Biz Çevre Hizmetleri Birliği Eğitim Vakfı&#39;nın mali destek için Cambridge SynBio fonda Sentetik Biyoloji ve Sosyal Adalet ve Güçlendirilmesi, Hindistan Hükümeti Bakanlığı&#39;na müteşekkiriz.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

işaretsiz mutantların nesil en kritik adımlar şunlardır: 1) dikkatli plazmid tasarımı sadece hedeflenen bölge değişmiş sağlamak; 2) numuneler sukroz üzerine, özellikle kültür aksenik kalmasını sağlamak; 3) ile kaplanmış, ilk 24 saat sonra ağarı artı antibiyotik ilave edilir antibiyotikler, eksik BG11 agar plakaları üzerine işaretlenir mutant üretimi için hücrelerin transforme; 4) kültür BG11 artı sakaroz agar plakaları üzerinde kaplama öncesinde 4 tam gün mutantlar işaretlenmiş: 5)...

Siyanobakteriler yeryüzünde hemen her doğal ortamda bulunan bakteri evrimsel eski ve çeşitli filum vardır. Deniz ekosistemlerinin onlar özellikle bol ve karbon fiksasyonu 1 yaklaşık yarısında, okyanuslardaki azot fiksasyonu 2 ve hidrokarbon üretimi 3 ton yüzmilyonlarca çoğunluğu yıllık muhasebe, birçok besin döngüleri önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Kloroplastlar, ökaryot alglerin ve bitkilerde fotosentez için sorumlu organel bir konak organizmada 4 tarafından yuttu bir siyanobakteriye evrimleşmiş olması muhtemeldir. Siyanobakteri tesislerinde muhafaza birçoğu fotosentez, elektron taşıma 5 ve biyokimyasal yollar çalışma için faydalı model organizmalar kanıtlamıştır. Ilave siyanobakteriler giderek dolayı hi, elektrik 7 ve endüstriyel bileşikleri, 6 biyoyakıt, gıda üretimi için 8 kullanılmaktadırsu ve CO 2 ghly verimli dönüşüm güneş enerjisi 9 kullanarak biyokütle. Birçok tür potansiyel tarımsal üretim etkilemeden büyük ölçekli yetiştirilen olabileceğini siyanobacteria düşündüren, en az besin ve deniz suyu olmayan ekilebilir arazi üzerinde yetiştirilebilir. Bazı türler de mantar önleyici, anti-bakteriyel ve anti-kanser bileşikleri 10,11 gibi doğal ürünler, kaynaklarıdır. mutantlar oluşturmak için yeteneği endüstriyel amaçlı suşları geliştirilmesi için siyanobakteri fotosentez, biyokimya ve fizyoloji, anlamanın anahtarı ve esastır. yayınlanan çalışmaların çoğunluğu genetik ilgi siteye bir antibiyotik direnç kasetinin sokulmasıyla suşları modifiye oluşturun. Bu sadece birkaç antibiyotik direnç kaseti siyanobakteriler kullanım için uygun olarak bir hücreye dahil edilebilir mutasyon sayısını sınırlar. Antibiyotik yeniden kazandıran genler ihtiva eden suşlardirencin biyoyakıt ve diğer düşük değerli ürünler 12 üretmek için sadece maliyet-etkili bir araç olması muhtemeldir açık havuzlarda sanayi üretimi için kullanılamaz. işaretsiz mutantların nesil bu kısıtlamaların üstesinden. Işaretsiz mutantlar kasten dahil olmadıkça, hiçbir yabancı DNA&#39;yı içerir ve birden çok kez manipüle edilebilir. Nedenle arzu edilen bir suş olarak birçok değişiklik elde etmek mümkündür. Buna ek olarak, modifikasyon bölgesinden akım-aşağı genin kutup etkisi organizma 13 daha hassas modifikasyonu sağlayan en aza indirilebilir. Silinecek gene komşu siyanobakteri kromozomda bölgelere İki DNA parçası aynı içeren mutant suşları, intihar plasmidleri oluşturmak için ilk inşa edilir (5 &#39;ve 3&#39; yan bölge olarak da adlandırılır). Iki gen daha sonra bu yan bölgeler arasına yerleştirilir. Bunlardan biri, bir antibiyotik direnç proteini kodlar İkinci SacB, hangi eşya kodlarlevansükraz uces, bir bileşik sukroz duyarlılık kazandıran. Işlemin birinci aşamasında, işaretlenmiş mutantlar, bazı yabancı DNA&#39;yı ihtiva eden, yani suşlar oluşturulur. plazmid yapılarında siyanobakteriyel hücreleri ile karıştırılır, ve DNA organizmanın doğal olarak alınır. Transformantlar uygun antibiyotiği ve PCR ile teyit mutant genotip ihtiva eden agar plakaları üzerinde büyüme ile seçilir. İntihar plazmidler ilgi suşu içinde çoğaltma yapamaz. Bu nedenle, herhangi bir antibiyotik dirençli koloniler ilgi konusu genin kromozom içine yerleştirilir, böylece bir rekombinasyon olayı ile sonuçlanacaktır. İşaretlenmemiş mutantlan oluşturmak için, belirgin bir mutantı sadece 5 &#39;ve 3&#39; yan bölgelerini içeren ikinci bir intihar plasmidi ile karıştırılır. Yabancı DNA&#39;nın sokulması gereklidir, ancak, söz konusu DNA fragmanları arasındaki yerleştirilen ilgili genleri içeren bir kaset ile yandan kuşatma bölgeleri, 5 &#39;ve 3&#39; içeren bir plazmid, kullanılabilir. Selection sukroz içeren agar plakaları üzerinde büyüme yoluyladır. SacB gen ürünü ifade edildiğinde sükroz hücreleri için öldürücü olduğu için, hayatta sadece hücreleri sükroz duyarlılığı geni, antibiyotik direnç genine ek olarak, takım rekombine edilmiş ve böylece ikinci bir rekombinasyon olayı hangi olanlar vardır kromozom ve plazmid üzerine. rekombinasyonel değişiminin bir sonucu olarak, kuşatıcı bölge ve bunların arasında herhangi bir DNA kromozom içine yerleştirilir. Biz başarıyla Synechocystis sp aynı suşu birden kromozomal mutasyon üretmek için bu yöntemleri kullandık. (Bundan sonra Synechocystis olarak anılacaktır) PCC6803 13,14 çıkar 13 bir gen içine ve gen kasetleri ekspresyonu için tek nokta mutasyonların katılması için. İşaretlenmemiş tırnakları üretilmesi Synechocystis 15,16, detaylı yöntemde çalışmalarımızda önce gösterilmiştir birlikte, destekliKritik adımlar görsel sunum, kamuya açık değildir. Biz de başka bir model siyanobakterisine Synechococcus sp belirgin Knockouts üretimi için aynı yöntemi uyguladık. PCC7002 (bundan sonra Synechococcus olarak anılacaktır). Bu protokol mutantlar ve doğrulama ve bu suşları saklamak için hızlı bir protokol oluşturmak için bir açık, basit bir yöntem sağlar.

<table><tbody><tr><td>NaNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>230391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C1016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>citric acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C0759</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;EDTA</td><td>Fisher</td><td>EDT002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>339067</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.4H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M3634</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZnSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>Z4750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;MoO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>331058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>209198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Co(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>239267</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ferric ammonium citrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F5879</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P3786</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>SODC001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T1375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>SODH001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cyanocobalamin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>47869</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>72049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto agar</td><td>BD</td><td>214010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher</td><td>SUC001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish 90 mm triple vented</td><td>Greiner</td><td>633185</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 &amp;micro;m filters</td><td>Sartorius</td><td>16534</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml conical flasks</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>CON004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm M 100 mm x 38&amp;nbsp;m</td><td>Bemis</td><td>FIL003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phusion high fidelity DNA polymerase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Phusion</td><td>F-530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Melford</td><td>MB1200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA purification kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MoBio</td><td>12100-300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restriction endonucleases</td><td>NEB</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 ligase</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>EL0011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luria Bertani broth</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>12795-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin sulfate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>60615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A9518</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneJET plasmid miniprep kit</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>K0503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>14 ml round-bottom tube</td><td>BD falcon</td><td>352059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GoTaq G2 Flexi DNA polymerase</td><td>Promega</td><td>M7805</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>425-600 &amp;micro;m glass beads</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G8772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G5516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8418</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent bulbs</td><td>Gro-Lux</td><td>69</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HT multitron photobioreactor</td><td>Infors</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of marked and markerless mutants in model cyanobacterial species

Cyanobacteria are ecologically important organisms and potential platforms for production of biofuels and useful industrial products. Genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria, especially model organisms such as Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7002, is a key tool for both basic and applied research. Generation of unmarked mutants, whereby chromosomal alterations are introduced into a strain via insertion of an antibiotic resistance cassette (a manipulatable fragment of DNA containing one or more genes), followed by subsequent removal of this cassette using a negative selectable marker, is a particularly powerful technique. Unmarked mutants can be repeatedly genetically manipulated, allowing as many alterations to be introduced into a strain as desired. In addition, the absence of genes encoding antibiotic resistance proteins in the mutated strain is desirable, as it avoids the possibility of 'escape' of antibiotic resistant organisms into the environment. However, detailed methods for repeated rounds of genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria are not well described in the scientific literature. Here we provide a comprehensive description of this technique, which we have successfully used to generate mutants with multiple deletions, single point mutations within a gene of interest and insertion of novel gene cassettes.

Plazmid tasarımı hem de işaretlenmiş ve işaretlenmemiş mutantların başarılı üretimi için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Şekil 1 plazmid bir örnek verir ve oda Synechocystis genlerinin cpcC1 ve cpcC2 13 bir iptal mutantının üretimi için kullanılır. Her iki durumda da, 5 &#39;ve 3&#39; komşu bölgeleri yaklaşık 900-1,000 bp. başarılı trialed en küçük yaklaşık 500 bp&#39;lik bir olmasına rağmen azaltılm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species at JoVE.com

Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species

Introducing multiple genomic alterations into cyanobacteria is an essential tool in the development of strains for industrial and basic research purposes. We describe a system for generating unmarked mutants in the model cyanobacterial species Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and marked mutants in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002.

Model siyanobakteri Türlerinde İşaretli ve belirtisiz Mutants Üretimi

Cyanobacteria are ecologically important organisms and potential platforms for production of biofuels and useful industrial products. Genetic manipulation ...

generation-marked-markerless-mutants-model-cyanobacterial

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Cambridge. Introducing multiple genomic alterations into cyanobacteria is an essential tool in the development of strains for industrial and basic research purposes. We describe a system for generating unmarked mutants in the model cyanobacterial species Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and marked mutants in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002.

Video: Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most mutagenesis-based screens, researchers have relied on the use of toxic chemicals, carcinogens, or irradiation, which requires designated equipment, safety setup, and/or disposal of hazardous materials. We have developed a simple approach to induce heritable mutations in C. elegans using germline-expressed histone-miniSOG, a light-inducible potent generator of reactive oxygen species. This mutagenesis method is free of toxic chemicals and requires minimal laboratory safety and waste management. The induced DNA modifications include single-nucleotide changes and small deletions, and complement those caused by classical chemical mutagenesis. This methodology can also be used to induce integration of extrachromosomal transgenes. Here, we provide the details of the LED setup and protocols for standard mutagenesis and transgene integration.

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Genetically-encoded histone-miniSOG induces genome-wide heritable mutations in a blue&#160;light-dependent manner. This mutagenesis method is simple, fast, free of toxic chemicals, and well-suited for forward genetic screening and transgene integration.

Histon-miniSOG Kullanılan optogenetic rastgele mutagenez<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

Genetik

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Systematic identification and characterization of genetic perturbations have proven useful to decipher gene function and cellular pathways. However, the conventional approaches of permanent gene deletion cannot be applied to essential genes. We have pioneered a unique collection of ~70 temperature-sensitive (ts) lethal mutants for studying cell cycle regulation in the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii1. These mutations identify essential genes, and the ts alleles can be conditionally inactivated by temperature shift, providing valuable tools to identify and analyze essential functions. Mutant collections are much more valuable if they are close to comprehensive, since scattershot collections can miss important components. However, this requires the efficient collection of a large number of mutants, especially in a wide-target screen. Here, we describe a robotics-based pipeline for generating ts lethal mutants and analyzing their phenotype in Chlamydomonas. This technique can be applied to any microorganism that grows on agar. We have collected over 3000 ts mutants, probably including mutations in most or all cell-essential pathways, including about 200 new candidate cell cycle mutations. Subsequent molecular and cellular characterization of these mutants should provide new insights in plant cell biology; a comprehensive mutant collection is an essential prerequisite to ensure coverage of a broad range of biological pathways. These methods are integrated with downstream genetics and bioinformatics procedures for efficient mapping and identification of the causative mutations that are beyond the scope of this manuscript.

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Temperature-sensitive (ts) lethal mutants are valuable tools to identify and analyze essential functions. Here we describe methods to generate and classify ts lethal mutants in high throughput.

Sıcaklık duyarlı Öldürücü Mutants Yüksek Verim robotik Destekli İzolasyonu içinde<em&gt; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em

Systematic identification and characterization of genetic perturbations have proven useful to decipher gene function and cellular pathways. However, the ...

Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers

To satisfy the ever-growing market for amino acids, high-performance production strains are needed. The amino acid overproducers are conventionally identified by harnessing the competitions between amino acids and their analogs. However, this analog-based method is of low accuracy, and proper analogs for specific amino acids are limited. Here, we present an alternative strategy that enables an accurate, sensitive, and high-throughput screening of amino acid overproducers using rare-codon-rich markers. This strategy is inspired by the phenomenon of codon usage bias in protein translation, for which codons are categorized into common or rare ones based on their frequencies of occurrence in the coding DNA. The translation of rare codons depends on their corresponding rare transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which cannot be fully charged by the cognate amino acids under starvation. Theoretically, the rare tRNAs can be charged if there is a surplus of the amino acids after charging the synonymous common isoacceptors. Therefore, retarded translations caused by rare codons could be restored by feeding or intracellular overproductions of the corresponding amino acids. Under this assumption, a selection or screening system for identifying amino acid overproducers is established by replacing the common codons of the targeted amino acids with their synonymous rare alternatives in the antibiotic resistance genes or the genes encoding fluorescent or chromogenic proteins. We show that the protein expressions can be greatly hindered by the incorporation of rare codons and that the levels of proteins correlate positively with the amino acid concentrations. Using this system, overproducers of multiple amino acids can be readily screened out from mutation libraries. This rare-codon-based strategy only requires a single modified gene, and the host is less likely to escape the selection than in other methods. It offers an alternative approach for obtaining amino acid overproducers.

This study presents an alternative strategy to the conventional toxic analog-based method in identifying amino acid overproducers by using rare-codon-rich markers to achieve accuracy, sensitivity, and high-throughput simultaneously.

Nadir-Codon zengin Işaretçileri kullanarak amino asit Overüreticiler tanımlama

To satisfy the ever-growing market for amino acids, high-performance production strains are needed. The amino acid overproducers are conventionally ...

Biyokimya

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites. Streptomyces coelicolor is a well-characterized, non-pathogenic species that is amenable to a variety of analyses in the lab. The phenotyping methods described here use S. coelicolor as a model streptomycete; however, the methods are applicable to all members of this large genus as well as some closely related actinomycetes. Phenotyping is necessary to characterize new species of Streptomyces identified in the environment, and it is also a vital first step in characterizing newly isolated mutant strains of Streptomyces. Proficiency in phenotyping is important for the many new researchers who are entering the field of Streptomyces research, which includes the study of bacterial development, cell division, chromosome segregation, and second messenger signaling. The recent crowdsourcing of antibiotic discovery through the isolation of new soil microbes has resulted in an increased need for training in phenotyping for instructors new to the field of Streptomyces research and their college or high school students. This manuscript describes methods for bacterial strain propagation, storage, and characterization through visual and microscopic examination. After reading this article, new researchers (microbiology education laboratories and citizen scientists) should be able to manipulate Streptomyces strains and begin visual characterization experiments.

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Here we present protocols for novice researchers to initiate phenotyping for the pharmacologically important bacterial genus Streptomyces.

Streptomyces gelişimsel mutantlar görsel ve mikroskobik değerlendirilmesi

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Live-Cell Forward Genetic Approach to Identify and Isolate Developmental Mutants in Chlamydia trachomatis

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis undergoes a developmental cycle consisting of two morphologically discrete developmental forms. The non-replicative elementary body (EB) initiates infection of the host. Once inside, the EB differentiates into the reticulate body (RB). The RB then undergoes multiple rounds of replication, before differentiating back to the infectious EB form. This cycle is essential for chlamydial survival as failure to switch between cell types prevents either host invasion or replication.
Limitations in genetic techniques due to the obligate intracellular nature of Chlamydia have hampered identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the cell-type development. We designed a novel dual promoter-reporter plasmid system that, in conjunction with live-cell microscopy, allows for the visualization of cell type switching in real time. To identify genes involved in the regulation of cell-type development, the live-cell promoter-reporter system was leveraged for the development of a forward genetic approach by combining chemical mutagenesis of the dual reporter strain, imaging and tracking of Chlamydia with altered developmental kinetics, followed by clonal isolation of mutants. This forward genetic workflow is a flexible tool that can be modified for directed interrogation into a wide range of genetic pathways.

Live-Cell Forward Genetic Approach to Identify and Isolate Developmental Mutants in Chlamydia trachomatis

This protocol utilizes fluorescent promoter-reporters, live-cell microscopy, and individual inclusion extraction in a directed forward genetic approach to identify and isolate developmental mutants of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Klamidya Trachomatis'te Gelişimsel Mutantları Tanımlamak ve Izole Etmek Için Canlı Hücre İleri Genetik Yaklaşım

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis undergoes a developmental cycle consisting of two morphologically discrete developmental forms. ...

Chlorella vulgaris'te Agrobacterium tumefaciens Kullanılarak Kararlı Gen Entegrasyonu

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Engineering of Green Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) serves as a widely employed tool for manipulating plant genomes. However, A. tumefaciens exhibit the capacity for gene transfer to a diverse array of species. Numerous microalgae species lack well-established methods for reliably integrating genes of interest into their nuclear genome. To harness the potential benefits of microalgal biotechnology, simple and efficient genome manipulation tools are crucial. Herein, an optimized AMT protocol is presented for the industrial microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris, utilizing the reporter green fluorescent protein (mGFP5) and the antibiotic resistance marker for Hygromycin B. Mutants are selected through plating on Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP) media containing Hygromycin B and cefotaxime. Expression of mGFP5 is quantified via fluorescence after over ten generations of subculturing, indicating the stable transformation of the T-DNA cassette. This protocol allows for the reliable generation of multiple transgenic C. vulgaris colonies in under two weeks, employing the commercially available pCAMBIA1302 plant expression vector.

Yazar Spotlight: Chlorella vulgaris için Agrobacterium tumefaciens Kullanılarak Optimize Edilmiş Dönüşüm Protokolü 

This protocol outlines the utilization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) for integrating gene(s) of interest into the nuclear genome of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, leading to the production of stable transformants.

Yeşil Mikroalglerin Agrobacterium tumefaciens Aracılı Genetik Mühendisliği ( Chlorella vulgaris)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) serves as a widely employed tool for manipulating plant genomes. However, A. tumefaciens exhibit ...

Biyomühendislik

Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans constitute a strain-specific barcode. The associated glycans show higher diversity in sugar composition and structure than those of eukaryotes and are important in bacterial-host recognition processes and interaction with the environment. In pathogenic bacteria, glycoproteins have been involved in different stages of the infectious process, and glycan modifications can interfere with specific functions of glycoproteins. However, despite the advances made in the understanding of glycan composition, structure, and biosynthesis pathways, understanding of the role of glycoproteins in pathogenicity or interaction with the environment remains very limited. Furthermore, in some bacteria, the enzymes required for protein glycosylation are shared with other polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, such as lipopolysaccharide and capsule biosynthetic pathways. The functional importance of glycosylation has been elucidated in several bacteria through mutation of specific genes thought to be involved in the glycosylation process and the study of its impact on the expression of the target glycoprotein and the modifying glycan. Mesophilic Aeromonas have a single and O-glycosylated polar flagellum. Flagellar glycans show diversity in carbohydrate composition and chain length between Aeromonas strains. However, all strains analyzed to date show a pseudaminic acid derivative as the linking sugar that modifies serine or threonine residues. The pseudaminic acid derivative is required for polar flagella assembly, and its loss has an impact on adhesion, biofilm formation, and colonization. The protocol detailed in this article describes how the construction of null mutants can be used to understand the involvement of genes or genome regions containing putative glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of a flagellar glycan. This includes the potential to understand the function of the glycosyltransferases involved and the role of the glycan. This will be achieved by comparing the glycan deficient mutant to the wild-type strain.

Here, we describe the construction of null mutants of Aeromonas in specific glycosyltransferases or regions containing glycosyltransferases, the motility assays, and flagella purification performed to establish the involvement and function of their encoded enzymes in the biosynthesis of a glycan, as well as the role of this glycan in bacterial pathogenesis.

Bakteriyel Glikoziltransferazların Bakteriyel Motilitedeki Rolünü Aydınlatmak için Boş Mutantların Üretilmesi

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans ...

Monitoring Intraspecies Competition in a Bacterial Cell Population by Cocultivation of Fluorescently Labelled Strains

Many microorganisms such as bacteria proliferate extremely fast and the populations may reach high cell densities. Small fractions of cells in a population always have accumulated mutations that are either detrimental or beneficial for the cell. If the fitness effect of a mutation provides the subpopulation with a strong selective growth advantage, the individuals of this subpopulation may rapidly outcompete and even completely eliminate their immediate fellows. Thus, small genetic changes and selection-driven accumulation of cells that have acquired beneficial mutations may lead to a complete shift of the genotype of a cell population. Here we present a procedure to monitor the rapid clonal expansion and elimination of beneficial and detrimental mutations, respectively, in a bacterial cell population over time by cocultivation of fluorescently labeled individuals of the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The method is easy to perform and very illustrative to display intraspecies competition among the individuals in a bacterial cell population.

Bacteria may accumulate either detrimental or beneficial mutations during their lifetime. In a population of cells individuals that have accumulated beneficial mutations may rapidly outcompete their fellows. Here we present a simple procedure to visualize intraspecies competition in a bacterial cell population over time using fluorescently labeled individuals.&#160;

Model siyanobakteri Türlerinde İşaretli ve belirtisiz Mutants Üretimi

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