Name: laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion
Uploaded: 2016-09-02T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 33 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

Yazarlar sentetik ham petrol temini için teknik destek için CanmetENERGY Teknoloji Merkezi ve Suncor Energy Inc. analitik laboratuvar teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma için kısmi finansman Doğal Kaynaklar Kanada ve proje kimliği A22.015 ile Enerji Araştırma ve Geliştirme (PERD) Kanada&#39;nın arası Programı hükümet tarafından sağlanmıştır. Yi Zhang onun Doğal Bilimler ve Ocak 2016 Ocak 2015 den Kanada ziyaret Bursu Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi (NSERC) kabul etmek istiyorum.

<ol>
	<li>Bringezu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+Sustainable+Production+and+Use+of+Resources+-+Assessing+Biofuels.">Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources - Assessing Biofuels.</a> United Nations Environment Programme. , (2009).</li><li>Sheehan, J., Camobresco, V., Duffield, J., Graboski, M., Shapouri, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+cycle+inventory+for+biodiesel+and+petroleum+diesel+for+use+in+an+urban+bus.">Life cycle inventory for biodiesel and petroleum diesel for use in an urban bus.</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report. , (1998).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renewable+Fuels+Regulations.">Renewable Fuels Regulations.</a> Canada Gazette Part II. 144 (18), 1614-1740 (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directive+2009/28/EC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+23+April+2009+on+the+promotion+of+the+use+of+energy+from+renewable+sources+and+amending+and+subsequently+repealing+Directives+2001/77/EC+and+2003/30/EC+(Text+with+EEA+relevance).">Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance).</a> Official Journal of the European Union. 140, 16-62 (2009).</li><li>Al-Sabawi, M., Chen, J., Ng, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluid+catalytic+cracking+of+biomass-derived+oils+and+their+blends+with+petroleum+feedstocks:+A+Review.">Fluid catalytic cracking of biomass-derived oils and their blends with petroleum feedstocks: A Review.</a> Energy Fuels. 26 (9), 5355-5372 (2012).</li><li>Dupain, X., Costa, D. J., Schaverien, C. J., Makkee, M., Moulijn, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cracking+of+a+rapeseed+vegetable+oil+under+realistic+FCC+conditions.">Cracking of a rapeseed vegetable oil under realistic FCC conditions.</a> Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 72 (1-2), 44-61 (2007).</li><li>Tian, H., Li, C., Yang, C., Shan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+processing+technology+for+converting+vegetable+oils+and+animal+fats+to+clean+fuels+and+light+olefins.">Alternative processing technology for converting vegetable oils and animal fats to clean fuels and light olefins.</a> Chin J Chem Eng. 16 (3), 394-400 (2008).</li><li>Melero, J. A., Clavero, M. M., Calleja, G., Garcia, A., Miravalles, R., Galindo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+bio-fuels+via+the+catalytic+cracking+of+mixtures+of+crude+vegetable+oils+and+nonedible+animal+fats+with+vacuum+gas+oil.">Production of bio-fuels via the catalytic cracking of mixtures of crude vegetable oils and nonedible animal fats with vacuum gas oil.</a> Energy Fuels. 24 (1), 707-717 (2010).</li><li>Bielansky, P., Reichhold, A., Sch&#246;nberger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+cracking+of+rapeseed+oil+to+high+octane+gasoline+and+olefins.">Catalytic cracking of rapeseed oil to high octane gasoline and olefins.</a> Chem Eng Process. 49 (8), 873-880 (2010).</li><li>Ng, S. H., Shi, Y., Ding, L., Chen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+cracking+of+a+rapeseed+oil+for+production+of+transportation+fuels+and+chemicals:+Yield+structure.">Catalytic cracking of a rapeseed oil for production of transportation fuels and chemicals: Yield structure.</a> 2010 AIChE Annual Meeting. , (2010).</li><li>Bielansky, P., Weinert, A., Sch&#246;nberger, C., Reichhold, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+conversion+of+vegetable+oils+in+a+continuous+FCC+pilot+plant.">Catalytic conversion of vegetable oils in a continuous FCC pilot plant.</a> Fuel Process Technol. 92 (12), 2305-2311 (2011).</li><li>Ng, S. H., Lay, C., Bhatt, S., Freel, B., Graham, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upgrading+of+biomass-derived+liquid+to+clean+fuels.">Upgrading of biomass-derived liquid to clean fuels.</a> 2012 AIChE Annual Meeting. , (2012).</li><li>Ordorica-Garcia, G., Croiset, E., Douglas, P., Elkamel, A., Gupta, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+energy+demands+and+greenhouse+gas+emissions+of+the+Canadian+oil+sands+industry.">Modeling the energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions of the Canadian oil sands industry.</a> Energy Fuels. 21 (4), 2098-2111 (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Canada's Emission Trends. , (2013).</li><li>Kayser, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Versatile+fluidized+bed+reactor.">Versatile fluidized bed reactor.</a> US Patent. , (2000).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ACE Operating Manual: PID Drawing No. R+ 101 and 102. , (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> System Manual: ACE - Model R+. , (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ASTM D2887-15 Standard test method for boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions by gas chromatography. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> AASTM D4377-00 Standard test method for water in crude oils by potentiometric Karl Fischer titration. , (2015).</li><li>Ng, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FCC+coprocessing+oil+sands+heavy+gas+oil+and+canola+oil.+1.+Yield+structure.">FCC coprocessing oil sands heavy gas oil and canola oil. 1. Yield structure.</a> Fuel. 156, 163-176 (2015).</li><li>Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., Medvedev, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CODATA Key values for thermodynamics. , (1984).</li><li>Ng, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FCC+study+of+Canadian+oil-sands+derived+vacuum+gas+oils.+1.+Feed+and+catalyst+effects+on+yield+structure.">FCC study of Canadian oil-sands derived vacuum gas oils. 1. Feed and catalyst effects on yield structure.</a> Energy Fuels. 16 (5), 1196-1208 (2002).</li><li>Ng, S. H., Dabros, T., Humphries, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluid+catalytic+cracking+quality+improvement+of+bitumen+after+paraffinic+froth+treatment.">Fluid catalytic cracking quality improvement of bitumen after paraffinic froth treatment.</a> Energy Fuels. 21 (3), 1432-1441 (2007).</li><li>Scherzer, J., Magee, J. S., Mitchell, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+5,+Correlation+between+catalyst+formulation+and+catalytic+properties.">Chapter 5, Correlation between catalyst formulation and catalytic properties.</a> Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Science and Technology. , 145-182 (1993).</li><li>Fisher, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+feedstock+variability+on+catalytic+cracking+yields.">Effect of feedstock variability on catalytic cracking yields.</a> Appl. Catal. 65 (2), 189-210 (1990).</li><li>Ng, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+Canadian+FCC+feeds+from+various+origins+and+treatments.+1.+Ranking+of+feedstocks+based+on+feed+quality+and+product+distribution.">Study of Canadian FCC feeds from various origins and treatments. 1. Ranking of feedstocks based on feed quality and product distribution.</a> Energy Fuels. 18 (1), 160-171 (2004).</li><li>Ng, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+Canadian+FCC+feeds+from+various+origins+and+treatments.+2.+Some+specific+cracking+characteristics+and+comparisons+of+product+yields+and+qualities+between+a+riser+reactor+and+a+MAT+unit.">Study of Canadian FCC feeds from various origins and treatments. 2. Some specific cracking characteristics and comparisons of product yields and qualities between a riser reactor and a MAT unit.</a> Energy Fuels. 18 (1), 172-187 (2004).</li><li>Ng, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Key+observations+from+a+comprehensive+FCC+study+on+Canadian+heavy+gas+oils+from+various+origins.+1.+Yield+profiles+in+batch+reactors.">Key observations from a comprehensive FCC study on Canadian heavy gas oils from various origins. 1. Yield profiles in batch reactors.</a> Fuel Process Technol. 87 (6), 475-485 (2006).</li><li>Scherzer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Octane-enhancing+zeolitic+FCC+catalysts:++Scientific+and+technical+aspects.">Octane-enhancing zeolitic FCC catalysts: Scientific and technical aspects.</a> Catalysis Reviews: Science and Engineering. 31 (3), 215-354 (1989).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ASTM D7964/D7964M-14 Standard test method for determining activity of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts in a fluidized bed. , (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ASTM D5154-10 Standard test method for determining activity and selectivity of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts by Microactivity test. , (2010).</li><li>Moorehead, E. L., McLean, J. B., Cronkright, W. A., Magee, J. S., Mitchell, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+7,+Microactivity+evaluation+of+FCC+catalysts+in+the+laboratory:+Principles,+approaches+and+applications.">Chapter 7, Microactivity evaluation of FCC catalysts in the laboratory: Principles, approaches and applications.</a> Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Science and Technology. , 223-255 (1993).</li><li>Rawlence, D. J., Gosling, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FCC+catalyst+performance+evaluation.">FCC catalyst performance evaluation.</a> Appl. Catal. 43 (2), 213-237 (1988).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarları olduğunu beyan ederim.

Burada açıklanan protokol kırma yağını ve katalizör yenilenmesini simüle etmek için akışkan katalizör parçacıklarının bir toplu içeren tek bir reaktörün çalışma peryodu kullanmaktadır. Yağ akışkan yatağının altına yakın olan ucu ile bir enjektör tüpü boyunca ısıtılmış ve üst beslenir kırılacak. Katalitik kraking sonra üretilen buhar yoğunlaşır ve bir alıcı toplanır ve toplanan sıvı ürün, daha sonra farklı kaynama aralıkları fraksiyonların verimi belirlemek için s...

biyokütle kaynaklı hammaddelerden ulaşım yakıtları üretmek için verimli ve ekonomik bir çare bulmak için hem özel ve kamu sektörlerinde güçlü küresel ilgi var. Bu faiz sera gazı (SG) emisyonlarının ve küresel ısınma ilişkili katkı petrol fosil yakıtların yanma önemli katkısı üzerinde genel bir endişe ile tahrik edilir. Ayrıca, yenilenebilir yerli sıvı yakıtlar ile yabancı üretilen petrol yerinden Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa&#39;da güçlü bir siyasi irade var. 2008 yılında, biyoyakıt dünyanın ulaşım yakıtları 1% 1.8 sağladı. Birçok gelişmiş ülkede, biyoyakıtlar yakın gelecekte 2 petrol yakıtlarının% 10% 6 dan değiştirmeniz gerekmektedir. Kanada&#39;da, yönetmelik 3. Avrupa&#39;da Yenilenebilir Enerji Direktifi (RED) da Avrupa Birliği trans için% 10 yenilenebilir enerji hedefi zorunlu olan 15 Aralık 2010 başlangıç ​​benzinde% 5 ortalama yenilenebilir yakıt içeriği gerektirir2020 4 port sektörü. meydan okuma geliştirmek ve biyokütleden karşılanabilir ulaşım yakıtları üretmek için uygun bir ekonomik yolu göstermek olmuştur. Biyolojik kaynakları, odun yongaları, orman atıkları ve tarım artıkları gibi trigliserid bazlı bitkisel yağlar ve hayvansal yağlar olarak biyokütle, yanı sıra atık yemeklik yağ ve selülozik biyokütle içerir. Son yirmi yılda, araştırma kullanarak biyokütle kaynaklı petrol işleme değerlendirilmesi odaklanmıştır geleneksel (FCC) 5 katalitik kırma sıvı - 12, bir petrol rafinerisinin benzin çoğu üretmekten sorumlu bir teknoloji. Bu çalışmada bizim yeni bir yaklaşım petrol kumları bitüm türetilmiş hammadde ile karıştırılmadan için birlikte süreç kanola yağıdır. Normalde, bitüm gibi sentetik ham petrol gibi rafineri hammaddeleri üreten, rafine öncesinde yükseltilmesi gerekir (SCO) işlem rota sera gazı emissi ve 68-78% için muhasebe, özellikle enerji yoğun -buons Kanada&#39;nın toplam sera gazı emisyonları 14 2.6% oluşturan 2011 yılında ŞİÖ üretimi 13 ve gelen. biyoyakıt üretimi çok daha küçük bir karbon ayak izini içerdiğinden Biofeed ile yükseltilmiş Hgo bir kısmını değiştirilmesi, sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltmak olacaktır. Kanada ve ABD&#39;de bol olduğundan Kanola yağı bu çalışmada seçilir. Bu ham madde, FCC performansı ya da ürün kalitesini etkileyebilir sülfür, nitrojen ve metal içeriği ihmal edilebilir ise HGOs benzer bir yoğunluk ve viskozitesinin sahiptir. Dahası, bu ortak işlem seçeneği çok az ek donanım ya da rafineri değiştirilmesini gerektirecektir, dolayısıyla mevcut rafineri altyapısının kullanımını sağlayacak ve gibi önemli teknolojik ve ekonomik avantajlar sunmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, son derece aromatik bitüm onun düz zincirli biyokütle meslektaşı ile beslemek birlikte işlerken ürün kalite iyileştirme neden olabilir potansiyel sinerji olabilir. Bununla birlikte, ko-işlemeÖnemli teknik zorluklar içermektedir. Yüksek oksijen içeriği, parafinik zengin kompozisyon, petrol ham madde ile uyumluluk, kirlenme potansiyeli, vb: Bu biyo-Yemlerin benzersiz fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri içerir Bu çalışma, katalitik kraking ile kanola yağından laboratuar ölçeğinde biyoyakıt üretiminde detaylı protokolü sağlar. Bir tam otomatik reaksiyon sistemi - laboratuar test ünitesi (LTU) olarak bu çalışmada atıfta 15 - Bu iş için kullanılan bu birim faaliyet şematik nasıl Şekil 1&#39;de görüldüğü gibi.. Bu LTU laboratuvar FCC çalışmaları için endüstri standardı haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltılması amacı ile yakıt ve kimyasal madde üretmek için kanola yağı çatlama için LTU uygunluğunu test etmektir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1: Kavramsal illustratioakış hatlarını gösteren reaktör. İllüstrasyon n katalizörü, yem, ürün ve seyreltici. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) Unit</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>ACE R+ 46</td><td>Assembled by Zeton Inc. SN:505-46; consisting of (1) a reactor; (2) catalyst addition system; (3) feed delivery system; (4) liquid collection system; (5) gas collection system; (6) gas analyzing system; (7) catalyst regeneration system; (8) CO catalytic convertor; (9) coke analyzing system</td></tr><tr><td>Reactor (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>V-105</td><td>A 1.6 cm ID stainless steel tube having a tapered conical bottom and with a diluent (nitrogen) flowing from the bottom to fluidize the catalyst and also serve as the stripping gas at the end of the run</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst Addition System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Six hoppers (V-120F, with respective valves) for addition of catalyst for up to 6 runs</td></tr><tr><td>Feed Delivery System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Consisting of feed bottle (V-100), syringe (FS-115), pump (P-100), and injector (with 1.125 inch injector height, &lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, the distance from the lowest point of the conical reactor bottom to the bottom end of the feed injector)</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Collection System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Six liquid receivers (V-110F) immersed in a common coolant bath (Ethylene glycol/water mixture in 50:50 mass ratio) at about &amp;ndash;15 &amp;deg;C in a large tank (V-145)</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Collection System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Based on water displacement principle; consisting of gas collection vessel (V-150) with a motor-driven stirrer (MTR-100), and a weight scale (WT-100) for weighing the displaced water collected in a beaker (V-160).</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Analyzing System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Key element being Agilent micro GC (model 3000A) with four capillary columns equipped with respective thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst Regeneration System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>V-105</td><td>Spent catalyst in reactor being burned &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; in air at +700 &amp;deg;C to ensure complete removal of carbon deposited on the catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>CO Catalytic Convertor&amp;nbsp; (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>A reactor (V-140) with CuO as catalyst to oxidize any CO and hydrocarbons in exhausted flue gas to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (to be analyzed by IR gas analyzer) and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (to be absorbed by a dryer)</td></tr><tr><td>Coke Analyzing System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Servomex (Model 1440C) IR analyzer for measuring CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in exhausted flue gas</td></tr><tr><td>R+MM Software Suite</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Including iFIX 3.5&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent Micro GC</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>3000A</td><td>For gas analysis after cracking</td></tr><tr><td>Cerity Networked Data System</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td></td><td>Software for Agilent Micro GC</td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Gas Analyser</td><td>Servomex Inc.</td><td>1440C</td><td>SN: 01440C1C02/2900</td></tr><tr><td>NESLAB Refrigerated Bath</td><td>Themo Electron Corporation</td><td>RTE 740</td><td>SN: 104300061</td></tr><tr><td>Orion&amp;nbsp; Sage Syringe Pump</td><td>Themo Electron Corporation</td><td>M362</td><td>For delivering feed oil to injector tube</td></tr><tr><td>Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Suncor Energy Inc.</td><td></td><td>Identified as Suncor OSA 10-4.1</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst P</td><td>Petro-Canada Refinery</td><td></td><td>Equilibrium catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>AB304-S</td><td>For weighing liquid product receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>XS8001S</td><td>For weighing water displaced by gas product</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene Glycol</td><td>Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td><td>CAS 107-21-1</td><td>Mixed with distilled water as coolant (50 v% )</td></tr><tr><td>Drierite</td><td>W.A. Hammond Drierite Co. Ltd.</td><td>24001</td><td>For water absorption after CO catalytic converter</td></tr><tr><td>Copper Oxide</td><td>LECO Corporation</td><td>501-170</td><td>Catalyst for conversion of CO to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 108-88-3</td><td>For cleaning liquid receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 67-64-1</td><td>For cleaning liquid receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Micro GC Calibration Gas</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>SPG-25MX0015306</td><td>Multicomponent standard gas</td></tr><tr><td>19.8% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Standard Gas</td><td>BOC Canada Ltd.</td><td>24069890</td><td>For calibration of IR analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>Argon Gas</td><td>Linde Canada ltd.</td><td>24001306</td><td>Grade 5.0 Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Helium Gas</td><td>Linde Canada ltd.</td><td>24001333</td><td>Grade 5.0 Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-15</td><td>Channel A</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-03</td><td>Channel B</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-04</td><td>Channel C</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-73</td><td>Channel D</td></tr><tr><td>HP 6890 GC</td><td>Hewlett-Packard Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G1530A</td><td>For simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td><td>PAC L.P.</td><td>26650.150</td><td>For quality control in simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td><td>PAC L.P.</td><td>25950.200</td><td>For calibration in simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>Column for GC 6890 (simulated distillation)</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>CP7562</td><td>10 m x 0.53 mm x 1.2 &amp;micro;m, HP 6890 GC column</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Nitrogen</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>SPG-NIT1AC240LC</td><td>For use in simulated distillation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>Bulk (building N2)</td><td>For use in ACE unit operation</td></tr><tr><td>Isotemp Programmable Furnace</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td><td>10-750-126</td><td>For calcination of catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>GC Vials, Crimp Top</td><td>Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td><td>C223682C</td><td>2 ml, for liquid product</td></tr><tr><td>Seals, Crimp Top</td><td>Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td><td>C221150</td><td>11 mm, for use with GC vials</td></tr><tr><td>4 oz clear Boston round bottles</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>02-911-784</td><td>With PE cone lined caps, for use in feed system</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>6140269</td><td>Aperture 38 micron</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>6146265</td><td>Aperture 250 &amp;mu;m</td></tr><tr><td>Shaker</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>MIN 2737-11</td><td>Minor-Meinzer 2 Sieve Shaker for catalyst screening</td></tr><tr><td>V20 Volumetric KF Titrator</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>5131025056</td><td>For water content analysis of the liquid product</td></tr><tr><td>Hydranal Composite 5</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34805-1L-R</td><td>Reagent for Karl Fischer titration</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol (extremely low water grade)</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A413-4</td><td>Mixed with toluene (40:60 w/w) for KF titration: also used to recover water in receiver</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Wool</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>11-388</td><td>Placed inside the top of receiver outlet arm&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

Kanola yağı ve SCO türetilmiş HgO 20 arası (85,27 kütle oranı, yani 14,73) oluşturulan protokolü başarılı bir şekilde 15:85 hacim oranında bir yağ karışımı uygulanmıştır. yüksek konsantrasyonlarda ile beslemeleri de denenmiş olmasına rağmen pratik nedenlerle (maliyet kanola yağı kullanılabilirliği ve ticari operasyonda olası zorluklar) için, çalışma, 15 v% kanola yağı ilavesini içeren hammadde üzerinde duruldu. Karışım katalit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Bu çalışma, ılımlı ısılarda, bir katalizör varlığında bir fosil bazlı besleme ile karıştırılır, kanola yağından biyoyakıt ve biyokimyasallar üretir deneysel bir yöntem sunmaktadır. bir reaksiyon biriminden gaz, sıvı ve katı ürünlerin ölçülmesi ve karakterize edilir. Dönüşüm ve bireysel ürün verimleri hesaplanmış ve raporlanır.

Katalitik Kırma Dönüşüm aracılığıyla Kanola Yağı gelen Biyoyakıt ve Biochemicals laboratuvar üretimi

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

laboratory-production-biofuels-biochemicals-from-rapeseed-oil-through

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.7K Görüntüleme.  Natural Resources Canada.  Bu çalışma, ılımlı ısılarda, bir katalizör varlığında bir fosil bazlı besleme ile karıştırılır, kanola yağından biyoyakıt ve biyokimyasallar üretir deneysel bir yöntem sunmaktadır. bir reaksiyon biriminden gaz, sıvı ve katı ürünlerin ölçülmesi ve karakterize edilir. Dönüşüm ve bireysel ürün verimleri hesaplanmış ve raporlanır. 

Video: Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

Biyokütle Dönüşüm Hızlı Piroliz ve Katalitik Hydrotreating Filtreli Hidrokarbon Akaryakıt Via Sıcak buhar üretmek için

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

Biyokimya

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Kimya

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the chromatograms to microbial suspensions (e.g. fungi or bacteria in broth or agar), allowing time for the microbes to grow in a humid environment, and visualizing zones with no microbial growth.&#160;The effectiveness of this screening method, known as bioautography, depends on both the quality of the chromatographic separation and the care taken with microbial culture conditions.&#160;This paper describes standard protocols for TLC and contact bioautography&#160;with a novel application to amino acid-fermenting bacteria. The extract is separated on flexible (aluminum-backed) silica TLC plates, and bands are visualized under ultraviolet (UV) light.&#160;Zones are cut out and incubated face down onto agar inoculated with the test microorganism.&#160;Inhibitory bands are visualized by staining the agar plates with tetrazolium red.&#160;The method is applied to the separation of red clover (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland) phenolic compounds and their screening for activity against Clostridium sticklandii, a hyper ammonia-producing bacterium (HAB) that is native to the bovine rumen.&#160;The TLC methods apply to many types of plant extracts&#160;and other bacterial species (aerobic or anaerobic), as well as fungi, can be used as test organisms if culture conditions are modified to fit the growth requirements of the species.

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Methods are described for thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation of plant extracts and contact bioautography to identify antibacterial metabolites. The methods are applied to the screening of red clover phenolic compounds inhibiting hyper&#160;ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) native to the bovine rumen.

İnce tabaka kromatografi (TLC) Ayırımı ve bitki özleri Biyodenemeler Antimikrobiyal Bileşikler tanımak

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil (&#34;hexane algal oil&#34;) containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Detailed methods are presented for the production of biodiesel along with the co-isolation of alkenones as valuable coproducts from commercial Isochrysis microalgae.

Ticari dan Eş Çarpımların olarak Alkenones izolasyonu ile Biyodizel Üretimi için Deneysel Protokolü<em&gt; Isochrysis</em&gt; Alg Biyokütle

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

Çevre

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

This work puts forward a toolkit that enables the conversion of alkanes by Escherichia coli and presents a proof of principle of its applicability. The toolkit consists of multiple standard interchangeable parts (BioBricks)9 addressing the conversion of alkanes, regulation of gene expression and survival in toxic hydrocarbon-rich environments.
A three-step pathway for alkane degradation was implemented in E. coli to enable the conversion of medium- and long-chain alkanes to their respective alkanols, alkanals and ultimately alkanoic-acids. The latter were metabolized via the native &beta;-oxidation pathway. To facilitate the oxidation of medium-chain alkanes (C5-C13) and cycloalkanes (C5-C8), four genes (alkB2, rubA3, rubA4and rubB) of the alkane hydroxylase system from Gordonia sp. TF68,21 were transformed into E. coli. For the conversion of long-chain alkanes (C15-C36), theladA gene from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans was implemented. For the required further steps of the degradation process, ADH and ALDH (originating from G. thermodenitrificans) were introduced10,11. The activity was measured by resting cell assays. For each oxidative step, enzyme activity was observed.
To optimize the process efficiency, the expression was only induced under low glucose conditions: a substrate-regulated promoter, pCaiF, was used. pCaiF is present in E. coli K12 and regulates the expression of the genes involved in the degradation of non-glucose carbon sources.
The last part of the toolkit - targeting survival - was implemented using solvent tolerance genes, PhPFD&alpha; and &beta;, both from Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3. Organic solvents can induce cell stress and decreased survivability by negatively affecting protein folding. As chaperones, PhPFD&alpha; and &beta; improve the protein folding process e.g. under the presence of alkanes. The expression of these genes led to an improved hydrocarbon tolerance shown by an increased growth rate (up to 50%) in the presences of 10% n-hexane in the culture medium were observed.
Summarizing, the results indicate that the toolkit enables E. coli to convert and tolerate hydrocarbons in aqueous environments. As such, it represents an initial step towards a sustainable solution for oil-remediation using a synthetic biology approach.

A sustainable auto regulating bacterial system for the remediation of oil pollutions was designed using standard interchangeable DNA parts (BioBricks). An engineered E. coli strain was used to degrade alkanes via &beta;-oxidation in toxic aqueous environments. The respective enzymes from different species showed alkane degradation activity. Additionally, an increased tolerance to n-hexane was achieved by introducing genes from alkane-tolerant bacteria.

Sulu Ortamlarda Hidrokarbon Dönüşüm Enable A Toolkit

This work puts forward a toolkit that enables the conversion of alkanes by Escherichia coli and presents a proof of principle of its applicability. The ...

Biyomühendislik

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic nature of the monomer is conserved. The resulting polymer, polynorbornene, has a very high glass transition temperature, Tg, and interesting optical and electrical properties. However, the polymerization of functional norbornenes by this mechanism is complicated by the fact that the endo substituted norbornene monomer has, in general, a very low reactivity. Furthermore, the separation of the endo substituted monomer from the exo monomer is a tedious task. Here, we present a simple protocol for the polymerization of substituted norbornenes (endo:exo ca. 80:20) bearing either a carboxylic acid or a pendant double bond. The process does not require that both isomers be separated, and proceeds with low catalyst loadings (0.01 to 0.02 mol%). The polymer bearing pendant double bonds can be further transformed in high yield, to afford a polymer bearing pendant epoxy groups. These simple procedures can be applied to prepare polynorbornenes with a variety of functional groups, such as esters, alcohols, imides, double bonds, carboxylic acids, bromo-alkyls, aldehydes and anhydrides.

We describe the catalytic insertion polymerization of 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene to form functional polymers with a very high glass transition temperature.

Fonksiyonel norbornenler Katalitik Yerleştirme Polimerizasyon için Basit ve Etkin Protokol

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

Zaman-of-flight Kütle Spektrometre ile 2D Gaz Kromatografisi Kullanarak Alg Hidrotermal Sıvılaşma gelen Sulu Kesir Nitel Karakterizasyonu

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for conversion with fast pyrolysis. In order to increase the synergies of food production and the energetic and/or material use of biomass, it is desirable to utilize residues from agricultural production, e.g., straw. The presented method is suitable for converting such a material on an industrial scale. The main features are presented and an example of mass balances from the conversion of several biomass residues is given. After conversion, fractionated condensation is applied in order to retrieve two condensates &#8212; an organic-rich and an aqueous-rich one. This design prevents the production of fast pyrolysis bio-oil that exhibits phase separation. A two phase bio-oil is to be expected because of the typically high ash content of straw biomass, which promotes the production of water of reaction during conversion.
Both fractionated condensation and the use of biomass with high ash content demand a careful approach for establishing balances. Not all kind of balances are both meaningful and comparable to other results from the literature. Different balancing methods are presented, and the information that can be derived from them is discussed.

A procedure for thermochemical conversion of biomass residues is presented that aims at maximizing the yield of liquid products (fast pyrolysis). It is based on a technology proven on an industrial scale and especially suitable for treating a straw type of biomass.

Twin-vida Karıştırma Reaktörde Biyokütle Kalıntılarının Hızlı Piroliz

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for ...

Bitkisel Yağların Ultrasonik Destekli Transesterifikasyonu ile Biyodizel Sentezi

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel synthesis. This alkaline-catalyzed procedure harnesses ultrasound as a potent energy input, facilitating the rapid conversion of extra virgin olive oil into biodiesel. In this demonstration, the reaction is run in an ultrasonic bath under ambient conditions for 15 min, requiring a 1:6 molar ratio of extra virgin olive oil to methanol and a minimum amount of KOH as the catalyst. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel are also reported. Emphasizing the remarkable advantages of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification, this method demonstrates notable reductions in reaction and separation times, achieving near-perfect purity (~100%), high yields, and negligible waste generation. Importantly, these benefits are achieved within a framework that prioritizes safety and environmental sustainability. These compelling findings underscore the effectiveness of this approach in converting vegetable oil into biodiesel, positioning it as a viable option for both research and practical applications.

Yazar Spotlight: Biyodizellerin Güvenli ve Sürdürülebilir Sentezi için Yeşil Kimya İlkelerinin Kullanılması

A safe ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method for vegetable oils using an alkaline catalyst is presented here. The method is rapid and efficient for preparing pure biodiesel products.

Bitkisel Yağlardan Ultrasonik Destekli Biyodizel Ürünlerinin Hazırlanması

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel ...

Katalitik Kırma Dönüşüm aracılığıyla Kanola Yağı gelen Biyoyakıt ve Biochemicals laboratuvar üretimi

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Biyokütle Dönüşüm Hızlı Piroliz ve Katalitik Hydrotreating Filtreli Hidrokarbon Akaryakıt Via Sıcak buhar üretmek için

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

İnce tabaka kromatografi (TLC) Ayırımı ve bitki özleri Biyodenemeler Antimikrobiyal Bileşikler tanımak

Ticari dan Eş Çarpımların olarak Alkenones izolasyonu ile Biyodizel Üretimi için Deneysel Protokolü

Sulu Ortamlarda Hidrokarbon Dönüşüm Enable A Toolkit

Fonksiyonel norbornenler Katalitik Yerleştirme Polimerizasyon için Basit ve Etkin Protokol

Zaman-of-flight Kütle Spektrometre ile 2D Gaz Kromatografisi Kullanarak Alg Hidrotermal Sıvılaşma gelen Sulu Kesir Nitel Karakterizasyonu

Twin-vida Karıştırma Reaktörde Biyokütle Kalıntılarının Hızlı Piroliz

Bitkisel Yağlardan Ultrasonik Destekli Biyodizel Ürünlerinin Hazırlanması

Bitkisel Yağlardan Ultrasonik Destekli Biyodizel Ürünlerinin Hazırlanması