This&#160;research was supported by NIH 1 U01 HL097973, NHLBI 5 R01 HL116511-02, UCSF-CTSI Grant Number UL1 TR000004, the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program, and the Lisa and John Pritzker Family Foundation. The authors also wish to acknowledge Michelle Stephens for her assistance with scoring the ANS data as well as Vanessa Tearnan, Marialma Gonzales-Cruz, Yurivia Cervantes, Amy Engler, Stephanie Grover and Karen Jones-Mason for their assistance in collecting the ANS data, and Michael Coccia for his help with the data. We are also thankful to the families for their generous participation in this research and to the volunteers who helped us to test and refine this protocol, including the first author&#8217;s two children. We want to acknowledge our mentors who taught us about measuring ANS and why measuring ANS responsivity is meaningful in young children: W. Thomas Boyce, Gary Bernston, and Dave Lozano.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Bu çalışma etki (duyusal, sosyal, dinlenme irkilme) bir dizi tepkiler için tasarlanmış 18 aylık çocuklar, standartlaştırılmış dinlenme ve meydan görevleri örnek içinde ANS yanıtları bir dizi yol açtı, ortaya koymuştur. Bu dinlenme ve meydan koşullarında bulundu ortalama ANS yanıtları benzer görevleri 8,11,27,29 kullanarak çocuklu ANS yanıt ölçüldü başkaları tarafından bildirilen ANS değerlerine benzerdi. Bizim örnekte bulunan ANS tedbirlerinin ortalama seviyeleri delil do?...

Çocukların Otonom sinir sisteminin bireysel farklılıklar (ANS) tepkime fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlık sorunlarının 12-16 geliştirilmesi ve korunmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Artan miktarda kanıt vücut dinlenme ve reaktivite de ANS önlemler bireysel farklılıklar çocukların içselleştirme ve psikopatoloji 4,9,17-19 ve fiziksel sağlık 7,20 dışsallaştırıcı varyasyonları tahmin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. ANS işleyişi bu doğrudan veya ana etkilere ek olarak, çalışmaların biriken vücut çocuk reaktivite gibi çocuk refahı ve sağlığı üzerinde bu etkileri orta advers olayların veya evlilik çatışması gibi bağlamsal risk faktörleri ile etkileşime bulduk (referans bakınız 21 bir inceleme için). Çocukların otonom reaktivite orada yaşam kurs boyunca sağlığında rol ve bu süreçlerin eşlik eden ilgi oynadığını bu büyüyen kanıtlara rağmenÜç yaşından küçük çocuklarda ANS işleyişi gelişimini inceleyerek ek araştırmalar için ihtiyaç vardır. ANS iki dalı, parasempatik ve sempatik sinir sistemlerinden oluşur. Bu gün ve olumsuz deneyimlerin 1 yanıt olarak, büyük ölçüde bilinçsiz mekanizmalarla iç organlarda (örneğin, kalp atışı, solunum, sindirim ve cinsel uyarılma) işlevini düzenlemektedir. parasempatik sinir sistemi (PNS) uyku ya da sempatik sinir sistemini (SNS) rahatlatıcı zaman düşük istirahat kalp hızı ve restoratif durumunu korur &#39;dinlenme ve restoratif&#39; sistem acil veya tehdit yanıt &#39;mücadele veya uçuş&#39; sistemi olduğunu kişinin kalp hızı 23 hızlandırarak durumlar. Solunum sinüs aritmi (RSA) araba SNS etkisi güvenilir bir indeks güvenilir bir kardiyak işleyişi hakkında PNS etkisi endeksi ve pre-ejeksiyon dönemi (PEP) olduğunukardiyak işleyen. RSA ve PEP Hem yetişkinlerin 24,25 örneklerinin deneysel farmakolojik abluka ile geçerli önlemler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Daha yakın zamanlarda, bu işi daha da geliştirilmesi 8,26,27 boyunca ANS aktivitesinin geçerli ve güvenilir tedbirler olarak RSA ve PEP kurulması, çocuk ve ergen örneklerine uzatıldı. Bant ve spot elektrotlar kullanılarak güvenilir empedans kardiyografi ölçümleri (PEP) yetişkin örneklerinde 28 hatırı sayılır bir süre kullanılmıştır. Daha yakın zamanda, paralel bir ölçme ve analitik teknikleri de küçük çocuklarda TSP önlemler toplanması nadir olmakla birlikte, güvenilir ve çocuk 11,29,30 örnekleri geçerli olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bebeklerde ve vagal sesi ve solunum sinüs aritmisi tedbirler de dahil olmak üzere küçük çocuklarda, faaliyet PNS literatürünün bir kaybolmamış büyük beden vardır. Orada PEP kullanarak SNS az sayıda çalışma vardır ve çok az eş zamanlı inceleyerek hemonların son derece entegre işleyişinin anlaşılmasını bina için kritik öneme sahiptir parasempatik ve sempatik sinir sistemleri. Genç çocuk PEP birkaç çalışmaların çoğu kendi protokoller zorlukları 8,31 cevaben KEP önemli grubu düzeyinde değişiklik meydana getirmediğini bulmak. Çalışmalar istikrar bebeklik döneminde başlayan PNS önlemleri istirahat olduğunu göstermiştir ve bu mizaç, davranış ve sağlık, 13,16,26,32,33 ile ilişkileri var ama onun istikrar zamanla orada yanıt SNS sınırlı bir anlayış ve gelişimine ilişkiler ve gelişim yörünge olduğunu şekillendiren faktörler. PNS yanıtları sosyal angajman 16 öncelikle isnat edilmiştir ve SNS yanıtları (bir inceleme için 34 başvuru bakınız) yansıtmak 1 yanı sıra ödül duyarlılığı &quot;yanıtları mücadele veya uçuş&quot; önerdi. küçük çocuklarda, bir Laborato belirli zorlukları simüle etmek zordurry ve nedeniyle kısa dikkat süresi için onları meşgul etmek. Aynı anda PNS ve SNS ölçmek için gerekli yedi nokta elektrotlarla rahatsızlık karşılaşabilirsiniz bebekler için ölçüm zorlukları da vardır. Buna ek olarak, gelişimsel bilim alanları içinde, orada da çocuklar ile çalışan çocukların gelişimsel ihtiyaçlarını ve etik saygı yeterince &quot;stres reaktivite&quot; ortaya çıkarmak konusunda birkaç standartları. Bu makale 18 aylık çocukların parasempatik ve sempatik sinir sistemi tepkileri ortaya çıkarmak için tasarlanmış dinlenme ve zorlu koşullarda oluşan standart bir protokolün idaresi ve puanlama hakkında bilgiler sunar. ANS reaktivite genellikle bireysel organizmalar 22 arasında değişen bir karşılaştırma veya dinlenme durumunda, bir ayrık dış uyaran göreli fizyolojik bir cevap olarak kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. zihinsel ve fiziksel erken yaşam etiyolojisinde incelenmesi oalth sorunları yanıt uyarlanabilir uyandırmak ya da stresli zorlukları düşünülebilir durumlara çocuk reaktivite anlamakta özellikle ilgi olması bilim adamlarını yol açmıştır. zorlu uyarılara maruz alanların çok geniş bir yelpazeden tepkiler potansiyeline sahip olmasına rağmen literatürde üstünlüğü, &quot;stres reaktivitesi&quot; olarak bu fenomene işaret eder. Böylece, protokol aşağıda kalanı iki formları dahil olmak üzere birden çok alanda ANS tepkiler için tasarlanmıştır anlatılan ve 18 aylık çocuklar için üç gelişimsel uygun zorlukları (yatıştırıcı ninni dinlemek ve sakin, nötr bir video izlerken iken): umma / irkilme (jack-the-box-in) duyusal (limon suyu), ve (bir hasta bebek ağlama dinleme) sosyo-duygusal. Protokolü, gelişimsel zorlu çocuklar için ilgi çekici ve tolere edilebilir hale getirmek için, 12 aylık yaş 8 ve 3-5 yaşındakiler 11 mevcut protokolleri uyarlanmıştır (18-21 Ay). Burada sunduğumuz Gelişim Zorluklar Protokolü (DCP) ve ANS Stres 18 aylık çalışma ziyaretinin veri, Yeme ve hamile kadınlar ve onların çocukları Erken Gelişim (TOHUM) Eğitim. Sağlıklı gebeliklerde anne katılımcılar ırk ve etnik çeşitlilik gebelik kilo alımı ve prenatal stresin bir çalışma için 2013-14 döneminde işe ve kilolu, düşük gelirli vardı ve bulundu. yavrusunu çalışmaları için ebeveynlerin bilgilendirilmiş onam doğumdan hemen sonra ve yavrularının yaş 18-21 aylık 2014-2015 döneminde vardı burada bildirilen çalışmada, veri toplama başlamadan önce tekrar elde edilmiştir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ANS equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop and power cord&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dell</td><td>60-0107-3.0</td><td>Mindware BioLab software requires a PC with 2 USB ports</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data collection software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>BioLab acquisition program</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data acquisition unit and cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-3711-08</td><td>BioNex 8-slot Chassis</td></tr><tr><td>Snap leads</td><td>Mindware</td><td>93-0498-00</td><td>2 white, 2 red, 2 brown, 1 black</td></tr><tr><td>Spot electrodes</td><td>Kendall</td><td>31112496</td><td>130 model; 7 for each assessment + extras-to be sealed in a ziplock bag at all times)</td></tr><tr><td>ANS scoring/editing software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>HRV Analysis, version 3.1.0F and IMP Analysis, version 3.1.0I</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protocol equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tablet computer</td><td>Apple</td><td></td><td>iPad; for playing audio and video clips</td></tr><tr><td>portable speaker</td><td>Polariod</td><td>PBT510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jack in the Box</td><td>Schylling</td><td>SMJB</td><td>Sock Monkey theme</td></tr><tr><td>Lemon juice</td><td>ReaLemon</td><td>98077</td><td>0.14 oz shelf-stable packets</td></tr><tr><td>Pasture pipettes</td><td>Grainger</td><td>6FAV9</td><td>1 ml size, disposable</td></tr><tr><td>Portion cups</td><td>Dart Solo Con</td><td>250PC</td><td>2.5 oz, disposable, plastic</td></tr><tr><td>audio files of baby cry</td><td>Alkon lab</td><td></td><td>30 sec clip recorded in a neonatal intensive care unit</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of baseline lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Across the Universe&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of final lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Here Comes the Sun&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>video file of neutral video</td><td></td><td></td><td>2 min of Baby Einstein video</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable measuring tape</td><td>Rollfix</td><td>TM04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Miscellaneous materials</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td>to plug in all electronics</td></tr><tr><td>2-prong adapter for surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video camera</td><td>Sony</td><td></td><td>Handycam HDR-CX440</td></tr><tr><td>Video Encoder, power and input cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-8614-01</td><td>optional; to sync video and ANS data files</td></tr><tr><td>Baby wipes and gauze</td><td></td><td></td><td>for cleaning and drying oily skin</td></tr><tr><td>Toys</td><td></td><td></td><td>to distract children during assessment</td></tr><tr><td>Visual aids</td><td></td><td></td><td>pictures of child with electrodes on, description of protocol to show participants</td></tr><tr><td>Script of protocol for research assistants</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Charging cords for tablet and speaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Doll and stickers</td><td></td><td></td><td>for demonstration if necessary</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring cardiac autonomic nervous system (ans) activity in toddlers - resting and developmental challenges

Otonom sinir sistemi (ANS) iki kol, parasempatik ve sempatik sinir sistemlerinden oluşur ve iç organların (örneğin, kalp hızı, solunum, sindirim) fonksiyonunu kontrol eder ve her gün ve olumsuz deneyimlerin 1 yanıt verir. Çocuklarda ANS tedbirleri davranış sorunları, duygu düzenleme ve sağlık 2-7 ile ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, erken çocukluk döneminde ANS gelişimini etkileyen faktörleri anlamak önemlidir. ANS Her iki dalları uyaranlara küçük çocukların kardiyovasküler yanıtları etkileyebilir ve fizyolojik değişim 8-11 geçerli ve güvenilir ölçümler kullanılarak, dış izleme ekipmanları yoluyla, noninvaziv ölçülmüştür. Ancak, iki sistemin entegre işleyişi anlayış sınırlar parasempatik ve sempatik sinir sisteminin eşzamanlı tedbirler, çok küçük çocukların az sayıda çalışma vardır. Buna ek olarak, MajoriKüçük çocukların çalışmaları bebeklerin dinlenme ANS tedbirler veya bunların reaktivitesi rapor mevcut ty yaygın anne-çocuk etkileşimi paradigmalar kullanılan ve daha az diğer zorlu şartlara ANS reaktivitesi hakkında bilinmektedir. Biz 18 aylık çocuklarda kardiyak otonomik kontrol non-invaziv ve hızlı değerlendirme için bir çalışma tasarımı ve standart protokol mevcut. Bir ev veya laboratuvar ziyareti sırasında dinlenme ve meydan koşullarında ANS parasempatik ve sempatik dallar sürekli izlenmesi için yöntemleri açıklanmaktadır ve onaylanmış donanım ve puanlama yazılımı kullanarak 140 etnik çeşitliliği çocuklar bizim örnek açıklayıcı bulgular sağlamaktadır. Sonuçlar kalp hızı değişiklikleri ve parasempatik ve sempatik aktivitenin endeksleri tarafından belirtildiği gibi bu protokol, dinlenme ve gelişimsel zorlu koşullarda hem fizyolojik yanıtlar bir dizi üretebilir ortaya koymuştur. Bireyler dinlenme düzeyleri, iyi yanıt vermeyen değişkenlik gösterdizorluklara es ve bu protokol küçük bebekler için ANS bireysel farklılıkların incelenmesi için yararlı olduğu konusunda ek delil sağlar meydan reaktivite.

TOHUM çalışması 162 anne-çocuk tışma ikililerini (% 30 Latina,% 16 beyaz,% 17 diğer ya da çok ırklı% 37 Afro-Amerikan) alındı. 18 ay ziyaret için, 140 çocuk (kayıtlı numunenin% 87) ile yüz yüze değerlendirmesini tamamladı; 6 Katılımcılar uzağa taşınmış ve kalan katılımcılar ulaşılmaz ya da bu ziyaret için kullanılamaz. Ziyaretin ANS veri toplama bileşeni için ret oranı, bu ziyaret için uygun anneler için 3/140 (% 2) idi. Üç ziyaretler hedef süre toplanan ANS verileri ile 135 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges at JoVE.com

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Biz 18 aylık çocuk dinlenme ve meydan koşullarında otonom sinir sisteminin sürekli izlenmesi için yöntemler açıklanmaktadır. Sonuçlar Bu protokol otonom sinir sisteminin hem dallarında anlamlı fizyolojik yanıtlar üretmek ve yanıtları modellerinde önemli bireysel değişkenlik ortaya çıkardığını ortaya koymuştur.

Yeni yürümeye başlayan çocuklar Kalp Otonom Sinir Sistemi (ANS) Aktivite Ölçüm - Dinlenme ve Gelişim Zorluklar

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal ...

measuring-cardiac-autonomic-nervous-system-ans-activity-toddlers

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Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Biopsychology

The Autonomic Nervous System

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15.3K Görüntüleme.  University of California, San Francisco.  Biz 18 aylık çocuk dinlenme ve meydan koşullarında otonom sinir sisteminin sürekli izlenmesi için yöntemler açıklanmaktadır. Sonuçlar Bu protokol otonom sinir sisteminin hem dallarında anlamlı fizyolojik yanıtlar üretmek ve yanıtları modellerinde önemli bireysel değişkenlik ortaya çıkardığını ortaya koymuştur. 

Video: Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

Engelli Çocuklarda Kortikal İşitsel-dokunsal İşleme Kantitatif Değerlendirilmesi

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Davranış

Quantitative Autonomic Testing

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be invaluable tool for evaluation of these disorders, both in clinic and research. There are number of autonomic tests, however, only few were validated clinically or are quantitative. Here, fully quantitative and clinically validated protocol for testing of autonomic functions is presented. As a bare minimum the clinical autonomic laboratory should have a tilt table, ECG monitor, continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitor, respiratory monitor and a mean for evaluation of sudomotor domain. The software for recording and evaluation of autonomic tests is critical for correct evaluation of data. The presented protocol evaluates 3 major autonomic domains: cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The tests include deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, head-up tilt, and quantitative sudomotor axon test (QSART). The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores (CASS). Detailed protocol is provided highlighting essential aspects of testing with emphasis on proper data acquisition, obtaining the relevant parameters and unbiased evaluation of autonomic signals. The normative data and CASS algorithm for interpretation of results are provided as well.

Standardized, comprehensive and fully quantitative testing of autonomic functions is described. The autonomic tests consist of evaluation of all three major autonomic domains including cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores.

Kantitatif Otonom Test

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be ...

Tıp

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

Bebek İşitsel İşleme ve Olaya ilişkin Beyin Salınımlılığı

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

Otizm ile Genç Çocuk İzleme Göz

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

Çocuklukta Duygu Düzenleme Stratejileri Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi psikofizyolojik

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

Toddlers yılında sosyal iletişim hızlı seri değerlendirmesi için çapa puanlama bir Video kullanımı

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration and renal function. The ANS has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the human body for action in times of danger and stress, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates the resting state of the body.
ANS activity can be measured invasively, for instance by radiotracer techniques or microelectrode recording from superficial nerves, or it can be measured non-invasively by using changes in an organ's response as a proxy for changes in ANS activity, for instance of the sweat glands or the heart. Invasive measurements have the highest validity but are very poorly feasible in large scale samples where non-invasive measures are the preferred approach. Autonomic effects on the heart can be reliably quantified by the recording of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in combination with the impedance cardiogram (ICG), which reflects the changes in thorax impedance in response to respiration and the ejection of blood from the ventricle into the aorta. From the respiration and ECG signals, respiratory sinus arrhythmia can be extracted as a measure of cardiac parasympathetic control. From the ECG and the left ventricular ejection signals, the preejection period can be extracted as a measure of cardiac sympathetic control. ECG and ICG recording is mostly done in laboratory settings. However, having the subjects report to a laboratory greatly reduces ecological validity, is not always doable in large scale epidemiological studies, and can be intimidating for young children. An ambulatory device for ECG and ICG simultaneously resolves these three problems.
Here, we present a study design for a minimally invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in children, using a validated ambulatory device 1-5, the VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,<a href="http://www.vu-ams.nl" target="_blank"> www.vu-ams.nl</a>).

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Measurement of autonomic nervous system activity usually confines the researcher and participant to the laboratory, which may provide an intimidating environment to children. The VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) device can record cardiac autonomic control in any setting. The VU-AMS proved very amenable to testing in children.

Çocuklarda Ölçme Kardiyak Otonom Sinir Sistemi (ANS) Faaliyet

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

Elektrofizyoloji Protokolü ölçü ödül beklenti ve çocuklarda işleme için

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were recorded by a HR monitor that participants (youth with cerebral palsy (CP)) wore during active video game (AVG) sessions. The AVG sessions were designed to promote physical activity and fitness (aerobic performance) in participants. The goal was to evaluate the feasibility of AVGs as a physical therapy (PT) intervention strategy. The maximum HR (mHR) was determined for each participant and the Target Heart Rate Zone (THRZ) was calculated for each of three exercise phases in the 20 min AVG session: (warm-up at 40-60% mHR, conditioning at 60-80% mHR, and cool down at 40-60% mHR). Each participant played three 20 min games during the AVG session. All games were played while sitting on a bench because many youth with CP cannot stand for extended periods of time. Each game condition differed with participants using hand icons only, hand and feet icons together or feet icons only to collect objects. The objective of the game (called KOLLECT) is to collect objects to gain points and avoid hazards to not lose points. Hazards were used in the warm-up and cool down phases only to promote slower, controlled movement to maintain HR in the target heart rate zone (THRZ). There were no hazards in the conditioning phase to promote higher levels and more intense physical activity. Analytic methods were used to generate HRV (selected time-domain and frequency-domain measures) from ECG data to examine aerobic workload. Recent applications of HRV indicate that short-term measurements (5 min bouts) are appropriate and that HRV biofeedback may help improve symptoms and the quality of life in a variety of health conditions. Although HR is a well-accepted clinical measure to examine aerobic performance and intensity in PT interventions, HRV may provide information of the autonomic system functions, recovery and adaptation during AVG sessions.

This protocol describes a method for calculating Heart Rate Variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. Waveforms from continuous heart rate (HR) recordings during active video game (AVG) sessions were used to measure the aerobic performance of youth with cerebral palsy (CP).

Aktif video oyun oturumları sırasında serebral palsi ile gençlerin EKG verilerinden kalp hızı değişkenliğinin hesaplanması

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were ...

A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants&#39; knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially reduce anxiety for child participants, resulting in a greater likelihood of the successful completion of the research protocol for the collection of EEG/ERP data.

Electrophysiological research is an important tool for identifying biomarkers of developmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but data collection in these populations remains challenging. This work presents a familiarization protocol to accompany research that includes electroencephalography (EEG) to improve the likelihood of collecting EEG data from children with ASD.

Elektrofizyolojik Araştırmalarda ASD&#39;li Çocukların Katılımını Kolaylaştıran Bir Tanıma Protokolü

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect ...