Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Agência dos Estados Unidos para o Desenvolvimento Internacional, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (AID-OFDA-A-15-00026). Marlene Wolfe foi apoiada pela National Science Foundation (concessão 0966093).

<ol>
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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

The method described here provides an approach for testing handwashing efficacy in a controlled laboratory setting. This method highlights the use of human volunteers and surrogate, non-infectious organisms. Using the method, it was possible to demonstrate differences in: 1) the efficacy of handwashing methods and 2) organism persistence in rinse water. The purpose of presenting this protocol is to provide a general framework that can be adapted to test a wide range of surrogate organisms and handwashing methods relevant...

O lavagem das mãos é amplamente recomendado para prevenir a propagação da doença, particularmente aquelas transmitidas pela via fecal-oral ou aérea, incluindo doenças diarréicas e respiratórias 1 . Surpreendentemente, há pouca evidência comparável sobre a eficácia dos métodos de lavagem das mãos, como o lavagem das mãos com água e sabão (HWWS) e com desinfetante para uso com base em álcool (ABHS), na remoção de organismos das mãos. Pesquisas iniciais descobriram que a ação mecânica do lavagem das mãos, em oposição ao método de lavagem das mãos, pode explicar a remoção do organismo 2 , 3 . Além disso, há pouca evidência comparativa sobre o qual o método de lavagem das mãos é mais eficaz. Em uma revisão informal da literatura, foram identificados 14 estudos que compararam a eficácia do sabão e desinfetante de mão na remoção de organismos. Destes estudos, cinco encontraram ABHS para ser mais eficaz 4 , </Sup&gt; 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , sete encontraram HWWS para serem mais eficazes 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 e dois não encontraram diferença significativa entre os métodos 16 , 17 . Esses achados são inconsistentes e não abordam o risco contínuo de doença pela persistência de organismos na água de enxágue após o lavagem das mãos. Em geral, a evidência sobre a eficácia comparativa dos métodos de lavagem das mãos para a remoção de patógenos causadores de doenças infecciosas é limitada. Esta evidência limitada levou à incerteza sobre quais métodos são mais apropriados nas configurações de surto. Por exemplo, Durante o surto da doença do vírus Ebola (EVD) na África Ocidental de 2013 a 2016, vários grandes respondentes internacionais forneceram recomendações contraditórias para HWWS, ABHS ou 0,05% de soluções de cloro. Médicos Sem Fronteiras (MSF) recomenda o uso de solução de cloro 0,05% para o lavagem das mãos, enquanto a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda HWWS ou ABHS (se as mãos não estiverem visivelmente sujas). A OMS chega a afirmar que o cloro não deve ser utilizado a menos que haja outras opções disponíveis, pois é menos eficaz do que outros métodos devido à demanda de cloro exercida pela pele 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 . Além disso, as soluções de cloro são comumente produzidas a partir de quatro compostos de cloro diferentes, incluindo hipoclorito de alto teste (HTH), hipoclorito de sódio estabilizado e estabilizado (NaOCl) e sodIum dicloroisocianurato (NaDCC). Uma revisão sistemática encomendada pela OMS em resposta ao surto EVD na África Ocidental recentemente encontrou apenas quatro estudos que investigaram a eficácia comparativa do lavagem das mãos com cloro 23 . Esses estudos também produziram resultados contraditórios, e nenhum desses estudos usou a concentração recomendada de cloro de 0,05% para lavagem das mãos ou microorganismos investigados semelhantes ao vírus Ebola 10 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 . Assim, as recomendações não foram encontradas baseadas em evidências, e não ficou claro quais recomendações foram mais eficazes. É necessária uma pesquisa adicional para comparar as abordagens de lavagem das mãos para prevenir a propagação de agentes patogênicos infecciosos, pois as intervenções de lavagem das mãos são uma ferramenta importante para prevenir a transmissão da doença epidêmica. Estes hAs recomendações de lavagem devem ser baseadas em evidências. Assim, um método para testar a eficácia da lavagem das mãos e a persistência da água de enxaguamento, realizada com substitutos ou patógenos não infecciosos, foi desenvolvido 2 , 28 , 29 . Os resultados das amostras, utilizando Phi6 como substituto do vírus Ebola e utilizando Escherichia coli como organismo indicador comum, são apresentados aqui. Neste protocolo, são apresentados os testes de resistência à lavagem das mãos e de enxaguamento de água.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Soap bar</td><td>Dove</td><td>White Beauty Bar soap</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol-based hand sanitizer</td><td>Purell</td><td>Advanced Instant Hand Sanitizer with 70% Ethyl Alcohol</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HTH Powder</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>300340010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaDCC Powder</td><td>Medentech</td><td>Klorsept granules</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOCl Solution</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>419550010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrochlorinator</td><td>AquaChlor</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodometric titrator</td><td>Hach</td><td>1690001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>NC0117242</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tryptone</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1421-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Mucin</td><td>EMD Milipore</td><td>49-964-3500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m Filter</td><td>EMD Milipore</td><td>GVWP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP358-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Skin pH probe</td><td>Hanna Instruments</td><td>H199181</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Large Whirlpak Sample Bag</td><td>Nasco</td><td>B01447WA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small Whirlpak Sample Bag</td><td>Nasco</td><td>B01323WA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Funnel bottle</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3120850001</td><td>You may drill an appropriately sized hole in the lid of a bottle to form a funnel that will dispense water at the appropriate flow rate</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>615090010</td><td>Mix with water to produce 70% ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>Spray bottle</td><td>Qorpak</td><td>PLC06934</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td>25922</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Broth</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP1426-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Agar</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP1425-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile loop</td><td>Globe Scientific</td><td>22-170-204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phi6</td><td>HER</td><td>102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutrient broth</td><td>BD Difco</td><td>BD 247110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneQuant 100 Spectrophotometer</td><td>General Electric</td><td>28-9182-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium thiosulfate</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S445-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Membrane filter (47 mm, 0.45 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>HAWP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>m-ColiBlue24 broth media</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>M00PMCB24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish with pad (47 mm)</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>09-720-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Manifold</td><td>Thermo Scientific/Nalgene</td><td>09-752-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter funnels</td><td>Thermo Scientific/Nalgene</td><td>09-747</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pseudomonas syringae</td><td>HER</td><td>1102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>10010031</td><td>Solution may also be mixed from source compounds according to any basic recipe</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method to test the efficacy of handwashing for the removal of emerging infectious pathogens

O lavagem das mãos é amplamente recomendado para prevenir a transmissão de doenças infecciosas. No entanto, existem poucas evidências comparáveis ​​sobre a eficácia dos métodos de lavagem das mãos em geral. Além disso, poucas evidências existem comparando os métodos de lavagem das mãos para determinar quais são os mais eficazes na remoção de agentes patogênicos infecciosos. A pesquisa é necessária para fornecer evidências para as diferentes abordagens para o lavagem das mãos que podem ser empregadas durante os surtos de doenças infecciosas. Aqui, descreve-se um método de laboratório para avaliar a eficácia dos métodos de lavagem das mãos na remoção de microorganismos nas mãos e sua persistência na água de enxágüe. As mãos dos voluntários são primeiro cravadas com o organismo de teste e depois lavadas com cada método de interesse para a lavagem das mãos. Geralmente, os microorganismos de substituição são usados ​​para proteger seres humanos da doença. O número de organismos que permanecem nas mãos dos voluntários após a lavagem é testado usando um método modificado de &quot;suco de luva&quot;: as mãos são colocadas em luvas com um eluE são lavados para suspender os microorganismos e torná-los disponíveis para análise por filtração por membrana (bactérias) ou teste de placa (vírus / bacteriófagos). O enxágüe produzido a partir do lavagem das mãos é coletado diretamente para análise. A eficácia da lavagem das mãos é quantificada comparando o valor de redução do log entre as amostras colhidas após o lavagem das mãos às amostras sem lavagem das mãos. A persistência da água de enxaguamento é quantificada comparando amostras de água de enxágüe de vários métodos de lavagem das mãos com amostras coletadas após o lavagem das mãos com apenas água. Embora este método seja limitado pela necessidade de usar organismos de substituição para preservar a segurança de voluntários humanos, ele captura aspectos do lavagem das mãos que são difíceis de replicar em um estudo in vitro e preenchem lacunas de pesquisa sobre a eficácia da lavagem das mãos e a persistência de organismos infecciosos no enxaguamento agua.

Aqui, o protocolo ( Figura 1 ) foi completado com 18 voluntários, que foram testados usando E. coli e Phi6. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre os resultados de lavagem das mãos com E. coli com e sem carga do solo e Phi6 com carga do solo ( Figura 2 e Figura 3 ). Para E. coli sem carga de solo, o lavagem das mãos com HTH, NaDCC e NaOCl estabilizado result...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens at JoVE.com

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

O lavagem das mãos é amplamente recomendado para prevenir a transmissão de doenças infecciosas. No entanto, há pouca evidência sobre o qual os métodos de lavagem das mãos são mais eficazes na remoção de patógenos das doenças infecciosas. Desenvolvemos um método para avaliar a eficácia dos métodos de lavagem das mãos na remoção de microorganismos.

Um método para testar a eficácia do lavagem das mãos para a remoção de patógenos infecciosos emergentes

Handwashing is widely recommended to prevent infectious disease transmission. However, little comparable evidence exists on the efficacy of handwashing ...

a-method-to-test-efficacy-handwashing-for-removal-emerging-infectious

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

19.0K visualizações.  Tufts University.  O lavagem das mãos é amplamente recomendado para prevenir a transmissão de doenças infecciosas. No entanto, há pouca evidência sobre o qual os métodos de lavagem das mãos são mais eficazes na remoção de patógenos das doenças infecciosas. Desenvolvemos um método para avaliar a eficácia dos métodos de lavagem das mãos na remoção de microorganismos. 

Vídeo: A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA Método 1615. Medição de Enterovirus e Norovirus Ocorrência na água pela cultura e RT-qPCR. I. Recolha de amostras de vírus

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

Ambiente

Determining Viral Disinfection Efficacy of Hot Water Laundering

This protocol provides an example of a laboratory process for conducting laundering studies that generate data on viral disinfection. While the protocol was developed for research during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is intended to be a framework, adaptable to other virus disinfection studies; it demonstrates the steps for preparing the test virus, inoculating the test material, assessing visual and integrity changes to the washed items due to the laundering process, and quantifying the reduction in viral load. Additionally, the protocol outlines the necessary quality control samples for ensuring the experiments are not biased by contamination and measurements/observations that should be recorded to track the material integrity of the personal protective equipment (PPE) items after multiple laundering cycles. The representative results presented with the protocol use the Phi6 bacteriophage inoculated onto cotton scrub, denim, and cotton face-covering materials and indicate that the hot water laundering and drying process achieved over a 3-log (99.9%) reduction in viral load for all samples (a 3-log reduction is the disinfectant performance metric in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Product Performance Test Guideline 810.2200). The reduction in viral load was uniform across different locations on the PPE items. The results of this viral disinfection efficacy testing protocol should help the scientific community explore the effectiveness of home laundering for other types of test viruses and laundering procedures.

In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, a laboratory protocol was developed to test the viral disinfection efficacy of hot water laundering of cloth face coverings, cotton scrubs, and denim pants. The Phi6 virus (bacteriophage) was used as the organism to test disinfection efficacy.

Determinando a eficácia da desinfecção viral da lavagem de água quente

This protocol provides an example of a laboratory process for conducting laundering studies that generate data on viral disinfection. While the protocol ...

Engenharia

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

As rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens continue to rise, outpacing the development of new antimicrobials, novel approaches to treatment of MDR bacteria are increasingly becoming a necessity. One such approach is combination therapy, in which two or more antibiotics are used together to treat an infection against which one or both of the drugs may be ineffective alone. When two drugs, in combination, exert a greater than additive effect, they are considered synergistic. In vitro investigation of synergistic activity is an important first step in evaluating the possible efficacy of drug combinations. Two main in vitro synergy testing methods have been developed: the checkerboard array and the time-kill study. In this paper, we present an automated checkerboard array method that makes use of inkjet printing technology to increase the efficiency and accuracy of this technique, as well as a standard manual time-kill synergy method. The automated checkerboard array can serve as a high-throughput screening assay, while the manual time-kill study provides additional, complementary data on synergistic activity and killing.
The checkerboard array is a modification of standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing, in which bacteria are incubated with antibiotics at different concentration combinations and evaluated for growth inhibition after overnight incubation. Manual performance of the checkerboard array requires a laborious and error-prone series of calculations and dilutions. In the automated method presented here, the calculation and dispensing of required antibiotic stock solution volumes are automated through the use of inkjet printer technology. In the time-kill synergy assay, bacteria are incubated with the antibiotics of interest, both together and individually, and sampled at intervals over the course of 24 h for quantitative culture. The results can determine whether a combination is synergistic and whether it is bactericidal, and provide data on inhibition and killing of bacteria over time.

Antimicrobial synergy testing is used to evaluate the effect of two or more antibiotics used in combination and is typically performed by one of two methods: the checkerboard array or the time-kill assay. Here, we present an automated, inkjet printer-assisted checkerboard array synergy technique and a classic time-kill synergy study.

Antimicrobiana sinergia testes pela impressora jato de tinta-assistida matriz Checkerboard automatizado e o método Manual de tempo-kill

As rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens continue to rise, outpacing the development of new antimicrobials, novel approaches to treatment of MDR ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Prion Safety Laboratory Swipe Test

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to prion-contaminated laboratory tools. Prions cause disease by the templated misfolding of the normal cellular form of the prion protein, PrPC, into the misfolded and pathogenic form PrPSc and are invariably fatal. Reducing iatrogenic and occupational prion transmission is challenging. First, prions can bind to and persist on surfaces for long periods of time. Second, prions are highly resistant to inactivation. Given this, surfaces can retain infectivity for long periods of time following ineffective decontamination. Not only can this pose a potential occupational risk for prion laboratory workers, but it could potentially cross-contaminate laboratory experiments utilizing sensitive prion amplification techniques. The protocol described here for a prion safety laboratory swipe test includes steps for the identification and documentation of high-traffic laboratory areas, recommended swabbing controls to ensure the validity of results, steps to identify proper responses to positive surface swabbing sites, representative results from prion swipe testing, as well as potential artifactual results. Overall, the prion safety laboratory swipe test can be implemented as part of a broader prion safety program to assess decontamination of surfaces, monitor common spaces for prion contamination, and implement the documentation of prion decontamination status.

A method to assess commonly used areas in laboratory settings for prion contamination and effective decontamination is lacking. The protocol described here provides key fundamentals for implementing a laboratory prion safety swipe test that can easily be modified to meet the individual needs of specific laboratories.

Teste de furto do laboratório de segurança de príons

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to ...

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

To control community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the 2020 global pandemic, most countries implemented strategies based on direct human testing, face covering, and surface disinfection. Under the assumption that the main route of transmission includes aerosols and respiratory droplets, efforts to detect SARS-CoV-2 in fomites have focused on locations suspected of high prevalence (e.g., hospital wards, cruise ships, and mass transportation systems). To investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces in the urban environment that are rarely cleaned and&#160;seldomly disinfected, 350 citizens were enlisted from the greater San Diego County. In total, these citizen scientists collected 4,080 samples. An online platform was developed to monitor sampling kit delivery and pickup, as well as to collect sample data. The sampling kits were mostly built from supplies available in pandemic-stressed stores. Samples were processed using reagents that were easy to access despite the recurrent supply shortage. The methods used were highly sensitive and resistant to inhibitors that are commonly present in environmental samples. The proposed experimental design and processing methods were successful at engaging numerous citizen scientists who effectively gathered samples from diverse surface areas. The workflow and methods described here are relevant to survey the urban environment for other viruses, which are of public health concern and pose a threat for&#160;future pandemics.

A citizen science project was designed to recruit San Diego residents to collect environmental samples for SARS-CoV-2. A multilingual web-based platform was created for data submission using a user-friendly mobile device interface. A laboratory information management system facilitated the collection of thousands of geographically diverse samples with real-time outcome tracking.

Limpando o Ambiente Urbano - Um Pipeline para Amostragem e Detecção de SARS-CoV-2 de Reservatórios Ambientais

To control community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the 2020 global pandemic, most countries ...

Biologia

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Organic Peroxyacids for Eradicating Dairy Biofilms Using an Approach Combining Static and Dynamic Methods

The presence of biofilms in the dairy industry is of major concern, as they may lead to the production of unsafe and altered dairy products due to their high resistance to most clean-in-place (CIP) procedures frequently used in processing plants. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new biofilm control strategies for the dairy industry. This protocol is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of organic peroxyacids (peracetic, perpropionic, and perlactic acids and a commercial peracetic acid-based disinfectant) for eradicating dairy biofilms using a combination of static and dynamic methods. All the disinfectants were tested on the strongest biofilm-producing bacteria in either a single or a mixed biofilm using the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assay, a static high-throughput screening method. A contact time of 5 min with the disinfectants at the recommended concentrations successfully eradicated both the single and mixed biofilms. Studies are currently ongoing to confirm these observations using the Center for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactor, a dynamic method to mimic in situ conditions. This type of bioreactor enables the use of a stainless-steel surface, which constitutes most industrial equipment and surfaces. The preliminary results from the reactor appear to confirm the efficacy of organic peroxyacids against biofilms. The combined approach described in this study may be used to develop and test new biological or chemical formulations for controlling biofilms and eradicating microorganisms.

This protocol describes an approach combining static and dynamic methods to evaluate the efficacy of organic peroxyacids for eradicating biofilms in the dairy industry. This approach may also be used to test the effectiveness of new biological or chemical formulations for controlling biofilms.

Avaliação da Eficácia dos Perácidos Orgânicos na Erradicação de Biofilmes Laticínios Usando uma Abordagem Combinando Métodos Estáticos e Dinâmicos

The presence of biofilms in the dairy industry is of major concern, as they may lead to the production of unsafe and altered dairy products due to their ...

Eficácia antimicrobiana de tecidos nano-herbáceos

An Antimicrobial Fabric Using Nano-Herbal Encapsulation of Essential Oils

Lab coats are widely used in biohazard laboratories and healthcare facilities as protective garments to prevent direct exposure to pathogens, spills, and burns. These cotton-based protective coats provide ideal conditions for microbial growth and attachment sites due to their porous nature, moisture-holding capacity, and retention of warmth from the user&#39;s body. Several studies have demonstrated the survival of pathogenic bacteria on hospital garments and lab coats, acting as vectors of microbial transmission.
A common approach to fix these problems is the application of antimicrobial agents in textile finishing, but concerns have been raised due to the toxicity and environmental effects of many synthetic chemicals. The ongoing pandemic has also opened a window for the investigation of effective antimicrobials and eco-friendly and toxic-free formulations. This study uses two natural bioactive compounds, carvacrol and thymol, encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles, which guarantee effective protection against four human pathogens with up to a 4-log reduction (99.99%). These pathogens are frequently detected in lab coats used in biohazard laboratories.
The treated fabrics also resisted up to 10 wash cycles with 90% microbial reduction, which is sufficient for the intended use. We made modifications to the existing standard fabric tests to better represent the typical scenarios of lab coat usage. These refinements allow for a more accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of antimicrobial lab coats and for the simulation of the fate of any accidental microbial spills that must be neutralized within a short time. Further studies are recommended to investigate the accumulation of pathogens over time on antimicrobial lab coats compared to regular protective coats.

Autor em destaque: um tecido antimicrobiano usando encapsulamento nano-herbal de óleos essenciais  

Antimicrobial lab coats prevent the cross-contamination of pathogen accumulation and accidental bio-spills. Here, we describe the protocol for developing a skin-friendly antimicrobial fabric using nano-herbal encapsulation and modified standard tests to precisely evaluate the efficacy and suitability for typical usage of the lab coat.

Um tecido antimicrobiano usando encapsulação nano-herbal de óleos essenciais

Lab coats are widely used in biohazard laboratories and healthcare facilities as protective garments to prevent direct exposure to pathogens, spills, and ...

A Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Evaluate the Effect of Bacteria-Derived Antimicrobial Compounds

Source: Moran, J. C. et al., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/54437">Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Quantify the Effect of Bacteria-derived Antimicrobials on Competition.</a> J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2016)
This video showcases the deferred growth inhibition assay, used to investigate how antimicrobial compounds produced by one type of bacteria affect another competing bacterial strain.

Um ensaio de inibição de crescimento diferido para avaliar o efeito de compostos antimicrobianos derivados de bactérias

The following method is adapted&#160;to test competitor strains with inhibitor-producing strains.
NOTE: This protocol involves aerosol generation with ...

Um método para testar a eficácia do lavagem das mãos para a remoção de patógenos infecciosos emergentes

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