Name: how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants
Uploaded: 2016-04-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

odunsu bitkileri doğru BTA uyarılması için aşağıda açıklanan protokol (Bellaterra, İspanya) &quot;Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona&quot; hayvan bakım kuralları takip ve koyun ve keçi için Hayvan ve İnsan Deneyleri Etik Komitesi (CEEAH tarafından onaylanmıştır, 770 başvuruyor ve 998 sırasıyla). LiCİ Doz hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> damıtılmış su içinde a / h (ağırlık / hacim) LiCİ çözeltisi% 25 w sağlayın. Alternatif olarak, temiz musluk suyu kullanın. LiCl nedenle toz kimyasal tutarken dikkat çekmek için gerekli olan son derece higroskopiktir. <ol><li> LiCI 250 g tartılır ve damıtılmış su (LiCİ konsantre çözelti) içinde çözülür. Reaksiyon ekzotermik olduğu için çözelti, işleme devam etmeden önce, oda sıcaklığına geri dönene kadar bekleyin. Bir hacimli şişe içinde çözelti dökün ve 1,000 ml getirmek için damıtılmış su ilave edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Her hayvan (birey için çözümün hacmi hesaplayındoz). <ol><li> 225 mg LiCl / kg BW koyun 10 ve 200 mg LiCl / kg BW kendi vücut ağırlığını (BW) elde edilir ve LiCI mL denklemi 1. uzun vadeli kalıcılık için önerilen doz, aşağıdaki her bir hayvan için gerekli hesaplamak için hayvanları tartmak keçiler 17. Bununla birlikte, otlak için kullanılan diğer dozlar, Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. g / L olarak / LiCl konsantrasyonu = LiCI (L) [Denklem Hacmi (kg BW g / kg BW LiCl doz x). 1] Örneğin: Koyun = 60 kg BW; Doz = 225 mg LiCl / kg BW; LiCİ çözeltisi konsantrasyon = 250 g / L (60 kg x 0.225 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0.054 L = 54 mL Keçi = 35 kg BW; Doz = 200 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı; LiCİ çözeltisi konsantrasyon = 250 g / L (35 kg x 0.200 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0.028 L = 28 mL </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> LiCl dozu </td><td> Mazorra ve ark. (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> Burritt ve ark. (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> Düşük </td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td> Orta </td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td> Yüksek </td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tablo 1:. LiCl doz LiCl dozaj aralığı Aralığı (mg / kg vücut ağırlığı, BW) besleme nefrete teşvik etmek farklı yazarlar tarafından kullanılan. 2. Hayvan Seçimi ve Tesisler <ol><li> yetişkin, daha önce hedef beslemesi yedim hamile olmayan ve kuru hayvanlar, seçin. </li><li> daha iyi bir davranış kontrol etmek için, aynı zamanda en fazla 20 hayvanlara CTA neden yoktur. Başlangıçta, sadece 5 hayvanlara CTA neden olur. </li><li> Hedef yem alımı ayrı ayrı kaydedilebilir bir yerde hayvanları ayrılamadı. tüm besin ihtiyaçlarını kapsayan bir bazal diyet ile bir kez Günde bir hayvanları beslemek ve su ve bir mil ücretsiz erişim sağlamakneral blok. Vücut hücreleri yerine Na 9 Li kullanabilirsiniz çünkü, LiCl toksik etkilerini önlemek için yeterli tuz alımının emin olunuz. </li><li> tesisler hayvanlara yeni iseniz, çevre ve bazal diyet ile aşina olmak için onlara adaptasyon süresi 1 hafta veriyorum. </li></ol> 3. Kaçınma İndüksiyon <ol><li> Önceki akşam (gün -1) bazal diyet çıkarın ve hayvanlar ertesi gün 12 heyecanla hedef beslemesini yemek sağlamak için hedef besleme libitum sunuyoruz. </li><li> Ertesi gün (gün 0) günü, sabah Orts çıkarın ve 30 dakika boyunca her bir hayvana bir hedef besleme 200 g sunmaktadır. bundan sonra Orts tartılır. </li><li> hayvanlar fazla 20-30 gr tüketmek durumunda tüketiminden sonra en fazla 1 saat bekleyen değil, pratikte mümkün olduğunca en kısa sürede bir sağanak tabancası ile (ml 1.2 hesaplanan) LiCl gelen hesaplanan hacim yönetmek. hayvanlara oranla daha az 20-30 gr tüketmek durumunda, bu işlemi ertesi gün tekrarlayın. duonların doğuştan neophobic besleme davranışı e, hayvanlar hedef beslemesini 10,17,25-27 tüketen başlamak için fazla 1 gün ihtiyacı olabilir. </li><li> LiCI uygulamasından sonra, bazal diyet önermeden önce 2 saat bekleyin. </li><li> gün 1 ila 3 günlük yem ve su alımını (bir kontrol listesinde ağırlıkça veya tarafından), solunum hızı ve hayvan davranışlarını kayıt hayvanlara hedef beslemesini sunmak ve şiddetli hastalık olası işareti tespit etmek için periyodik olarak kontrol yok. Onlar düştü baş ve kulakları, hareketsizlik, ishal, artan solunum hızı sunmak ve LiCl yönetimi 9-11,20,25 izleyen günlerde su ve diyet alımı azalmış olabilir. </li></ol> 4. Kaçınma Doğrulama <ol><li> gün 4, LiCI yönetimi, tekrar adım 3.2 sonra 5, 6 ve 7. </li><li> hayvanlar &lt;10 gr (veya &lt;4 sokması) hedef yem tüketmek durumunda, bir durum bağlı olabilir sıfır (yok tüketim) ve 10 g arasında CTA belirlendiğine eşiğini dikkateHedef bitki (toksik ya da değil). </li><li> herhangi bir hayvan&gt; 10 g tüketir, yeni bir LiCl dozunu ve adım 4.1 tekrarlayın. Hayvan ikinci dozdan sonra hedef bitki tüketen devam ederse, CTA grubundan onu ortadan kaldırmak. Sosyal kolaylaştırma (örneğin anne, kardeşler ve yakın arkadaşları) hayvancılık CTA davranışını değiştirebilir. Onlar olmayan önlenen hayvanlar 28 ile otlatmak zaman hedef tesisine önlenebileceğini hayvanların kolayca tekrar tüketmek. </li></ol> 5. Mera Yönetimi Not: LiCI dozu BTA tamamen başlıca idrar yoluyla, bir kaç gün içinde atılır ikna etmek için kullanılır. <ol><li> Li yaygın organik üründe olası kontaminasyonu önlemek amacıyla, yerkabuğunun dağıtılan rağmen, mahsul (Li farmakokinetik kurulan temizleme süresi) 11 hayvanlar geçmeden önce 9-11 gün bekleyin. </li><li> ekin toprak örtüsü boyunca bol ve lezzetli olduğundan emin olundönemi otlatma hedef beslemesi örnekleme hayvanların önlemek için. olmayan tedavi ayrı tedavi hayvanlarını otlatmak. </li><li> hayvanlar çim yüksekliğinin muntazam bir kontrol elde etmek için tüm yüzey bir sınırlandırılmaktadır arsa otlatmak için izin verin. taşınabilir elektrikli veya metalik çitler kullanmak veya belirli bitki çizgileri arasındaki hayvanları otlatmak için çoban kullanarak arsa sınırlandırmak. </li><li> Toprak örtüsü kıt hale gelmeden önce (çim yüksekliği 5 cm) 29 hayvan kaldırarak, bir komplo aşırı otlatma kaçının. </li></ol> 6. CTA yeniden kurulması <ol><li> Her yıl, hayvanlar kırpma otlatmak dönmek için izin vermeden önce, adımı 4 tekrarlayın. </li></ol>

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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+animals+learn+it+rangeland+plants+are+toxic+or+nutritious.">How do animals learn it rangeland plants are toxic or nutritious.</a> Rangelands. 20 (6), 4-9 (1998).</li><li>Ralphs, M. H., Cheney, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+cattle+age,+lithium+chloride+dose+level,+and+food+type+in+the+retention+of+food+aversions.">Influence of cattle age, lithium chloride dose level, and food type in the retention of food aversions.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 71 (2), 373-379 (1993).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Hedef besleme, hayvan önce yenen asla ve yeri doldurulamaz bir besin öğesi içermeyen bir bitkidir ise CTA kolayca küçükbaş kurulmuştur. Önceki temas zor söz konusu besleme 7,33 kendi algısını değiştirmek için yapar sürece Hayvanlar toksik olmayan bir besleme ile pozitif post-içmeğe ilişkisi var. LiCl kırıklık veya gastrointestinal rahatsızlık 34 üreten kusturucu sistemini uyarır, çünkü koşul tat kaçınma üretilir. LiCI tüketen hayvanlar, solunum oranları artmış...

Odunsu bitki hatları arasında toprak örtüsünün kullanımı toprak erozyonu ve bozulmasını azaltır ve su, organik karbon ve azot retansiyonu 1-3 artar. Ayrıca, yer örtücü korur ve bitki zararlıları ve bunların doğal düşmanları arasındaki dengeyi destekleyen, biyoçeşitliliği artırır. Çiftçiler zirai ilaç ürünleri uygulamadan veya orak makinesi makinesi ile yabancı otların ortadan kaldırmak eğilimindedir; böylece bitkileri ve yeşil kapak arasında besin rekabeti azaltır. toprak örtüsü denetlemek için bir maliyet etkin bir şekilde küçükbaş otlatma kullanımı olacaktır. Hayvan otlatma ek bir fayda toprak sağlığı ve doğurganlık gelişmedir. Ancak, çiftçilerin nedeniyle genç yaprakları ve filizi tüketerek ekinlere zarar küçükbaş hayvan için bu uygulamayı hayata isteksizdir. potansiyel ürün zararını önlemek için sürünün ya da sürüye içinde koyun veya keçi koşullandırılmış tat kaçınma (CTA) ikna etmek için yararlıdır. BTA kolayca n kurulmuşturew nedeniyle küçükbaş hayvan doğuştan besleme neophobia davranışı 4,5 ile beslemeleri ve tanıdık yemler olumlu bir ile ilişkili olduğundan değiştirmek veya 6 işlemek için daha zordur durumu &quot;güvenlik öğrendi&quot;. Hayvanlar nedeniyle olumsuz sonrası içmeğe etkisi (koşulsuz uyaran) belirli bir beslemeyi (klimalı uyaran) reddetmek öğrenirler. Hayvan hedef bitki tüketir sonra oral olarak uygulanır; kabul edilebilir ve toksik olmayan bitkiler, lityum klorür (indüktör ajanı LiCİ) doğru CTA tetiklemek için karıştırılabilir. Diğerleri indüktör ajanlar (örn apomorfin, ciclosphosphamide, tiyabendazol) varken, LiCl nedeniyle genel hafif belirtileri ile kemoreseptor tetikleme bölgesi alanının uyarılması ve gastrointestinal sıkıntı 7,8 ile kusturucu sistemi üzerindeki etkisi en güçlü ve en kalıcı CTA gösterdi rahatsızlık. Lityum (Li), üst mide-bağırsak sisteminden absorbe edilir ve toplam vücut suyu alan 9 dağıtılır. hayvanlar can iki gün 7,10,11 gibi kısa bir iyileşme dönemi var. LiCİ bir jelatin kapsül 13,14 ya da bir ıslatma gun 15-17, ağız yolu ile, bir çözelti içinde, gıda 12,13 ile karıştırılarak uygulanabilir. LiCl çözeltisi yakıcı da, ağız ya da yemek borusu yaralanma yok ve tanımlanmıştır. LiCİ daha yüksek dozlar 16,18 ile daha iyi sonuçlar (daha kalıcı CTA) ile vücut ağırlığının her 100 ila 400 mg LiCI / kg (BW) aralığında kullanılır. Bununla birlikte, farklı tür ve ırkların yönelik bilinen bir dozaj etkileri göz önüne alındığında, bazı durumlarda, öldürücü etkisi 400 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı başlar. Etkili bir uzun vadede önerilen doz BTA keçiler için 200 mg / kg BW ve koyun 10,17,19 225 mg / kg BW başlar. Li dışkı (6.5 ± 1.3%) ve süt (2.8 ± 0.4%) 11 ardından ağırlıklı olarak idrar (92 ± 4%) üzerinden, ilk 4 gün sonrası idare içinde atılır bu dozajlarda, kullanılan. tamplazmada LiCl tek doz tahmini çekilme süresi sırasıyla koyun ve keçiler için 9 ve 11 gündür. Nedeniyle süt minimal Li atılımı, CTA doğal off-bahar 11,20 emzirme kurulmuş edilemez. Koyunlarda uzun vadeli CTA sebat alternatif yem kaynağı bir sonraki otlatma tek bir LiCl doz ile neredeyse tam bir kaçınma yeniden kurulmakta olan, 14,21 kullanılabilir tüm otlatma mevsimi (3-4 ay) boyunca rapor edilmiştir sezon (9 ay sonra) 14. Ayrıca, 2 ve 3 yıl CTA persistences hedef besleme toksik ama kabul edilebilir bitki 22,23 olan takviye dozları gerek olmadan, mera koşullarında sığırlarda rapor edilmiştir. Hayvan, toksik olmayan bir bitki karşı CTA koruması için alternatif bir besleme dikkate seçeneği kritiktir. Her bir hayvan sindirim di yol açmadan önlenen bitki fazla 10 g tüketirscomfort, CTA 24 tehlikeye girecekti.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

Aşağıda açıklanan sonuçlar Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona yürütülen küçükbaş odunsu bitkileri doğru CTA çeşitli çalışmalar ile elde edilmiş olup, önerilen protokol kurmak için kanıt sağlar. keçi ve 200 ve koyunlarda 225 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı içinde 175 dozları 200 mg LiCl / kg vücut ağırlığı başarıyla tam tatbik yutmak olmayan iki hayvan hariç olmak üzere, tek bir uygulama i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Otlatma Zemin Küçükbaş Hayvan ile Woody Bitkilerinde Kapakları için ne Koúullanmıú tat kaçınma oluşturma

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K Görüntüleme.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

Video: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

Bir Otomatik Sistem (GreenFeed) Kullanımı Ruminant Animals Enterik Metan ve Karbon Dioksit Emisyonları izlemek için

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Çevre

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

Öğrenmenin Ayrık Aşama sırasında Kemirgenler uzaktan suskunluğu Sinir Aktivitesi Bir Yöntem

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Davranış

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which include many crops such as cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts etc. Rearing of the insects takes place on cabbage plants in the greenhouse. At least two cages are needed for the rearing of Pieris rapae. One for the larvae and the other to contain the adults, the butterflies. In order to investigate the role of plant hormones and toxic plant chemicals in resistance to this insect pest, we demonstrate two experiments. First, determination of the role of jasmonic acid (JA - a plant hormone often indicated in resistance to insects) in resistance to the chewing insect Pieris rapae. Caterpillar growth can be compared on wild-type and mutant plants impaired in production of JA. This experiment is considered "No Choice", because larvae are forced to subsist on a single plant which synthesizes or is deficient in JA. Second, we demonstrate an experiment that investigates the role of glucosinolates, which are used as oviposition (egg-laying) signals. Here, we use WT and mutant Arabidopsis impaired in glucosinolate production in a "Choice" experiment in which female butterflies are allowed to choose to lay their eggs on plants of either genotype. This video demonstrates the experimental setup for both assays as well as representative results.

Plant resistance to chewing insect herbivores can be tested in several ways. Here, we demonstrate how to set-up a choice and a no-choice experiment with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify resistance against the pest species Pieris rapae.

Çiğneme Böcekler A. thaliana Direnç Test seçimi ve No-Choice Tahliller

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

Biyoloji

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

Kuluçka özlem sıçanlarda ölçmek için bir şartına yer tercih Protokolü

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

Ruminantlarda Bağırsak Döngüler kateterizasyonu

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

Sığırlarda Farklı Duygusal Devreleri Değerlendirmek Için Geleneksel Korku Testlerinin Kullanımı

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

Karakterize Otobur Direnç Mekanizmaları: Spittlebugs Brachiaria Spp. Bir Örnek

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

bir<emCaenorhabditis elegans</emBeslenme Durumuna Dayalı Bakır Kaçınma Deneyi

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Nörobilim

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

Fareler ve Reeves &#39;munçağı Deer için Süt Toplama Yöntemleri

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...

Otlatma Zemin Küçükbaş Hayvan ile Woody Bitkilerinde Kapakları için ne Koúullanmıú tat kaçınma oluşturma

Özet

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