaging for bacterial infection studies using an IVIS Spectrum CT, we used infection with bioluminescent C. rodentium, which causes self-limiting colitis in mice. In this protocol, we outline the infection of mice with bioluminescent C. rodentium and non-invasive monitoring of colonization by daily DLIT-&mu;CT imaging and bacterial enumeration from feces for 8 days.
The use of the IVIS Spectrum CT facilitates seamless co-registration of optical and &mu;CT scans using a single imaging platform. The low dose &mu;CT modality enables the imaging of mice at multiple time points during infection, providing detailed anatomical localization of bioluminescent bacterial foci in 3D without causing artifacts from the cumulative radiation. Importantly, the 4D movies of infected mice provide a powerful analytical tool to monitor bacterial colonization dynamics in vivo.

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

Multi-modality imaging is a valuable approach for studying bacterial colonization in small animal models. This protocol outlines infection of mice with bioluminescent Citrobacter rodentium and the longitudinal monitoring of bacterial colonization using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with &mu;CT imaging to create a 4D movie of C. rodentium infection.

4D modelli Görüntüleme<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</emFarelerde&gt; Enfeksiyonlar

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

Monitoring Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Colony Formation in Mice using Bioluminescence

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several animal models have been generated, including the widely used orthotopic mouse models, where cancer cells are injected into the mammary fat pad. However, these models cannot help monitor tumor growth kinetics and metastatic colonization. Cutting-edge tools to monitor cancer cells in real time in mice will significantly advance the understanding of tumor biology. 
Here, breast cancer cell lines stably expressing luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were established. Specifically, this technique contains two sequential steps initiated by measuring the luciferase activity in vitro and followed by the implantation of the cancer cells into mammary fat pads of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice. After the injection, both the tumor growth and metastatic colonization are monitored in real time by the noninvasive bioluminescence imaging system. Then, the quantification of GFP-expressing metastases in the lungs will be examined by fluorescence microscopy to validate the observed bioluminescence results. This sophisticated system combining luciferase and fluorescence-based detection tools evaluates cancer metastasis in vivo, which has great potential for use in breast cancer therapeutics and disease management.

Here, we describe a noninvasive monitoring method involving luciferase and green fluorescent protein expression in various breast cancer cell lines. This protocol provides a technique to monitor tumor formation and metastatic colonization in real time in mice.

Biyolüminesans Kullanarak Farelerde Meme Kanseri Büyümesi ve Metastatik Koloni Oluşumunun İzlenmesi

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Combined In vivo Optical and &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in vivo optical and &#956;CT imaging allow the visualization of biological phenomena in an anatomical context. These imaging modalities may be especially useful to study conditions that impact bone. In particular, orthopaedic implant infections are an important problem in clinical orthopaedic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat because bacterial biofilms form on the foreign surgically implanted materials, leading to persistent inflammation, osteomyelitis and eventual osteolysis of the bone surrounding the implant, which ultimately results in implant loosening and failure. Here, a mouse model of an infected orthopaedic prosthetic implant was used that involved the surgical placement of a Kirschner-wire implant into an intramedullary canal in the femur in such a way that the end of the implant extended into the knee joint. In this model, LysEGFP mice, a mouse strain that has EGFP-fluorescent neutrophils, were employed in conjunction with a bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus strain, which naturally emits light. The bacteria were inoculated into the knee joints of the mice prior to closing the surgical site. In vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent imaging was used to quantify the bacterial burden and neutrophil inflammatory response, respectively. In addition, &#956;CT imaging was performed on the same mice so that the 3D location of the bioluminescent and fluorescent optical signals could be co-registered with the anatomical &#956;CT images. To quantify the changes in the bone over time, the outer bone volume of the distal femurs were measured at specific time points using a semi-automated contour based segmentation process. Taken together, the combination of in vivo bioluminescent/fluorescent imaging with &#956;CT imaging may be especially useful for the noninvasive monitoring of the infection, inflammatory response and anatomical changes in bone over time.

Combined In vivo Optical and  &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Combined optical and &#956;CT imaging in a mouse model of orthopaedic implant infection, utilizing a bioluminescent engineered strain of Staphylococcus aureus, provided the capability to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial infection, as well as the corresponding inflammatory response and anatomical changes in the bone.

Kombine<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Optik ve uCT Görüntüleme Farelerde bir Ortopedik İmplant Enfeksiyon Enfeksiyon, Enflamasyon ve Kemik Anatomisi Monitör

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in ...

Tıp

Using Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-expressing Escherichia Coli to Assess Mouse Peritoneal Macrophage Phagocytosis

This manuscript describes a simple and reproducible method to perform a phagocytosis assay. The first part of this method involves building a pET-SUMO-EGFP vector (SUMO = small ubiquitin-like modifier) and expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) in Escherichia coli (BL21DE). EGFP-expressing E. coli is coincubated with macrophages for 1 h at 37 &#176;C; the negative control group is incubated on ice for the same amount of time. Then, the macrophages are ready for assessment. The advantages of this technique include its simple and straightforward steps, and phagocytosis can be measured by both flow cytometer and fluorescence microscope. The EGFP-expressing E. coli are stable and display a strong fluorescence signal even after the macrophages are fixed with paraformaldehyde. This method is not only suitable for the assessment of macrophage cell lines or primary macrophages in vitro but also suitable for the evaluation of granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The results show that the phagocytic capability of peritoneal macrophages from young (eight-week-old) mice is higher than that of macrophages from aged (16-month-old) mice. In summary, this method measures macrophage phagocytosis and is suitable for studying the innate immune system function.

Using Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-expressing Escherichia Coli to Assess Mouse Peritoneal Macrophage Phagocytosis

Here, we present a protocol to assess mouse peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis using enhanced green fluorescence protein-expressing Escherichia coli.

Yeşil floresans Protein-ifade gelişmiş kullanma fare Peritoneal makrofaj fagositoz değerlendirmek için Escherichia Coli

This manuscript describes a simple and reproducible method to perform a phagocytosis assay. The first part of this method involves building a ...

Longitudinal Follow-Up of Urinary Tract Infections and Their Treatment in Mice using Bioluminescence Imaging

Urinary tract infections (UTI) rank among the most common bacterial infections in humans and are routinely treated with empirical antibiotics. However, due to increasing microbial resistance, the efficacy of the most used antibiotics has declined. To find alternative treatment options, there is a great need for a better understanding of the UTI pathogenesis and the mechanisms that determine UTI susceptibility. In order to investigate this in an animal model, a reproducible, non-invasive assay to study the course of UTI is indispensable.
For years, the gold standard for the enumeration of bacterial load has been the determination of Colony Forming Units (CFU) for a particular sample volume. This technique requires post-mortem organ homogenates and serial dilutions, limiting data output and reproducibility. As an alternative, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is gaining popularity to determine the bacterial load. Labeling pathogens with a lux operon allow for the sensitive detection and quantification in a non-invasive manner, thereby enabling longitudinal follow-up. So far, the adoption of BLI in UTI research remains limited.
This manuscript describes the practical implementation of BLI in a mouse urinary tract infection model. Here, a step-by-step guide for culturing bacteria, intravesical instillation and imaging is provided. The in vivo correlation with CFU is examined and a proof-of-concept is provided by comparing the bacterial load of untreated infected animals with antibiotic-treated animals. Furthermore, the advantages, limitations, and considerations specific to the implementation of BLI in an in vivo UTI model are discussed. The implementation of BLI in the UTI research field will greatly facilitate research on the pathogenesis of UTI and the discovery of new ways to prevent and treat UTI.

This manuscript describes the intravesical administration of uropathogenic bacteria with a lux operon to induce a urinary tract infection in mice and subsequent longitudinal in vivo analysis of the bacterial load using bioluminescence imaging.

Biyolüminesans Görüntüleme Kullanan Farelerde İdrar Yolu Enfeksiyonlarının Boyuna Takibi ve Tedavileri

Urinary tract infections (UTI) rank among the most common bacterial infections in humans and are routinely treated with empirical antibiotics. However, ...

Non-invaziv Vivo içinde Bioluminescence sistemi tarafından fare konak Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli kolonizasyon algılama

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