Este estudo foi viabilizado pelo financiamento da sociedade holandesa de câncer (KWF; EMCR 2012-5473) e a World câncer pesquisa fundos International (WCRF; projeto n º 2014-1181)

Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes e leis de bem-estar animal local.
1. preparação dos instrumentos, meios de cultura e pratos
<ol><li>Conjunto de autoclave 1 de intestinal tesoura, tesoura normal e fórceps em recipiente estéril.</li>
	<li>Coloque um prato de 96 poços (fundo plano) em uma incubadora a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Prepare-se 10 mL de meio de cultura completo com os reagentes listados na tabela de materiais.</li>
	<li>Incube o meio completo a 37 ° C em banho-maria.</li>
	<li>Degelo reconstituído a membrana basal, colocando-o em um balde de gelo. A membrana basal reconstituída se tornará líquida a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Encha 4 placas de Petri com frio tampão fosfato-salino ou abreviado PBS (4 ° C).</li>
</ol>2. isolamento de pequenas criptas intestinais
<ol><li>Sacrifica-se por inalação de CO2 - eGFP-IRES-CreERt2 Lgr5mouse sobre um fundo C57BL6/J. Disse o peritônio longitudinalmente com uma tesoura.</li>
	<li>Segure o estômago com a pinça e cortar transversalmente no meio.</li>
	<li>Usando a tesoura intestinal de agora em diante, puxe para fora o intestino e colocá-lo em uma placa de Petri contendo PBS. Nota: Tesoura Intestinal tem uma acentuada e uma ponta romba. Destina-se a ponta romba dessas tesouras para não danificar a arquitetura da cripta-vilosidades durante a abertura do intestino.</li>
	<li>Comece colocando a ponta romba para o estômago e empurre suavemente através do piloro. Continue cortando com a tesoura e puxar com a pinça.</li>
	<li>Uma vez que o intestino delgado inteiro é aberto longitudinalmente, lavá-lo em PBS frio, segurando-o com a pinça e enxaguá-lo suavemente na solução de PBS com movimentos em forma de U.</li>
	<li>Uma vez que todos os restos de fezes são limpas, proceda a achatar o intestino em uma placa de corte, luminal para cima. O lado luminal é facilmente reconhecível pela ausência de vasos sanguíneos e por sua aparência pálida em comparação com a parte externa.</li>
	<li>Com uma lâmina de vidro, retire com cuidado as vilosidades raspando o intestino achatado. Execute esta etapa duas vezes ao longo de todo o comprimento do tecido.</li>
	<li>Corte o intestino com uma lâmina cirúrgica estéril em pedaços de 2 a 5 mm.</li>
	<li>Coloque os pequenos fragmentos intestinais em um tubo de 50 mL contendo 10 mL de PBS frio gelo.</li>
	<li>Limpe os fragmentos de tecido, removendo as impurezas restantes pipetando-los acima e para baixo na PBS. Descartar o sobrenadante e repita este passo até o PBS é completamente claro.</li>
	<li>Adicione 15 mL PBS frio, para trazer o volume total final de PBS para 25 mL. Adicionar 2 mM de ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) e incube por 45 min em um rolo em 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Descarte o PBS/EDTA.</li>
	<li>Adicionar 10 mL de PBS e separe as criptas pipetando duramente os fragmentos de tecido acima e para baixo (pelo menos três vezes). Recolha o sobrenadante.</li>
	<li>Repita a etapa 2.13 quatro vezes. Adicione o meio de cultura para alcançar um volume final de 50 mL.</li>
	<li>Granule as células por centrifugação (300 x g por 5 min).</li>
	<li>Resuspenda o pellet em 10 mL de meio de cultura e as criptas de pelotas por centrifugação (80 x g durante 3 minutos).</li>
</ol>3. única célula preparação
<ol><li>Descartar o sobrenadante de criptas peletizadas e Resuspenda-los em 1ml tripsina como-enzimas juntamente com 50 µ l DNAse (50 µ g/mL).</li>
	<li>Incube as células em um banho de água a 32 ° C por 2 min.</li>
	<li>Adicione 10 mL de meio de cultura. Dissocia as criptas em única células pipetando severamente acima e para baixo pelo menos 5 vezes.</li>
	<li>Filtrar a solução através de um filtro de 40 µm (para eliminar grumos e outras impurezas) e as células única a 300 x g por 5 min de Pelotas.</li>
</ol>4. chapeamento e citometria de fluxo
<ol><li>Prepare-se 50 mL de solução salina tamponada de 1 x Hank ou HBSS/2% solução de soro (FCS) de vaca fetal e resuspenda o pellet em 1 mL para cada 106 células</li>
	<li>Adicione à suspensão de células Lin BV421– (CD31, CD45, TER119) na concentração de 1: 100 e CD24-APC e CD117-PE os dois em uma concentração de 1: 250 anticorpos durante 30 min.</li>
	<li>Tipo Lgr5+ células-tronco e células de Paneth em baixa separada ligam os tubos. Para obter detalhes sobre a classificação de protocolos para Lgr5+ e células de Paneth, consulte Roth et al . 7 e. Schewe et al 6<ol>
<li>Centrifugar as células classificadas a 300 x g durante 5 min. Ressuspender as células em meio de 100 µ l com os componentes descritos como em 1.3 (consulte a Tabela de materiais).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>(Por exemplo, por modificação genética ou química) tratar as células de Paneth (n = 2000) ou as células-tronco Lgr5+ (n = 2000).<ol>
<li>Para tratar as células, usar 5 µ l de reagente de transfeccao lipossoma-mediada em um volume total de 100 µ l meio de cultura e RNA de interferência pequeno (siRNA) na concentração de 100 nM. Incube durante 30 min a 37 ° C para siRNA ou durante o tempo necessário para a modificação escolhida.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Lave as células duas vezes em meio de cultura 500 µ l.</li>
	<li>Centrifugar a 300 x g por 5 min e ressuspender as células em meio de cultura 10 µ l.</li>
	<li>Os dois componentes celulares da piscina (Paneth ou Lgr5+ células) em um 20 µ l volume total e centrifugar 300 x g por 5 min à RT</li>
	<li>Co Incubar o Paneth e células de Lgr5+ por 10 min a RT</li>
	<li>Remover 10 µ l do sobrenadante e deixar um menisco do líquido para ter certeza de não aspirar o centrifugado.</li>
	<li>Adicionar 30 µ l de leite reconstituído da membrana basal das células para um volume total de 40 µ l, Ressuspender as células e a placa em uma placa bem 96 previamente aquecido. Depois de 10 min, adicionar 200 µ l de meio completo (veja a Tabela de materiais). Médio de mudança cada 48 h.</li>
	<li>Multiplicidade de organoides contagem no dia 5.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Barker, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+stem+cells+in+small+intestine+and+colon+by+marker+gene+Lgr5.">Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5.</a> Nature. 449, 1003-1007 (2007).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paneth+cells+constitute+the+niche+for+Lgr5+stem+cells+in+intestinal+crypts.">Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts.</a> Nature. 469, 415-418 (2011).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Lgr5+stem+cells+build+crypt-villus+structures+in+vitro+without+a+mesenchymal+niche.">Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche.</a> Nature. 459, 262-265 (2009).</li><li>Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Development+and+Disease+with+Organoids.">Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids.</a> Cell. 165, 1586-1597 (2016).</li><li>Cantrell, M. A., Kuo, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organoid+modeling+for+cancer+precision+medicine.">Organoid modeling for cancer precision medicine.</a> Genome Med. 7, 32 (2015).</li><li>Schewe, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secreted+Phospholipases+A2+Are+Intestinal+Stem+Cell+Niche+Factors+with+Distinct+Roles+in+Homeostasis,+Inflammation,+and+Cancer.">Secreted Phospholipases A2 Are Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Factors with Distinct Roles in Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 19, 38-51 (2016).</li><li>Roth, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paneth+cells+in+intestinal+homeostasis+and+tissue+injury.">Paneth cells in intestinal homeostasis and tissue injury.</a> PLoS One. 7, e38965 (2012).</li><li>Rodriguez-Colman, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+metabolic+identities+in+the+intestinal+crypt+supports+stem+cell+function.">Interplay between metabolic identities in the intestinal crypt supports stem cell function.</a> Nature. 543, 424-427 (2017).</li><li>Dow, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apc+Restoration+Promotes+Cellular+Differentiation+and+Reestablishes+Crypt+Homeostasis+in+Colorectal+Cancer.">Apc Restoration Promotes Cellular Differentiation and Reestablishes Crypt Homeostasis in Colorectal Cancer.</a> Cell. 161, 1539-1552 (2015).</li><li>Yilmaz, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mTORC1+in+the+Paneth+cell+niche+couples+intestinal+stem-cell+function+to+calorie+intake.">mTORC1 in the Paneth cell niche couples intestinal stem-cell function to calorie intake.</a> Nature. 486, 490-495 (2012).</li><li>Igarashi, M., Guarente, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mTORC1+and+SIRT1+Cooperate+to+Foster+Expansion+of+Gut+Adult+Stem+Cells+during+Calorie+Restriction.">mTORC1 and SIRT1 Cooperate to Foster Expansion of Gut Adult Stem Cells during Calorie Restriction.</a> Cell. , 436-450 (2016).</li></ol>

Os autores têm nenhum interesse financeiro concorrente ou outros conflitos de interesses

O ORA permite a análise funcional refinada dos dois componentes essenciais de nicho de células-tronco intestinal, ou seja, Lgr5+ e células de Paneth. Esta abordagem tem sido empregada anteriormente por nós e outros, com pequenas modificações,6,10,11. Aqui, apresentamos o procedimento ORA como um protocolo do laboratório reproduzíveis e padronizada. Além disso, relatamos sobre os efeitos da Apc </...

O epitélio intestinal é o tecido mais rapidamente auto renovadora no corpo dos mamíferos e, como tal, tem sido objeto de uma infinidade de estudos vista a identificação e caracterização funcional das células-tronco adultas que residem no fundo da cripta de Lieberkühn, afectada pela expressão do gene Lgr5 e dependente de sinais de Wnt canônico1. Nomeadamente, Lgr5+ células-tronco são flanqueadas e suportadas por células especializadas de nicho, ou seja, células de Paneth, que também dependem de sinalização de Wnt para sua maturação2. Juntos, esses tipos de duas células subjacentes a auto-renovação do revestimento epitelial intestinal e preservar o equilíbrio homeostático diário: Lgr5+ células-tronco rapidamente dividir e dar origem a progenitora e mais especializada intestinal epitelial células; Células de Paneth fornecem factores essenciais de nicho (por exemplo, Dll1, Wnt3, EGF) para Lgr5+ tronco células2. A capacidade das criptas intestinais quando chapeado ex vivo para formar estruturas organizadas e auto renovadora chamado organoids, ou "minicoragem", tem sido explorada como uma ferramenta experimental para fornecer informações sobre processos de auto-renovação e diferenciação em condições normais e patológicas, incluindo câncer4. Organoides culturas se estabeleceram de vários tecidos, incluindo o intestino, pâncreas, fígado e rim, de rato e humanos amostras4. O método de extração e os fatores de crescimento, empregados para desenvolver essas culturas organoides são tecido-específica e projetadas para dirigir a diferenciação da linhagem multi e imitar tão perto quanto possível do original nicho de células-tronco in vivo. Organoids pode ter aplicações potenciais, incluindo o tratamento de doenças genéticas, a avaliação da eficácia terapêutica em câncer, a análise de toxicidade da droga ou o estudo da organogênese em vitro5.
Em geral, a principal limitação das culturas organoides quando estabelecido a partir de amostras de tecido é uma falta de especificidade celular. Por exemplo, organoids intestinais estabelecidas de criptas toda intestinais não permitem a análise de componentes celulares individuais englobadas dentro da fonte de tecido (por exemplo, toda criptas contêm Lgr5+, Paneth, e células progenitoras).
Aqui, descrevemos um método novo, referido como ORA, que combina as vantagens das culturas de organoides intestinal com a análise funcional dos seus componentes mais fundamentais, ou seja, tronco (Lgr5+) e células de nicho (Paneth). Isto é conseguido através da capacidade única de Paneth e células de Lgr5+ para associar fisicamente uns com os outros quando co incubados e dar origem a organoids2,6,10. Nós aproveitou-se desse recurso e pre-tratados os tipos de duas células individualmente antes de permitir-lhes reconstituir o organoids. Ao fazer isso, cada componente da célula pode ser exposto a determinada droga, fator de crescimento, inibidor de bioquímica, modificação genética ou tratamento químico antes da reconstituição e formação de organoides. Portanto, usando o ensaio ORA permitirá a determinação de se um tratamento medicamentoso específico ou modificação genética tem um efeito específico sobre as células-tronco ou sua contraparte de nicho.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Advanced DMEM F12 *</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>12634-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutamax *</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>35050061</td><td>Final concentration: 10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/streptomycin *</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15140122</td><td>Final concentration: 1%</td></tr><tr><td>Hepes *</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15630080</td><td>Final concentration: 10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant murine EGF *</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>PMG8041</td><td>Final concentration: 50 ng/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant murine Noggin *</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>250-38</td><td>Final concentration: 100 ng/ml</td></tr><tr><td>y27632 *</td><td>Sigma</td><td>Y0503</td><td>Final concentration: 10 &amp;micro;M</td></tr><tr><td>Jagged-1 *</td><td>Anaspec Bio</td><td>AS-61298</td><td>Final concentration: 1 &amp;micro;M</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant murine R-spondin *</td><td>R&amp;amp;D systems</td><td>3474-RS-050</td><td>Final concentration: 1 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Flexitube Gene solution siRNA APC</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>GS11789</td><td>Final concentration: 100 nM</td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>11668019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD24 APC</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>101814</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>c-kit PE</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>105808</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BV 421 CD31</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>102424</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BV 421 CD45</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>103134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BV421 TER119</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>116234</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HBSS</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>14180046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B6.129P2-Lgr5tm1(cre/ERT2)Cle/J</td><td>Jackson Laboratories</td><td>008875</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low binding tubes</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Z666548-250EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel</td><td>Corning</td><td>356230</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>* The combination of these reagents constitutes the complete culture medium</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

the organoid reconstitution assay (ora) for the functional analysis of intestinal stem and niche cells

O epitélio intestinal é caracterizado por uma taxa extremamente rápida de volume de negócios. Nos mamíferos, o forro epithelial todo se renova dentro de 4-5 dias. Células-tronco adultas intestinais residem no fundo das criptas de Lieberkühn, são afectadas pela expressão do gene Lgr5 e preservar a homeostase através de sua característica alta taxa proliferativa1. Ao longo do intestino delgado, Lgr5+ células-tronco são entremeadas com células secretoras especializadas, chamadas células de Paneth. Células de Paneth secretam compostos antibacterianos (i.e., lisozima e cryptdins/defensinas) e exercem um papel de controlo sobre a flora intestinal. Mais recentemente, foi descoberta uma nova função para as células de Paneth, ou seja, sua capacidade para fornecer suporte de nicho de células-tronco Lgr5+ através de vários ligantes chaves como Wnt3, EGF e Dll12.
Quando isolada ex vivo e cultivados na presença de fatores de crescimento específicos e componentes da matriz extracelular, criptas intestinais todo dão origem a long-lived e auto renovar estruturas 3D chamado organoids que muito se assemelham a cripta-vilosidades arquitetura epitelial do intestino delgado adulto3. Organoides culturas, quando estabelecida de toda criptas, permitem o estudo de auto-renovação e diferenciação de nicho de células-tronco intestinal, embora sem abordar a contribuição dos seus componentes individuais, ou seja a Lgr5+ e Células de Paneth.
Aqui, descrevemos uma nova abordagem para o ensaio de organoides que aproveita a capacidade de Paneth e células de Lgr5+ para associar e formar organoids quando cultivadas co. Esta abordagem, aqui referida como "ensaio de reconstituição de organoides" (ORA), permite a modificação genética e bioquímica de Paneth ou Lgr5+ células-tronco, seguidas por reconstituição em organoids. Como tal, permite a análise funcional dos dois principais componentes do nicho de células-tronco intestinal.

O ensaio de reconstituição de organoides permite a análise funcional separada dos componentes essenciais da ameia e células-tronco do epitélio intestinal, aqui demonstrado pelo RNA de interferência pequeno (siRNA) do gene Apc .
Para atingir este objectivo, primeiro utilizamos o fluorescente ativado celular classificação (FACS) para separar puras camundongos C57BL6/J 8000 Lgr5+ de células e 6...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells at JoVE.com

The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

O ensaio de reconstituição de organoides (ORA) para a análise funcional do tronco Intestinal e nicho de células

Organoides intestinal culturas são estabelecidas de criptas toda e não permitem a análise de auto-renovação e diferenciação em uma célula específica de moda. Este protocolo descreve a reconstituição da haste classificada (Lgr5+) e células (Paneth), que dão origem a organoids permitindo sua prévia modificação genética e bioquímica e análise funcional de nicho.

The intestinal epithelium is characterized by an extremely rapid turnover rate. In mammals, the entire epithelial lining is renewed within 4 - 5 days. ...

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The Organoid Reconstitution Assay (ORA) for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

Unit 1

Stem Cell Biology And Renewal in Epithelial Tissue

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10.4K visualizações.  Erasmus University Medical Center. Organoides intestinal culturas são estabelecidas de criptas toda e não permitem a análise de auto-renovação e diferenciação em uma célula específica de moda. Este protocolo descreve a reconstituição da haste classificada (Lgr5+) e células (Paneth), que dão origem a organoids permitindo sua prévia modificação genética e bioquímica e análise funcional de nicho.

Vídeo: The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of the crypt region. IESCs include active stem cells, which self-renew and differentiate into various epithelial cell types, and quiescent stem cells, which serve as the reserve stem cells in the case of injury. Regeneration of the intestinal epithelium is controlled by the self-renewing and differentiating capabilities of these active IESCs. In addition, the balance of the crypt stem cell population and maintenance of the stem cell niche are essential for intestinal regeneration. Organoid culture is an important and attractive approach to studying proteins, signaling molecules, and environmental cues that regulate stem cell survival and functions. This model is less expensive, less time-consuming, and more manipulatable than animal models. Organoids also mimic the tissue microenvironment, providing in vivo relevance. The present protocol describes the isolation of colonic crypts, embedding these isolated crypt cells into a three-dimensional gel matrix system and culturing crypt cells to form colonic organoids capable of self-organization, proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. This model allows one to manipulate the environment-knocking out specific proteins such as claudin-7, activating/deactivating signaling pathways, etc.-to study how these effects influence the functioning of colonic stem cells. Specifically, the role of tight junction protein claudin-7 in colonic stem cell function was examined. Claudin-7 is vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and barrier function and integrity. Knockout of claudin-7 in mice induces an inflammatory bowel disease-like phenotype exhibiting intestinal inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, weight loss, mucosal ulcerations, epithelial cell sloughing, and adenomas. Previously, it was reported that claudin-7 is required for intestinal epithelial stem cell functions in the small intestine. In this protocol, a colonic organoid culture system is established to study the role of claudin-7 in the large intestine.

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The present protocol describes establishing a murine colonic organoid system to study the activity and functioning of colonic stem cells in a claudin-7 knockout model.

Cultura tridimensional de criptas colônicas murinas para estudar a função das células-tronco intestinais ex vivo

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of ...

Pesquisa do câncer

The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids

Primary intestinal organoids are a valuable model system that has the potential to significantly impact the field of mucosal immunology. However, the complexities of the organoid growth characteristics carry significant caveats for the investigator. Specifically, the growth patterns of each individual organoid are highly variable and create a heterogeneous population of epithelial cells in culture. With such caveats, common tissue culture practices cannot be simply applied to the organoid system due to the complexity of the cellular structure. Counting and plating based solely on cell number, which is common for individually separated cells, such as cell lines, is not a reliable method for organoids unless some normalization technique is applied. Normalizing to total protein content is made complex due to the resident protein matrix. These characteristics in terms of cell number, shape and cell type should be taken into consideration when evaluating secreted contents from the organoid mass. This protocol has been generated to outline a simple procedure to culture and treat small intestinal organoids with microbial pathogens and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). It also emphasizes the normalization techniques that should be applied when protein analysis are conducted after such a challenge.

The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids

Here, a protocol to harvest, maintain, and treat mouse small intestinal organoids with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Listeria monocytogenes is described, as well as emphasis on gene expression and proper normalization techniques for protein.

o<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Cultura e Reconhecimento de Padrões Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organóides

Primary intestinal organoids are a valuable model system that has the potential to significantly impact the field of mucosal immunology. However, the ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progeny that progressively migrate and differentiate toward the tip of the villi. These processes, essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis, have been extensively studied using multiple approaches. Ex vivo technologies, especially primary cell cultures have proven to be promising for understanding intestinal epithelial functions. A long-term primary culture system for mouse intestinal crypts has been established to generate 3-dimensional epithelial organoids. These epithelial structures contain crypt- and villus-like domains reminiscent of normal gut epithelium. Commonly, termed &#8220;enteroids&#8221; when derived from small intestine and &#8220;colonoids&#8221; when derived from colon, they are different from organoids that also contain mesenchyme tissue. Additionally, these enteroids/colonoids continuously produce all cell types found normally within the intestinal epithelium. This in vitro organ-like culture system is rapidly becoming the new gold standard for investigation of intestinal stem cell biology and epithelial cell physiology. This technology has been recently transferred to the study of human gut. The establishment of human derived epithelial enteroids and colonoids from small intestine and colon has been possible through the utilization of specific culture media that allow their growth and maintenance over time. Here, we describe a method to establish a small intestinal and colon crypt-derived system from human whole tissue or biopsies. We emphasize the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

We describe a method to establish human enteroids from small intestinal crypts and colonoids from colon crypts collected from both surgical tissue and biopsies. In this methodological article, we present the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

Estabelecimento de epiteliais humanas Enteroids e Colonoids de tecido inteiro e biópsia

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem ...

Medicina

Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids

Intestinal regional specification describes a process through which unique morphology and function are imparted to defined areas of the developing gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Regional specification in the intestine is driven by multiple developmental pathways, including the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Based on normal regional specification, a method to generate human colonic organoids (HCOs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which include human embryonic stem cells (hES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), was developed. A three-day induction of BMP signaling sufficiently patterns mid/hindgut tube cultures into special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2)-expressing HCOs containing all of the main epithelial cell types present in human colon as well as co-developing mesenchymal cells. Omission of BMP (or addition of the BMP inhibitor NOGGIN) during this critical patterning period resulted in the formation of human intestinal organoids (HIOs). HIOs and HCOs morphologically and molecularly resemble human developing small intestine and colon, respectively. Despite the utility of HIOs and HCOs for studying human intestinal development, the generation of HIOs and HCOs is challenging. This paper presents methods for generating, maintaining, and characterizing HIOs and HCOs. In addition, the critical steps in the protocol and troubleshooting recommendations are provided.

Here, detailed methods for generating, maintaining, and characterizing human pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal and colonic organoids are described. These methods are designed to improve reproducibility, expand scalability, and decrease the working time required for plating and passaging of organoids.

Intestinal regional specification describes a process through which unique morphology and function are imparted to defined areas of the developing ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

The intestinal mucosa is a complex physical and biochemical barrier that fulfills a myriad of important functions. It enables the transport, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients and xenobiotics while facilitating a symbiotic relationship with microbiota and restricting the invasion of microorganisms. Functional interaction between various cell types and their physical and biochemical environment is vital to establish and maintain intestinal tissue homeostasis. Modeling these complex interactions and integrated intestinal physiology in vitro is a formidable goal with the potential to transform the way new therapeutic targets and drug candidates are discovered and developed.
Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip technologies have recently been combined to generate human-relevant intestine chips suitable for studying the functional aspects of intestinal physiology and pathophysiology in vitro. Organoids derived from the biopsies of the small (duodenum) and large intestine are seeded into the top compartment of an organ chip and then successfully expand&#160;as monolayers while preserving the distinct cellular, molecular, and functional features of each intestinal region. Human intestine tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cells are incorporated in the bottom compartment of the organ chip to recreate the epithelial-endothelial interface. This novel platform facilitates luminal exposure to nutrients, drugs, and microorganisms, enabling studies of intestinal transport, permeability, and host-microbe interactions.
Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the establishment of intestine chips representing the human duodenum (duodenum chip) and colon (colon chip), and their subsequent culture under continuous flow and peristalsis-like deformations. We demonstrate methods for assessing drug metabolism and CYP3A4 induction in duodenum chip using prototypical inducers and substrates. Lastly, we provide a step-by-step procedure&#160;for the in vitro modeling of interferon gamma (IFN&#947;)-mediated barrier disruption (leaky gut syndrome) in a colon chip, including methods for evaluating the alteration of paracellular permeability, changes in cytokine secretion, and transcriptomic profiling of the cells within the chip.

Biopsy-derived intestinal organoids and organ-on-a-chips technologies are combined into a microphysiological platform to recapitulate region-specific intestinal functionality.

Combinando organoides humanos e tecnologia organ-on-a-chip para modelar funcionalidade específica da região intestinal

The intestinal mucosa is a complex physical and biochemical barrier that fulfills a myriad of important functions. It enables the transport, absorption, ...

Bioengenharia

Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer: A Clinically Relevant In Vitro Model for Intestinal Barrier Function

In the past, intestinal epithelial model systems were limited to transformed cell lines and primary tissue. These model systems have inherent limitations as the former do not faithfully represent original tissue physiology, and the availability of the latter is limited. Hence, their application hampers fundamental and drug development research. Adult stem-cell-based organoids (henceforth referred to as organoids) are miniatures of normal or diseased epithelial tissue from which they are derived. They can be established very efficiently from different gastrointestinal (GI) tract regions, have long-term expandability, and simulate tissue- and patient-specific responses to treatments in vitro. Here, the establishment of intestinal organoid-derived epithelial monolayers has been demonstrated along with methods to measure epithelial barrier integrity, permeability and transport,&#160;antimicrobial protein secretion, as well as histology. Moreover, intestinal organoid-derived monolayers can be enriched with proliferating stem and transit-amplifying cells as well as with key differentiated epithelial cells. Therefore, they represent a model system that can be tailored to study the effects of compounds on target cells and their mode of action. Although organoid cultures are technically more demanding than cell lines, once established, they can reduce failures in the later stages of drug development as they truly represent in vivo epithelium complexity and interpatient heterogeneity.

Here, we describe the preparation of human organoid-derived intestinal epithelial monolayers for studying intestinal barrier function, permeability, and transport. As organoids represent original epithelial tissue response to external stimuli, these models combine the advantages of expandability of cell lines and the relevance and complexity of primary tissue.

Monocameira epitelial derivada organoide: um modelo in vitro clinicamente relevante para a função da barreira intestinal

In the past, intestinal epithelial model systems were limited to transformed cell lines and primary tissue. These model systems have inherent limitations ...

Biologia

Culture Methods to Study Apical-Specific Interactions using Intestinal Organoid Models

The lining of the gut epithelium is made up of a simple layer of specialized epithelial cells that expose their apical side to the lumen and respond to external cues. Recent optimization of in vitro culture conditions allows for the re-creation of the intestinal stem cell niche and the development of advanced 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems that recapitulate the cell composition and the organization of the epithelium. Intestinal organoids embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) can be maintained for long-term and self-organize to generate a well-defined, polarized epithelium that encompasses an internal lumen and an external exposed basal side. This restrictive nature of the intestinal organoids presents challenges in accessing the apical surface of the epithelium in vitro and limits the investigation of biological mechanisms such as nutrient uptake and host-microbiota/host-pathogen interactions. Here, we describe two methods that facilitate access to the apical side of the organoid epithelium and support the differentiation of specific intestinal cell types. First, we show how ECM removal induces an inversion of the epithelial cell polarity and allows for the generation of apical-out 3D organoids. Second, we describe how to generate 2-dimensional (2D) monolayers from single cell suspensions derived from intestinal organoids, comprised of&#160;mature and differentiated cell types. These techniques provide novel tools to study apical-specific interactions of the epithelium with external cues in vitro and promote the use of organoids as a platform to facilitate precision medicine.

Here we present two protocols that allow the modeling of intestinal apical-specific interactions. Organoid-derived intestinal monolayers and Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) cultures facilitate the generation of well-differentiated epithelia accessible from both luminal and basolateral sides, whereas polarity-inverted intestinal organoids expose their apical side and are amenable to high throughput assays.

Métodos culturais para estudar interações específicas apical usando modelos organoides intestinais

The lining of the gut epithelium is made up of a simple layer of specialized epithelial cells that expose their apical side to the lumen and respond to ...

Cultura 3D de Organoides de Criptas Intestinais Murinas e Célula-Tronco Única

The 3D Culturing of Organoids from Murine Intestinal Crypts and a Single Stem Cell for Organoid Research

At present, organoid culture represents an important tool for in vitro studies of different biological aspects and diseases in different organs. Murine small intestinal crypts can form organoids that mimic the intestinal epithelium when cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix. The organoids are composed of all cell types that fulfill various intestinal homeostatic functions. These include Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, and tuft cells. Well-characterized molecules are added into the culture medium to enrich the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) labeled with leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 and are used to drive differentiation down specific lineages; these molecules include epidermal growth factor, Noggin (a bone morphogenetic protein), and R-spondin 1. Additionally, a protocol to generate organoids from a single erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor B2 (EphB2)-positive ISC is also detailed. In this methods article, techniques to isolate small intestinal crypts and a single ISC from tissues and ensure the efficient establishment of organoids are described.

Autor em destaque: A cultura 3D de organoides de criptas intestinais murinas e uma única célula-tronco para pesquisa de organoides  

We describe a protocol to isolate murine small intestinal crypts and culture intestinal 3D organoids from the crypts. Additionally, we describe a method to generate organoids from a single intestinal stem cell in the absence of a sub-epithelial cellular niche.

A Cultura 3D de Organoides de Criptas Intestinais Murinas e uma Única Célula-Tronco para Pesquisa de Organoides

At present, organoid culture represents an important tool for in vitro studies of different biological aspects and diseases in different organs. Murine ...

O ensaio de reconstituição de organoides (ORA) para a análise funcional do tronco Intestinal e nicho de células

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Estabelecimento de epiteliais humanas Enteroids e Colonoids de tecido inteiro e biópsia

Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids

Combinando organoides humanos e tecnologia organ-on-a-chip para modelar funcionalidade específica da região intestinal

Monocameira epitelial derivada organoide: um modelo in vitro clinicamente relevante para a função da barreira intestinal

Métodos culturais para estudar interações específicas apical usando modelos organoides intestinais

A Cultura 3D de Organoides de Criptas Intestinais Murinas e uma Única Célula-Tronco para Pesquisa de Organoides

A Cultura 3D de Organoides de Criptas Intestinais Murinas e uma Única Célula-Tronco para Pesquisa de Organoides

A Cultura 3D de Organoides de Criptas Intestinais Murinas e uma Única Célula-Tronco para Pesquisa de Organoides