Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi
Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze (No. 2014.0770A2202.8861)

Kalite Mikrokürelerinin Hiperfrekans Factor 1. Fabrikasyon <ol><li> Bir optik striptizci kullanarak akrilik kaplama kapalı bir standart tek modlu (SMF) silika fiber yaklaşık 1-2 cm şerit. </li><li> aseton ile soyulmuş kısmını temizleyin ve parçalamak. </li><li> Bir füzyon raptedici bir kolunda yarılan ucu tanıtmak ve splicer denetleyicisini kullanarak elektrik ark deşarjları bir dizi üretmek. , Splayser kontrolör menüsünden &quot;manuel işletimini&quot; seçin ark güç düzeyinde değerlerini ayarlamak ve sırasıyla 60 ve 800 msn, süreyi ark; &quot;Ark&quot; seçin ve dip &quot;+&quot; itin. </li><li> Bir küre şeklini alıyor sonra, dur 90 ° lif döndürmek ve adım 1.3 tekrarlayın. </li><li> Tekrar adım 1.3 en az 4 kez yaklaşık 160 um olan bir mikrosferdir elde edildi. yaklaşık 260 um mikroküre elde etmek için 16 kez tekrarlayın. Not: Elektrik ark deşarj silis camı kaynaştırmak için gerekli olan yüksek erime sıcaklığına üretecek. Surface gerginlik mollified lif ucundan bir sfero çekecek; Bu 19, Şekil 1 &#39;de görülebileceği gibi, küre boyutu, yaklaşık 350 um bir çapı en doygun, yay çekim sayısı ile doğru orantılıdır. dönme rezonatör küresel bir şekil temin eder. </li></ol> 2. Konik Fiber Çizim Not: şevli fiber de microresonators içine ışık bağlanması için gereklidir. mikro boyutu konik bel belirleyecektir. küre çapları daha büyük 125 mikron için konik çapı yaklaşık 3-4 mikron olabilir. küçük olanlar için, konik çapı daha küçük olmalıdır, 1-2 mikron söylüyorlar. düşük bir düzeyde kayıp tutmak ve konik bölüm sadece bir mod (temel bir) sahip olmak için, sivri adyabatik (ince bir çap kalın kademeli geçiş) olması gerekir. Adiyabatik şevli kısmın tipik toplam uzunluğu yaklaşık 2 cm&#39;dir. Figu2 yeniden fiber çekilmesi için ev yapımı cihaz ve Şekil 3A tipik bir bel bölgesi bir MicroPhoto göstermektedir. <ol><li> Şerit 3-4 optik striptizci kullanarak akrilik kaplama kapalı bir standart tek modlu (SMF) silika fiber cm ve elyaf lazer (giriş) ve bir güç ölçer (çıkış) için biter bağlayın. sıyrılmıştır bölgesi olmayan bir ucunda, elyafın ortasında yaklaşık olarak emin olun. fiber lazer ve güç metre biter bağlamak için edebilmek için bir çıplak fiber sonlandırıcı kullanın. lazer ve çalışma tezgahı üstünde güç ölçer yerleştirin. </li><li> Kısa bir alümina silindir içine soyulmuş lif ve çekme işlemi sırasında aynı anda harekete iki çeviri aşamaları içine elyaf kaplı uçlarını yerleştirin. </li><li> silis, erime noktası (yaklaşık 2.100 ° C) yakın bir sıcaklığa kadar, bir oksijen-butan alev alüminyum silindir (bu bir fırın olarak işlev yapar) ısıtın. </li><li> Obse gelen konik adiabaticity sonucuna635 nm &#39;de faaliyet gösteren bir lazer ışık iletim rvation. hiçbir mod çabalıyorlar oluştuğunu belirten sivrilen ise çıkışta homojen dairesel nokta korunmuş olup olmadığını kontrol edin. çekerek durdurmak ve iletilen güç salınım durur ve zamanla sabit olduğunda alev emekli. </li><li> Konik karşılamak için U şeklinde şekillendirilmiş bir mikroskop cam slayt olarak şevli fiber yapıştırıcı (Şekil 3B). boyutları 76x26x1.2 mm bir mikroskop cam slayt kullanın. </li></ol> Küçük Mikrokürelerinin 3. Fabrikasyon Not: kaplı standart lif büyüklüğü altında çapları küçük mikroküreler lif önceki doz azaltımı gerektirir. Bu yöntem kullanılarak elde edilen minimum çapı, yaklaşık 25 mm. <ol><li> bölüm 2 takip ederek, kırılır kadar çekerek, bir konik lif çizin. </li><li> splicer co değerleri değiştirmek, bölüm 1 (UHQ mikroküreler imalat), ancak adım 1.3 tüm adımları izleyinKontrol Ünitesiüzü beğeneceğ aşağıdaki gibi: Ark gücü 20, ark süresi 1.200 msn. </li></ol> Microsphere içine 4. Kavrama Işık Not: mikro içine çift ışığa konik kullanmak ve microresonator bir rezonans ölçün. <ol><li> 4.1. ortasında bir kanal ile bir T PVC / alüminyum tutucu hazırlayın. tutucu içine viski büyü veya kağıt yapışkan bant bir parça mikro kalan lif sapını sabitleyin. piezoelektrik aktüatör ve 20 nm bir konumlandırma çözünürlüğe sahip bir çeviri aşamasında içine iki vidayla tutucu kelepçe. </li><li> Microsphere fiber gövdeye dik konumlandırılmış slayt düzlemi ile başka çeviri aşamasına cam slayt yapıştırılmış konik sabitleyin. sonlandırılmış fiber kablolar için konik uçlarını tuttur. bir ayarlanabilir diyot lazer sonu ve bir InGaAs fotodiyot dedektöre diğerini bağlayın. </li><li> co uzun çalışma mesafesi (&gt; 20 mm) bir mikroskop tüp kullanınkonik ve mikro arasındaki boşluğu ntrol. mikrosfer ekvatora konik göreceli kontrol edilebilir pozisyon böylece tüp yönüne göre diğer yönde yer 45 ° bir ayna sistemi izlemek için. <ol><li> konik lifi ile temas mikrosfer ekvator yerleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Lazer açın ve bir osiloskop olarak Microsphere-konik sisteminin iletim spektrumunu kontrol edin. <ol><li> rezonans görünene kadar ayar CW lazer 1.550 nm çalışan. Lorentz spektrumda dips şekilli olarak rezonanslar tespit edilebilir. </li></ol></li><li> rezonans çizgi genişliğine (Lorentz şeklindeki dip tam genişlikte yarı maksimum) ölçün. rezonans LineWidth bölü pompa sıklığı gibi Q faktörü hesaplayın. </li><li> , Küre ve konik arasındaki boşluğu artırmak / artan bağlanma verimliliğini azaltmak için rezonans genişliği ve derinliği hem değişen / azaltın. </li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 5. Uyarılmış Raman Saçılma <ol><li> 1550 nm ve zayıflatıcı çalışan CW lazer arasında bir erbium katkılı fiber amplifikatör (EDFA) yerleştirin. EDFA 1,530-1,570 nm dalga boyu aralığında çalışır. . Bu yüksek giriş yetkileri 2 W. Doğrusal Olmayan etkileri maksimum çıkış gücü ihtiyacı ulaşan lazer gücünü artıracak 4 deneysel set-up bir kroki göstermektedir: Not. </li><li> 3 dBm splitter sona fiber kablolar ile konik bir ucunu. optik spektrum analizör ve osiloskop bağlı bir fotoğraf dedektöre diğerine ayırıcı çıkış liflerinin birini bağlayın. </li><li> Lazerin dalga boyu tarama hızı ile karşılaştırılabilir bir termal sürüklenme ile bir rezonans kadar ayarlayın düşük frekanslarda yüksek gelen lazer bulunur. Termal kendinden kilitli 20 elde edildiğinde rezonans genişlemesi osiloskopta görülebilir. </li><li> konik iletilen çıkış gücü kontrolbir optik spektrum analizör içine. Raman lazer çizgisi görünene kadar gücünü artırmak. Yaklaşık 13.5 THz pompa dalga boyu gelen detuned edilir. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. D.F. is a PhD student at the University of Parma.

Mikroküreler kompakt ve verimli doğrusal olmayan osilatörler ve onlar imal ve işlemek için çok kolaydır. Konik elyaf bağlanması ve rezonatörün üzerine / ışık çıkarmak için de kullanılabilir. % 95&#39;e kadar rezonans kontrast ve yaklaşık 3 x 10 8 Q faktörleri elde edilebilir. Bu fabrikasyon teknikleri ana sınırlama seri üretim ve entegrasyonu. liflerin temizliğine mikroküreler ve daralan hem için kritiktir ve böylece nem. Her iki cihaz uzun süreli bir...

Fısıldayan galeri modu rezonatörler (WGMR) doğrusal olmayan fenomenler 1-3 eşik azalma sağlayan iki benzersiz özellikleri, uzun bir foton ömrü ve küçük mod hacmi göstermektedir. Fısıldayan galeri modları toplam iç yansıma yoluyla dielektrik hava arayüzü sınırlıdır optik modları vardır. zamansal hapsi boşluğunun kalite faktörü Q ile ilgilidir, oysa küçük mod hacmi yüksek uzaysal hapsi kaynaklanmaktadır. WGMR farklı geometrilere sahip olabilir ve yüksek Q Resonators böyle kaliteli faktörlerinin çevirir atomik ölçekli pürüzlülük yakın silis mikroküreler sergi olarak 4-6 Yüzey gerilimi boşlukları elde etmek için uygun farklı üretim teknikleri vardır. doğumdan her iki tip önemli ölçüde bağlı WGMR içinde güçlü bir enerji birikimine doğrusal olmayan etkiler için eşik azaltır. Aynı zamanda sürekli dalga (CW) doğrusal olmayan optik sağlar. WGMR th kullanılarak tanımlanabilirhidrojen atomu 7 ile güçlü benzer e kuantum N, L, m ve polarizasyon durumu. küresel simetri radyal ve açısal bağımlılıkları ayrılmasını sağlar. Radyal çözüm Bessel fonksiyonlarının, küresel harmonikler 8 açısal olanlar tarafından verilmektedir. Silis camı nedenle, ki-kare ile ilgili ikinci derece fenomeni (2) etkileşimleri yasaktır, centrosymmetric ve. Mikro yüzeyinde, simetri inversiyon kırılır ve Χ (2) fenomeni 1 görülmektedir. Ancak, ikinci dereceden frekans üretimi için faz eşleme koşulları dahil dalga boyları oldukça farklı ve dağılım rolü oldukça önemli olabilir, çünkü özellikle üçüncü derece frekans nesil eşdeğer daha sorunludur. ikinci dereceden etkileşim son derece zayıftır. Oysa bir thi için Q 3 ile oluşturulan güç ölçeklerrd sipariş etkileşim Q 4 ile oluşturulan güç ölçekler. 9 Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın odak üçüncü dereceden optik doğrusal olmayan duyarlılık Χ (3) gibi Uyarılmış Raman Saçılması (SRS) ve Uyarılmış Antistokes Raman saçılımı olarak etkileşimler (SARS) &#39;dir SARS az araştırdı etkileşim 10,11 olmak. Chang 12 ve Campillo 13 derece doğrusal olmayan WGMR gibi malzemeler ancak pompa lazer yerine CW pulse edilmiştir damlacıkları kullanılarak doğrusal olmayan fenomenlerin çalışmalarını öncülük etmiştir. Silika mikroküreler 14,10 ve microtoroids 15 son yıllarda dikkat çok kazanıyor, mikro damlacıklar kıyasla daha istikrarlı ve sağlam platformlar sağladı. Özellikle silis mikro imal ve kullanımı çok kolaydır. SRS bir eşik ulaşan yeterli olduğundan kolayca silis WGMR 14,15 elde edilebilir saf kazanç süreçtir. Bu durumda, yüksek circulatiWGMR içinde yoğunluğunu ng Raman lazer uygulaması garanti, ama parametrik salınımlar için yeterli değildir. Bu gibi durumlarda, verimli titreşimler faz ve mod eşleştirme, enerji ve momentum korunumu yasası ve tüm rezonans modlarının iyi bir mekansal örtüşme 16-18 yerine getirilmesi gerekir. Bu durum, genelde SARS ve FWM için geçerlidir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Optical Fiber</td><td>Corning</td><td>SMF28</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber coating stripper</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>T06S13</td><td>Available from other vendors as well</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber cleaver</td><td>Fitel</td><td>S325A</td><td>Available from other vendors as well</td></tr><tr><td>Fusion splicer</td><td>Furakawa</td><td>S177A-1R</td><td>Available from other vendors as well</td></tr><tr><td>Butane and Oxygen Gas</td><td>n/a</td><td></td><td>any vendor</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope tube</td><td>Navitar</td><td>Zoom 6000</td><td>Modular Kit</td></tr><tr><td>CCD camera</td><td>n/a</td><td>N/A</td><td>any will fit</td></tr><tr><td>Monitor</td><td>n/a</td><td>N/A</td><td>any monitor is valid</td></tr><tr><td>3-Axis Stage</td><td>PI Instruments, Thorlabs, Melles</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assorted posts and mounts</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td></td><td>Available from other vendors as well</td></tr><tr><td>Polarization control</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>FPC030</td><td>Available from other vendors as well</td></tr><tr><td>Attenuator</td><td>Throlabs</td><td>VOA50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiode</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PDA400</td><td>discontinued, replaced by PDA10CS-EC</td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>DPO7104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical spectrum analyzer</td><td>Ando</td><td>AQ6317B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier</td><td>IPG Photonics</td><td>EAD-2K-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tunable Laser</td><td>Yenista</td><td>TUNICS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

stimulated stokes and antistokes raman scattering in microspherical whispering gallery mode resonators

Dielektrik mikroküreler yüksek kalite faktörü fısıldayan galeri modları arasında belirli bir süre (WGM) için ışık ve ses sınırlandırmak olabilir. kompakt lazer kaynakları, son derece hassas biyokimyasal sensörler ve doğrusal olmayan fenomenler: cam mikro uygulamalar büyük bir çeşitlilik ile bir enerji deposu olarak düşünülebilir. mikrosferler ve bağlantı sisteminin, hem imalatı için bir protokol verilmektedir. Burada anlatılan kuplörler konik lifler bulunmaktadır. Üçüncü dereceden optik doğrusal olmayan duyarlılık ile ilgili doğrusal olmayan olayların etkili nesil Χ (3) triply rezonans silis mikrosferlerdeki etkileşimler bu yazıda sunulmuştur. bildirilen burada etkileşimler şunlardır: Uyarılmış Raman saçılması (SRS) ve Uyarılmış Anti-Stokes Raman Saçılma (SARS) içeren dört dalga karıştırma işlemleri. boşluğu geliştirilmiş olgusunun bir dayanıklı pompa, sinyal ve avara arasındaki korelasyonun olmaması ile elde edilir: bir rezonant mod çifti elde etmek için ana kadar zorundadırsinyal ve avara. hyperparametric salınımlarının durumunda (dört dalga karıştırma ve uyarılmış anti-Stokes Raman saçılması) ise, modlar, enerji ve momentum korunumu yerine getirmek ve son ama en az değil, iyi bir mekansal örtüşme olmalıdır.

Mikro-Q faktörleri protokolü, yukarıda tarif edilen geniş çaplı 10 8 (Şekil 5) (&gt; 200 um) aşan ve küçük çaplar için 10 6 (&lt;50 um) aşan Aşağıdaki üretti. (Kritik bağlantı yakın)% 95 üzerinde rezonans kontrast kolaylıkla görülebilir. Yüksek dolaşan şiddetleri için kızılötesi bölgede aşağıdaki doğrusal olmayan etkiler görülebilir: (SRS) uyarılmış Raman saçılması, SRS 21 basamaklı anti-Stoke...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators at JoVE.com

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Mikrosferik Whispering Galeri Modu Rezonatörler içinde Uyarılmış Stokes ve Antistokes Raman saçılması

Üçüncü dereceden optik doğrusal olmayan duyarlılık ile ilgili doğrusal olmayan olayların etkili nesil Χ (3) triply rezonans silis mikrosferlerdeki etkileşimler bu yazıda sunulmuştur. bildirilen burada etkileşimler şunlardır: Uyarılmış Raman saçılması (SRS) ve Uyarılmış Anti-Stokes Raman Saçılma (SARS) içeren dört dalga karıştırma işlemleri.

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

stimulated-stokes-antistokes-raman-scattering-microspherical

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.2K Görüntüleme.  Enrico Fermi Center.  Üçüncü dereceden optik doğrusal olmayan duyarlılık ile ilgili doğrusal olmayan olayların etkili nesil Χ (3) triply rezonans silis mikrosferlerdeki etkileşimler bu yazıda sunulmuştur. bildirilen burada etkileşimler şunlardır: Uyarılmış Raman saçılması (SRS) ve Uyarılmış Anti-Stokes Raman Saçılma (SARS) içeren dört dalga karıştırma işlemleri. 

Video: Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Rejection of Fluorescence Background in Resonance and Spontaneous Raman Microspectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is often plagued by a strong fluorescent background, particularly for biological samples. If a sample is excited with a train of ultrafast pulses, a system that can temporally separate spectrally overlapping signals on a picosecond timescale can isolate promptly arriving Raman scattered light from late-arriving fluorescence light. Here we discuss the construction and operation of a complex nonlinear optical system that uses all-optical switching in the form of a low-power optical Kerr gate to isolate Raman and fluorescence signals. A single 808 nm laser with 2.4 W of average power and 80 MHz repetition rate is split, with approximately 200 mW of 808 nm light being converted to &lt; 5 mW of 404 nm light sent to the sample to excite Raman scattering. The remaining unconverted 808 nm light is then sent to a nonlinear medium where it acts as the pump for the all-optical shutter. The shutter opens and closes in 800 fs with a peak efficiency of approximately 5%. Using this system we are able to successfully separate Raman and fluorescence signals at an 80 MHz repetition rate using pulse energies and average powers that remain biologically safe. Because the system has no spare capacity in terms of optical power, we detail several design and alignment considerations that aid in maximizing the throughput of the system. We also discuss our protocol for obtaining the spatial and temporal overlap of the signal and pump beams within the Kerr medium, as well as a detailed protocol for spectral acquisition. Finally, we report a few representative results of Raman spectra obtained in the presence of strong fluorescence using our time-gating system.

We discuss the construction and operation of a complex nonlinear optical
system that uses ultrafast all-optical switching to isolate Raman from fluorescence
signals. Using this system we are able to successfully separate Raman and fluorescence
signals utilizing pulse energies and average powers that remain biologically safe.

Rezonans ve spontan Raman Microspectroscopy Floresan Arkaplan reddi

Raman spectroscopy is often plagued by a strong fluorescent background, particularly for biological samples. If a sample is excited with a train of ...

Biyomühendislik

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

Galeri Modu Polimerik Mikro-optik Elektrik Alan Sensörleri Whispering Gelişimi

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

Mühendislik

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

Mikrodalga Fotonik Sistemleri Whispering-galeri-mod Rezonatörler dayanarak

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

Fabrikasyon ve mikroakışkan optomechanical Osilatörler Testi

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the presence of carbon nanotubes. These nanowires are extreme in the sense that they are the limit of miniaturization of nanowires and their behavior is not always a simple extrapolation of the behavior of larger nanowires as their diameter decreases. The paper then describes the methods required to obtain Raman spectra from extreme nanowires and the fact that due to the van Hove singularities that 1D systems exhibit in their optical density of states, that determining the correct choice of photon excitation energy is critical. It describes the techniques required to determine the photon energy dependence of the resonances observed in Raman spectroscopy of 1D systems and in particular how to obtain measurements of Raman cross-sections with better than 8% noise and measure the variation in the resonance as a function of sample temperature. The paper describes the importance of ensuring that the Raman scattering is linearly proportional to the intensity of the laser excitation intensity. It also describes how to use the polarization dependence of the Raman scattering to separate Raman scattering of the encapsulated 1D systems from those of other extraneous components in any sample.

The paper describes a method for producing extreme nanowires by melt infiltration into carbon nanotubes and how 1D systems may be characterized and investigated using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to determine vibrational and optical excitation energies.

Aşırı Nanotel ve Diğer 1D Sistemleri Rezonans Raman Spektroskopisi

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as aqueous solutions and biomaterials, with fast acquisition times. Here, we discuss the assembly and operation of a Brillouin spectrometer that uses stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) to measure stimulated Brillouin gain (SBG) spectra of water and lipid emulsion-based tissue-like samples in transmission mode with &lt;10 MHz spectral-resolution and &lt;35 MHz Brillouin-shift measurement precision at &lt;100 ms. The spectrometer consists of two nearly counter-propagating continuous-wave (CW) narrow-linewidth lasers at 780 nm whose frequency detuning is scanned through the material Brillouin shift. By using an ultra-narrowband hot rubidium-85 vapor notch filter and a phase-sensitive detector, the signal-to-noise-ratio of the SBG signal is significantly enhanced compared to that obtained with existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables measurement of SBG spectra with up to 100-fold faster acquisition times, thereby facilitating high spectral-resolution and high-precision Brillouin analysis of soft materials at high speed.

We describe the construction of a rapid continuous-wave-stimulated-Brillouin-scattering (CW-SBS) spectrometer. The spectrometer employs single-frequency diode-lasers and an atomic vapor notch-filter to acquire transmission spectra of turbid/non-turbid samples with high spectral-resolution at speeds up to 100-fold faster than those of existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables high-speed Brillouin material analysis.

Yüksek hızda sürekli uyarılan Brillouin saçılma Spektrometre için malzeme analizi

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

Optik Rezonatör ve Lazer Uygulamalarında Polimer Mikrokürelerin Üretimi

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. SRS imaging modality can be obtained using commercial laser-scanning microscopes by equipping with a non-descanned forward detector with proper bandpass filters and lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection scheme. A schematic layout of a typical SRS microscope includes the following: two pulsed laser beams, (i.e., the pump and probe directed in a scanning microscope), which must be overlapped in both space and time at the image plane, then focused by a microscope objective into the sample through two scanning mirrors (SMs), which raster the focal spot across an x-y plane. After interaction with the sample, transmitted output pulses are collected by an upper objective and measured by a forward detection system inserted in an inverted microscope. Pump pulses are removed by a stack of optical filters, whereas the probe pulses that are the result of the SRS process occurring in the focal volume of the specimen are measured by a photodiode (PD). The readout of the PD is demodulated by the LIA to extract the modulation depth. A two-dimensional (2D) image is obtained by synchronizing the forward detection unit with the microscope scanning unit. In this paper, the implementation of an SRS microscope is described and successfully demonstrated, as well as the reporting of label-free images of polystyrene beads with diameters of 3 &#181;m. It is worth noting that SRS microscopes are not commercially available, so in order to take advantage of these characteristics, the homemade construction is the only option. Since SRS microscopy is becoming popular in many fields, it is believed that this careful description of the SRS microscope implementation can be very useful for the scientific community.

In this manuscript, the implementation of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope, obtained by the integration of an SRS experimental set-up with a laser scanning microscope, is described. The SRS microscope is based on two femtosecond (fs) laser sources, a Ti-Sapphire (Ti:Sa) and synchronized optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

Stimululated Raman saçılma dayalı doğrusal olmayan mikroskop uygulanması

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...

Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional &#960;-conjugate Systems

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near infrared (near-IR) transitions, because it can overcome the low sensitivity of spontaneous Raman spectrometers in the near-IR region. Here, we describe technical details of a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR multiplex stimulated Raman spectrometer that we have recently developed. A description of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and calibration and correction of recorded data is provided as well. We present an application of our spectrometer to analyze the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene solution. A C=C stretch band of &#946;-carotene in the second lowest excited singlet (S2) state and the lowest excited singlet (S1) state is clearly observed in the recorded time-resolved stimulated Raman spectra. The femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer is applicable to the structural dynamics of &#960;-conjugate systems from simple molecules to complex materials.

Details of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and data handling for a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer are described. A near infrared stimulated Raman study on the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene is shown as a representative application.

Ultrahızlı Zaman Çözümlü Yakın-IR Uyarılmış Raman Fonksiyonel π-konjuge Sistemlerinin Ölçümleri

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near ...

Kimya

Multiplex Chemical Imaging Based on Broadband Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical technique for label-free chemical imaging. This analytical tool delivers chemical maps at high speed, and high spatial resolution of thin samples by directly interrogating their molecular vibrations. In its standard implementation, SRS microscopy is narrowband and forms images with only a single vibrational frequency at a time. However, this approach not only hinders the chemical specificity of SRS but also neglects the wealth of information encoded within vibrational spectra. 
These limitations can be overcome by broadband SRS, an implementation capable of extracting a vibrational spectrum per pixel of the image in parallel. This delivers hyperspectral data that, when coupled with chemometric analysis, maximizes the amount of information retrieved from the specimen. Thus, broadband SRS improves the chemical specificity of the system, allowing the quantitative determination of the concentration of the different constituents of a sample. Here, we report a protocol for chemical imaging with broadband SRS microscopy, based on a home-built SRS microscope operating with a custom differential multichannel-lock-in amplifier detection. It discusses the sample preparation, alignment of the SRS apparatus, and chemometric analysis. By acquiring vibrational Raman spectra, the protocol illustrates how to identify different chemical species within a mixture, determining their relative concentrations.

We present a protocol to acquire chemical images with broadband stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. Based on an SRS microscope that operates with differential multichannel-lock-in detection, the protocol describes the sample preparation, adjustment of the SRS apparatus, and chemometrics to disentangle different constituents of chemically heterogeneous samples.

Geniş Bant Uyarılmış Raman Saçılma Mikroskobuna Dayalı Multipleks Kimyasal Görüntüleme

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical technique for label-free chemical imaging. This analytical tool delivers chemical maps ...