This work was supported in part by the US National Institutes of Health (R01 HL 111600) and the American Heart Association (12SDG9010015).

Todos os procedimentos que envolvem animais foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Cuidado e Uso da Universidade da Califórnia, Davis Animal, e aderiu ao Manual sobre Cuidados e Uso de Animais de Laboratório publicado pelo National Institutes of Health. 1. Preparação <ol><li> Prepare dois concentrados (25X) As provisões de solução modificada de Tyrode com antecedência e armazenar a 4 ° C: (1) Stock I (em mM: NaCl 3205, CaCl2 32,5, KCl 117,5, NaH 2 PO 4 29.75, MgCl2 26.25) e (2) Stock II (em mM: NaHCO 3 500). <ol><li> Recentemente preparar a solução de 2 L de Tyrode com a seguinte composição (em mM): NaCl 128,2, CaCl2 1,3, KCl 4,7, MgCl2 1,05, NaH 2 PO 4 1,19, NaHCO3 20 e glucose 11,1 por combinação de 1840 ml de água desionizada (DI) água, 80 ml da I, 80 ml de da II e 4 g de glicose. Não misture diretamente da I e da II; Adicione om 1.840 ml DI para evitar a precipitação. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar a solução estoque do desacoplador excitação-contracção blebbistatin a 10 mg / ml em di-metilsulfóxido anidro (DMSO) com antecedência e armazenar a solução estoque a 4 ° C. </li><li> Preparar soluções de estoque de corantes fluorescentes: (1) RH237 tensão-sensível corante (1 mg / ml em DMSO) e (2) indicador de baixa afinidade cálcio Fluo-5N AM (2 mg / ml em DMSO) de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Use os preparativos imediatamente para evitar a decomposição com a subsequente perda de capacidade de carga. </li><li> Primeiro o sistema de perfusão de Langendorff com recirculação oxigenada (95% de O 2, CO 2 5%) de solução de Tyrode. Ajustar o fluxo de O2 / CO2 para manter o pH da solução de Tyrode a 7,4 ± 0,05. Utilizar um filtro de rede em linha de nylon tecida (tamanho de poro: 11 | iM) para filtrar continuamente o perfusado. <ol><li> Primeiro o sistema de perfusão à temperatura ambiente, como loadi subsequenteng de Fluo-5N AM é realizada à temperatura ambiente. Para Fluo-5N AM carregamento, utilize um pequeno volume de recirculação perfusato (~ 150 mL). Depois de corante de carregamento, utilizar um volume maior de perfusato (1 - 2 G, ver Figura 1C). </li></ol></li><li> Ligue sistema de aquisição de dados e se preparar para a monitoração contínua de ECG e pressão de perfusão. Prepare o sistema de monitoramento de pressão-: Conecte um transdutor de pressão à linha de perfusão e monitorar a pressão de perfusão com um amplificador transbridge. Ajuste da pressão de perfusão de base a 0 mmHg, quando o coração não está ligado ao sistema de perfusão. </li><li> Alinhe as câmeras mapeamento óptico para garantir o alinhamento espacial entre o V m e SR Ca 2 + sinais. <ol><li> Primeiro, o foco das câmeras, colocando uma régua ou um objeto com texto no prato de perfusão. Vire as câmeras de mapeamento em um modo de visualização ao vivo e ajustar o foco até que o texto é nítido e claro. Adquirir um fotograma único de cada câmera. </li><li> Overlayestas imagens e ajustar a transparência da imagem de topo para que ambas as imagens são visíveis. O texto nas imagens devem se sobrepor exatamente. Se não perfeitamente alinhados, ajustar o ângulo do espelho dicróico ou a posição de cada câmara até que as duas imagens são alinhados. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. A colheita, Perfusão, e Dye-carregamento de coelho coração <ol><li> Prenda o coelho em um limitador de coelho aprovado. Profundamente anestesiar através de uma injecção intravenosa (veia marginal da orelha) de pentobarbital de sódio (50 mg / kg) e heparina (1000 UI). <ol><li> Quando o Coelho exibe falta de reflexos nociceptivos, fazer uma incisão na pele da linha média para expor o esterno e costelas. Cortar o esterno com uma tesoura cirúrgica de ponta romba do xifóide ao manubrium. Tome cuidado para não danificar o coração, enquanto a abertura do esterno. Espalhar a nervuras para expor o coração. </li><li> Excisar rapidamente todo o bloco coração-pulmão por um rápido corte de todos os navios e do tecido conjuntivo. Immediately colocar o bloco coração-pulmão em solução gelada de Tyrode. </li></ol></li><li> Localize a aorta para a perfusão retrógrada. Corte a aorta ascendente proximal apenas para os três ramos do arco aórtico. Canular a aorta para uma cânula 8 L ligado ao sistema de perfusão. Utilizar um pedaço de fio de sutura USP 0 seda para fixar a aorta para a cânula. </li><li> Dissecar cuidadosamente a traqueia, pulmões e gordura epicárdica do coração. Com uma pinça e tesouras afiadas de dissecação, localize a válvula mitral e cuidadosamente danificar ou remover um folheto para evitar o congestionamento solução no ventrículo esquerdo. </li><li> Submerge o coração na câmara de perfusão encamisado de vidro horizontalmente, com a superfície anterior do coração virado para cima para a imagiologia. Segurar a cânula a um pedaço de Sylgard com pinos em forma de U para o fundo do prato de silicone para impedir o movimento do coração durante o mapeamento (Figura 1D). Se desejado, inserir um pequeno pino de insectos no vértice do coração para STAbilização. </li><li> Posição electrocardiograma (ECG) eléctrodos no banho no lado direito e esquerdo do coração. Totalmente submergir os eléctrodos no banho e garantir que eles não estão em contacto com a superfície do coração para proporcionar uma ECG conduzida volume análogo a uma configuração de eléctrodos eu. Verifique a ligação morfologia I ECG normal. Ajustar o fluxo (25 - 35 ml / min) para assegurar que a pressão aórtica é mantida a 60 - 70 mmHg. </li><li> Desligue as luzes da sala e adicionar 0,3 - 0,6 ml da solução de blebbistatin (passo 1.2) ao perfusato (concentração final de 10 - 20 m). <ol><li> Desligue as luzes de quarto para evitar fotoinativação de blebbistatin. Se necessário, uma pequena holofote farol ou pode ser usado para fornecer a iluminação da tarefa. Nota: blebbistatin é um inibidor da ATPase da miosina e um desacoplador excitação-contração. Porque Fluo-5N carregamento exige (60 min) RT (hipotermia) condições prolongados (ver passos 2.8 - 2.10), a produção de energia cardíaca podem ser comprometidos. ºerefore, além de blebbistatin no perfusato antes de tingir o carregamento pode reduzir a demanda de energia 16 e eliminar os artefatos de movimento durante as gravações ópticas posteriores 17. </li></ol></li><li> Quando contração do coração cessou (10-15 min, verificado na gravação da pressão aórtica), mude para o pequeno volume sistema de recirculação de perfusão (ver passo 1.4.1). </li><li> Preparar e colocar solução de carga Fluo-5N AM: Adicionar 0,25 ml da solução de Fluo-5N AM (passo 1.3) para 0,25 ml quente 20% Pluronic F127. Adicionar 0,5 ml de solução de Tyrode quente para a mistura, misturar bem e adicionar ao pequeno volume do sistema de recirculação-perfusão. </li><li> Monitorar continuamente a pressão de perfusão e ECG e ajustar o fluxo, se necessário. Corante demora cerca de 1 hora à temperatura ambiente. 45 minutos após a carga ter começado, ligar o banho de água circulante para iniciar o aquecimento do sistema de perfusão e perfusado a 37 ° C. </li><li> Após 60 min de Fluo-5N AM carregamento, switch a perfusão do maior volume sistema de recirculação de perfusão (ver passo 1.4). </li><li> Dilui-se 50 ul da solução de corante sensível RH237 tensão (passo 1.3) em 1 ml de solução de Tyrode quente e adiciona-se lentamente (ao longo de 5 min ~) num proximal porta de injecção para a cânula. </li></ol> 3. Mapeamento óptica <ol><li> Durante os momentos finais de corante de carga, posicione o coração e concentrar as câmeras ópticas de mapeamento para garantir o campo apropriado de vista para o experimento. </li><li> Se desejado, colocar um eléctrodo bipolar de estimulação sobre a superfície do epicárdio do coração para a estimulação. </li><li> Colocar uma tampa de plástico ou de vidro de deslizamento sobre a superfície da câmara de perfusão para reduzir o movimento artefacto na superfície do líquido, que pode estar presente devido à recirculação da solução de perfusão. Nota: Como uma alternativa para uma lamela, use um 50 milímetros tampa de plástico limpo placa de Petri. </li><li> Concentre-se as guias de luz para iluminar uniformemente a superfície do coração e comluz xcitation. Use azul diodo emissor de luz (LED) fontes de luz e filtrar a luz com um 475-495 nm filtro passa-banda (Figura 1A). </li><li> Recolhe fluorescência emitida com um macroscópio e dois de metal-óxido-semicondutor (CMOS) complementares câmaras mapeamento óptico. Dividir a luz emitida com um espelho dicróico a 545 nm. <ol><li> -Passe longo filtrar a porção de comprimento de onda mais longo, contendo o sinal de V m, a 700 nm. Passa-banda do filtro de comprimento de onda mais curto porção, contendo o sinal de SR de Ca2 +, a partir de 502 - 534 nm (Figura 1A). Defina a frequência de aquisição de dados ópticos para 0,5-1 kHz. </li></ol></li><li> Para cada gravação óptica, primeiro iniciar o protocolo de estimulação desejado, ligar a luz de excitação, e recolher 1-4 sec de dados. Se desejar, sincronizar a protocolos de estimulação e aquisição de dados. Nota: Não é possível voltar a carregar o Fluo-5N AM, por conseguinte, a relação sinal-para-ruído (SNR) será reduse durante todo o experimento devido a tingir fuga do SR. Limitar protocolo experimental para 1-2 horas para assegurar altos valores de SNR. </li><li> Após a experiência, lavar o sistema de perfusão na sequência de água desionizada, 70% de álcool reagente, e novamente com água DI. </li><li> Filtrar cada conjunto de dados com um filtro gaussiano espacial (raio de 3 pixels) utilizando os pacotes de software comercialmente disponíveis de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante. </li><li> Se necessário, espacialmente alinhar o V m e SR de Ca2 + conjuntos de dados. Tal como no passo 1.6, sobrepor imagens de cada câmera e verifique se as estruturas anatômicas do coração (ie., Vasculatura coronária, arestas dos átrios ou ventrículos) ou outros itens no campo de visão (ou seja, de uma cânula, a estimulação do eletrodo) exatamente sobreposição. Se não, o alinhamento espacial dos conjuntos de dados é necessária. </li><li> Deslocar a imagem transparente no topo do xe y-direção até sobreposição exata é conseguido, fazendo notar o número de pixelsa imagem deve ser deslocado em cada direcção. O conjunto de dados de toda a imagem que corresponde ao topo (ou V m ou SR Ca 2+) deve então ser deslocado por o número de pixels determinados em cada direcção para assegurar o alinhamento preciso entre o V m e SR de Ca2 + conjuntos de dados. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

As chaves para o sucesso de Fluo-5N corante de carga são o pequeno volume de configuração de recirculação de perfusão, que permite uma elevada concentração de Fluo-5N sem a necessidade de grandes quantidades de corante, o período de tempo de carregamento (1 hr), e executar o carregamento à TA. Se o carregamento é realizado a temperaturas fisiológicas, actividade enzimática celular cliva rapidamente o tag -AM quando o corante atravessa a membrana da célula, prendendo as moléculas de corante no citosol e n?...

Dual optical mapping of intracellular Ca2+ and transmembrane potential (Vm) in the intact Langendorff-perfused heart has become a mainstay of investigations in cardiac electrophysiology, including mechanisms of arrhythmia and excitation-contraction coupling1-4. This approach has provided unprecedented knowledge into normal and abnormal electrophysiology and, importantly, into the bidirectional relationship between Vm and intracellular Ca2+. However, optical mapping of intracellular Ca2+ with high-affinity fluorescent indicators (such as Rhod-2 and Fluo-4) only reports on bulk changes in intracellular Ca2+ and is unable to distinguish whether these changes are due to transmembrane Ca2+ flux, release and reuptake into intracellular stores, or in most instances, some combination of both. Furthermore, high-affinity Ca2+ indicators have slow on-off kinetics and may not accurately report rapid changes in Ca2+ concentration5.
Each action potential triggers a rise in intracellular Ca2+, known as the intracellular Ca2+ transient (CaT). In the mammalian heart, approximately 70 &#8211; 90% of the total CaT is due to release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via opening of ryanodine receptors (RyRs)6. Within the SR, approximately half of the total Ca2+ is bound to calsequestrin (CSQ) and other intra-SR buffers7, which play an important role in SR Ca2+ homeostasis8,9. The amount of free SR Ca2+ dictates the driving force for SR Ca2+ release as well as gating of RyR, and therefore has a significant impact on the intracellular CaT. Furthermore, alterations in SR Ca2+ release or reuptake can, in turn, impact Vm via the electrogenic Na+-Ca2+ exchange, which may have arrhythmogenic consequences. Therefore, in addition to the CaT, monitoring of free SR Ca2+ can provide important insights into contractile and electrophysiological dysfunction.
Over the past several years, investigators have made significant advances in the monitoring of SR Ca2+ in isolated cardiac myocytes and from a single location on the intact heart. One such method requires rapid pulses of caffeine to open RyRs and the SR Ca2+ content is then inferred or calculated from the immediate rise in intracellular Ca2+10. Another intriguing approach uses low-affinity Ca2+ indicators, such as Fluo-5N11 or Mag-Fluo412, which bind to free SR Ca2+. These indicators have dissociation constants (Kd) in the range of 10 &#8211; 400 &#956;M and therefore exhibit minimal fluorescence in the cytosol compared to the SR lumen, where the Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]SR) is in the millimolar range. Using low-affinity Ca2+ indicators, several aspects of SR Ca2+ cycling have been investigated at the level of the isolated myocyte, including fractional SR Ca2+ release and the mechanisms of Ca2+ alternans13,14. However, in order to fully understand the heterogeneous nature of SR Ca2+ cycling in the intact heart and the role of SR Ca2+ in spatially distinct arrhythmic phenomena, methods for imaging SR Ca2+ across the epicardial surface of the intact heart are required15.
This article describes methodology for dual optical mapping of free SR Ca2+ and Vm in the intact Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart with the low-affinity Ca2+ indicator Fluo-5N. In addition to revealing SR Ca2+ characteristics spatially across the epicardial surface of the heart, this approach has the advantage of simultaneous monitoring of Vm, allowing for investigations into the bidirectional relationship between Vm and SR Ca2+.

<table><tbody><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-1</td><td>Component of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C79-500</td><td>Component of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S217-500</td><td>Component of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M33-500</td><td>Component of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S369-500</td><td>Component of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S233-3</td><td>Component of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>D-Glucose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D16-1</td><td>Component of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>95% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 5% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>AirGas</td><td>carbogen</td><td>For oxygenation and pH of Tyrode&#039;s solution</td></tr><tr><td>Blebbistatin</td><td>Tocris Bioscience</td><td>1760</td><td>Excitation-contraction uncoupler</td></tr><tr><td>RH237</td><td>Biotium</td><td>61018</td><td>Voltage-sensitive dye</td></tr><tr><td>Fluo-5N AM</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>F-26915</td><td>Low-affinity Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; indicator; Alternative: Invitrogen F-14204; Loading must be performed at room temperature</td></tr><tr><td>Pluronic F127</td><td>Biotium</td><td>59004</td><td>For Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; indicator loading; Warm until the solution is clear before use</td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D2650</td><td>For dissolving blebbistatin and dyes</td></tr><tr><td>Filter</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>NY1104700</td><td>11 &amp;#956;m in-line filter</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Transducer</td><td>WPI</td><td>BLPR2</td><td>For measuring perfusion pressure</td></tr><tr><td>Transbridge Transducer Amplifier</td><td>WPI</td><td>SYS-TBM4M</td><td>For transducing/amplifing pressure signal; PowerLab may also be used with appropriate BioAmp</td></tr><tr><td>PowerLab 26T</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td></td><td>For continuous recording of pressure and ECG signals</td></tr><tr><td>THT Macroscope</td><td>SciMedia</td><td></td><td>Macroscopic optical setup. Details: 0.63X objective (NA = 0.31), 2X condensing objective, resultant field of view = 3.1 cm x 3.1 cm, depth of focus = ~ 1.5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>MiCam Ultima-L CMOS</td><td>SciMedia</td><td></td><td>Optical mapping cameras</td></tr><tr><td>Precision LED Spot Light</td><td>Mightex</td><td>PLS-0470-030-15-S</td><td>LED light source</td></tr></tbody></table>

optical mapping of intra-sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2+ and transmembrane potential in the langendorff-perfused rabbit heart

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling plays a key role in normal excitation-contraction coupling and aberrant SR Ca2+ handling is known to play a significant role in certain types of arrhythmia. Because arrhythmias are spatially distinct, emergent phenomena, they must be investigated at the tissue level. However, methods for directly probing SR Ca2+ in the intact heart remain limited. This article describes the protocol for dual optical mapping of transmembrane potential (Vm) and free intra-SR [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]SR) in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. This approach takes advantage of the low-affinity Ca2+ indicator Fluo-5N, which has minimal fluorescence in the cytosol where intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) is relatively low but exhibits significant fluorescence in the SR lumen where [Ca2+]SR is in the millimolar range. In addition to revealing SR Ca2+ characteristics spatially across the epicardial surface of the heart, this approach has the distinct advantage of simultaneous monitoring of Vm, allowing for investigations into the bidirectional relationship between Vm and SR Ca2+ and the role of SR Ca2+ in arrhythmogenic phenomena.

A Figura 1A mostra um diagrama esquemático da configuração óptica para dual V m e SR Ca2 + mapeamento. Com esta configuração, não há separação espectral completa do V m e SR sinais de Ca2 + (Figura 1B). Um diagrama do sistema de perfusão de circuito duplo usado para Fluo-5N corante de carga está ilustrado na Figura 1C. A Figura 1D mostra a orientação horizontal do coração no prato de perfusão....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart at JoVE.com

Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Este artigo descreve o protocolo detalhado e equipamentos necessários para o mapeamento de óptica dupla de transmembrana potencial (V m) e livre intra-retículo sarcoplasmático (RS) Ca2 + no coração de coelho Langendorff-perfundidos. Este método permite a observação direta e quantificação de V m e SR Ca2 + dinâmica no coração intacto.

Mapeamento óptica de Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; E Potencial Transmembrane no Coração Langendorff-perfundidos

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling plays a key role in normal excitation-contraction coupling and aberrant SR Ca2+ handling is known to play a ...

optical-mapping-intra-sarcoplasmic-reticulum-ca2-transmembrane

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

9.2K visualizações.  University of California Davis.  Este artigo descreve o protocolo detalhado e equipamentos necessários para o mapeamento de óptica dupla de transmembrana potencial (V m) e livre intra-retículo sarcoplasmático (RS) Ca2 + no coração de coelho Langendorff-perfundidos. Este método permite a observação direta e quantificação de V m e SR Ca2 + dinâmica no coração intacto. 

Vídeo: Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Multiparametric Optical Mapping of the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Optical imaging and fluorescent probes have significantly advanced research methodology in the field of cardiac electrophysiology in ways that could not have been accomplished by other approaches1. With the use of the calcium- and voltage-sensitive dyes, optical mapping allows measurement of transmembrane action potentials and calcium transients with high spatial resolution without the physical contact with the tissue. This makes measurements of the cardiac electrical activity possible under many conditions where the use of electrodes is inconvenient or impossible1. For example, optical recordings provide accurate morphological changes of membrane potential during and immediately after stimulation and defibrillation, while conventional electrode techniques suffer from stimulus-induced artifacts during and after stimuli due to electrode polarization1. 
The Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart is one of the most studied models of human heart physiology and pathophysiology. Many types of arrhythmias observed clinically could be recapitulated in the rabbit heart model. It was shown that wave patterns in the rabbit heart during ventricular arrhythmias, determined by effective size of the heart and the wavelength of reentry, are very similar to that in the human heart2. It was also shown that critical aspects of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in rabbit myocardium, such as the relative contribution of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), is very similar to human EC coupling3. Here we present the basic procedures of optical mapping experiments in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, including the Langendorff perfusion system setup, the optical mapping systems setup, the isolation and cannulation of the heart, perfusion and dye-staining of the heart, excitation-contraction uncoupling, and collection of optical signals. These methods could be also applied to the heart from species other than rabbit with adjustments to flow rates, optics, solutions, etc.
Two optical mapping systems are described. The panoramic mapping system is used to map the entire epicardium of the rabbit heart4-7. This system provides a global view of the evolution of reentrant circuits during arrhythmogenesis and defibrillation, and has been used to study the mechanisms of arrhythmias and antiarrhythmia therapy8,9. The dual mapping system is used to map the action potential (AP) and calcium transient (CaT) simultaneously from the same field of view10-13. This approach has enhanced our understanding of the important role of calcium in the electrical alternans and the induction of arrhythmia14-16.

This article describes the basic procedures for conducting optical mapping experiments in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart using the panoramic imaging system, and the dual (voltage and calcium) imaging modality.

Multiparamétrico Mapping Optical do Coração Coelho Langendorff-perfundidos

Optical imaging and fluorescent probes have significantly advanced research methodology in the field of cardiac electrophysiology in ways that could not ...

Bioengenharia

Optical Mapping of Action Potentials and Calcium Transients in the Mouse Heart

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. Cardiovascular physiological phenotyping of the mouse heart can be easily done using fluorescence imaging employing various probes for transmembrane potential (Vm), calcium transients (CaT), and other parameters. Excitation-contraction coupling is characterized by action potential and intracellular calcium dynamics; therefore, it is critically important to map both Vm and CaT simultaneously from the same location on the heart1-4. Simultaneous optical mapping from Langendorff perfused mouse hearts has the potential to elucidate mechanisms underlying heart failure, arrhythmias, metabolic disease, and other heart diseases. Visualization of activation, conduction velocity, action potential duration, and other parameters at a myriad of sites cannot be achieved from cellular level investigation but is well solved by optical mapping1,5,6. In this paper we present the instrumentation setup and experimental conditions for simultaneous optical mapping of Vm and CaT in mouse hearts with high spatio-temporal resolution using state-of-the-art CMOS imaging technology. Consistent optical recordings obtained with this method illustrate that simultaneous optical mapping of Langendorff perfused mouse hearts is both feasible and reliable.

This paper details the dissection procedure, instrumental setup, and experimental conditions during optical mapping of transmembrane potential (Vm) and intracellular calcium transient (CaT) in intact isolated Langendorff perfused mouse hearts.

Mapeamento de potenciais de ação óptica e transientes de cálcio no coração de rato

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. ...

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex cardiac arrhythmia with high morbidity and mortality.1,2 It is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance seen in clinical practice and its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years.3 Increased intra-atrial pressure and dilatation have been long recognized to lead to AF,1,4 which highlights the relevance of using animal models and stretch to study AF dynamics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AF requires visualization of the cardiac electrical waves with high spatial and temporal resolution. While high-temporal resolution can be achieved by conventional electrical mapping traditionally used in human electrophysiological studies, the small number of intra-atrial electrodes that can be used simultaneously limits the spatial resolution and precludes any detailed tracking of the electrical waves during the arrhythmia. The introduction of optical mapping in the early 90's enabled wide-field characterization of fibrillatory activity together with sub-millimeter spatial resolution in animal models5,6 and led to the identification of rapidly spinning electrical wave patterns (rotors) as the sources of the fibrillatory activity that may occur in the ventricles or the atria.7-9 Using combined time- and frequency-domain analyses of optical mapping it is possible to demonstrate discrete sites of high frequency periodic activity during AF, along with frequency gradients between left and right atrium. The region with fastest rotors activates at the highest frequency and drives the overall arrhythmia.10,11 The waves emanating from such rotor interact with either functional or anatomic obstacles in their path, resulting in the phenomenon of fibrillatory conduction.12 Mapping the endocardial surface of the posterior left atrium (PLA) allows the tracking of AF wave dynamics in the region with the highest rotor frequency. Importantly, the PLA is the region where intracavitary catheter-based ablative procedures are most successful terminating AF in patients,13 which underscores the relevance of studying AF dynamics from the interior of the left atrium. Here we describe a sheep model of acute stretch-induced AF, which resembles some of the characteristics of human paroxysmal AF. Epicardial mapping on the left atrium is complemented with endocardial mapping of the PLA using a dual-channel rigid borescope c-mounted to a CCD camera, which represents the most direct approach to visualize the patterns of activation in the most relevant region for AF maintenance.

This report provides a detailed description of the methodology and results of simultaneous endocardial and epicardial optical mapping of electrical excitation in the intact left atrium of a Langendorff-perfused sheep heart during stretch-induced atrial fibrillation.

Alta Resolução Mapeamento endocárdico e epicárdico óptico em um modelo de Ovinos de Stretch Induzida por Fibrilação Atrial

 Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex cardiac arrhythmia with high morbidity and mortality.1,2 It is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance ...

Medicina

Optical Mapping of Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

Optical mapping of the cardiac surface with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes has become an important tool to investigate electrical excitation in experimental models that range in scale from cell cultures to whole-organs[1, 2]. Using state-of-the-art optical imaging systems, generation and propagation of action potentials during normal cardiac rhythm or throughout initiation and maintenance of arrhythmias can be visualized almost instantly[1]. The latest commercially-available systems can provide information at exceedingly high spatiotemporal resolutions and were based on custom-built equipment initially developed to overcome the obstacles imposed by more conventional electrophysiological methods[1]. Advancements in high-resolution and high-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras and intensely-bright, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as well as voltage-sensitive dyes, optics, and filters have begun to make electrical signal acquisition practical for cardiovascular cell biologists who are more accustomed to working with microscopes. Although the newest generation of CMOS cameras can acquire 10,000 frames per second on a 16,384 pixel array, depending on the type of sample preparation, long-established fluorescence acquisition technologies such as photodiode arrays, laser scanning systems, and cooled charged-coupled device (CCD) cameras still have some distinct advantages with respect to dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, and quantum efficiency[1, 3]. In the present study, Lewis rat hearts were perfused ex vivo with a crystalloid perfusate (Krebs-Henseleit solution) at 37&deg;C on a modified Langendorff apparatus. After a 20 minute stabilization period, the hearts were intermittently perfused with 11 mMol/L 2,3-butanedione monoxime to eliminate contraction-associated motion during image acquisition. For optical mapping, we loaded hearts with the fast-response potentiometric probe di-8-ANEPPS[4] (5 &mu;Mol/L) and briefly illuminated the preparation with 475&plusmn;15 nm excitation light. During a typical 2 second period of illumination, &gt;605 nm light emitted from the cardiac preparation was imaged with a high-speed CMOS camera connected to a horizontal macroscope. For this demonstration, hearts were paced at 300 beats per minute with a coaxial electrode connected to an isolated electrical stimulation unit. Simultaneous bipolar electrographic recordings were acquired and analyzed along with the voltage signals using readily-available software. In this manner, action potentials on the surface of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts can be visualized and registered with electrographic signals.

This article describes a high temporal and spatial resolution technique to optically image action potential movement on the surface of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts using a potentiometric dye (di-8-ANEPPS).

Mapeamento óptica de corações perfundidos Langendorff-Rat

Optical mapping of the cardiac surface with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes has become an important tool to investigate electrical excitation in ...

Biologia

Optical Imaging of Isolated Murine Ventricular Myocytes

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances in calcium sensitive dyes have permitted the robust optical recording of single cell calcium dynamics, recording of robust transmembrane optical voltage signals has remained difficult. Arguably, this is because of the low single to noise ratio, phototoxicity, and photobleaching of traditional potentiometric dyes. Therefore, single cell voltage measurements have long been confined to the patch clamp technique which while the gold standard, is technically demanding and low throughput. However, with the development of novel potentiometric dyes, large, fast optical responses to changes in voltage can be obtained with little to no phototoxicity and photobleaching. This protocol describes in detail how to isolate adult murine myocytes which can be used for cellular shortening, calcium, and optical voltage measurements. Specifically, the protocol describes how to use a ratiometric calcium dye, a single-excitation calcium dye, and a single excitation voltage dye. This approach can be used to assess the cardiotoxicity and arrhythmogenicity of various chemical agents. While phototoxicity is still an issue at the single cell level, methodology is discussed on how to reduce it.

We present the methodology for the isolation of murine myocytes and how to obtain voltage or calcium traces simultaneously with sarcomere shortening traces using fluorescence photometry with simultaneous digital cell geometry measurements.

Imagem óptica de miócitos ventriculares isolados de urina

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances ...

Preclinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Assessment by Dual Voltage and Calcium Optical Mapping of Human Organotypic Cardiac Slices

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between animal and clinical trials. Numerous animal and cell models have been used to examine the effects of drugs, yet these responses often differ in humans. Human cardiac slices offer an advantage for drug testing in that they are directly derived from viable human hearts. In addition to having preserved multicellular structures, cell-cell coupling, and extracellular matrix environments, human cardiac tissue slices can be used to directly test the effect of innumerable drugs on adult human cardiac physiology. What distinguishes this model from other heart preparations, such as whole hearts or wedges, is that slices can be subjected to longer-term culture. As such, cardiac slices allow for studying the acute as well as chronic effects of drugs. Furthermore, the ability to collect several hundred to a thousand slices from a single heart makes this a high-throughput model to test several drugs at varying concentrations and combinations with other drugs at the same time. Slices can be prepared from any given region of the heart. In this protocol, we describe the preparation of left ventricular slices by isolating tissue cubes from the left ventricular free wall and sectioning them into slices using a high precision vibrating microtome. These slices can then either be subjected to acute experiments to measure baseline cardiac electrophysiological function or cultured for chronic drug studies. This protocol also describes dual optical mapping of cardiac slices for simultaneous recordings of transmembrane potentials and intracellular calcium dynamics to determine the effects of the drugs being investigated.

This protocol describes the procedure for sectioning and culturing human cardiac slices for preclinical drug testing and details the use of optical mapping for recording transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium signals simultaneously from these slices.

Avaliação de Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca Pré-Plínica por Mapeamento Óptico de Dupla Tensão e Cálcio de Fatias Cardíacas Organotípicas Humanas

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between ...

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and electrophysiological phenotype in the atria. That encourages us to utilize a genetically-engineered mouse model to elucidate the mechanism of AF. However, it is difficult to evaluate the electrophysiological properties in murine atria due to their small size. This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of atria using an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution in Langendorff perfused murine hearts. The optical mapping system is assembled with dual high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and high magnification objective lenses, to detect the fluorescence of a voltage-sensitive dye and Ca2+ indicator. To focus on the assessment of murine atria, optical mapping is performed with an area of 2 mm &#215; 2 mm or 10 mm x 10 mm, with a 100 &#215; 100 resolution (20 &#181;m/pixel or 100 &#181;m/pixel) and sampling rate of up to 10 kHz (0.1 ms) at maximum. A 1-French size quadripolar electrode pacing catheter is placed into the right atrium through the superior vena cava avoiding any mechanical damage to the atrium, and pacing stimulation is delivered through the catheter. An electrophysiological study is performed with programmed stimulation including constant pacing, burst pacing, and up to triple extrastimuli pacing. Under a spontaneous or pacing rhythm, the optical mapping recorded the action potential duration, activation map, conduction velocity, and Ca2+ transient individually in the right and left atria. In addition, the programmed stimulation also determines the inducibility of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Precise activation mapping is performed to identify the propagation of the excitation in the atrium during an induced atrial tachyarrhythmia. Optical mapping with a specialized setting enables a thorough electrophysiological evaluation of the atrium in murine pathological models.

This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of murine atria utilizing an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution, including dual recordings of the membrane voltage and Ca2+ transient under programmed stimulation through a specialized electrode catheter.

Avaliação eletrofisiológica de murino átrios com mapeamento óptico de alta resolução

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and ...

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Small animal models are most commonly used in cardiovascular research due to the availability of genetically modified species and lower cost compared to larger animals. Yet, larger mammals are better suited for translational research questions related to normal cardiac physiology, pathophysiology, and preclinical testing of therapeutic agents. To overcome the technical barriers associated with employing a larger animal model in cardiac research, we describe an approach to measure physiological parameters in an isolated, Langendorff-perfused piglet heart. This approach combines two powerful experimental tools to evaluate the state of the heart: electrophysiology (EP) study and simultaneous optical mapping of transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium using parameter sensitive dyes (RH237, Rhod2-AM). The described methodologies are well suited for translational studies investigating the cardiac conduction system, alterations in action potential morphology, calcium handling, excitation-contraction coupling and the incidence of cardiac alternans or arrhythmias.

The objective of this study was to establish a method for investigating cardiac dynamics using a translational animal model. The described experimental approach incorporates dual-emission optocardiography in conjunction with an electrophysiological study to assess electrical activity in an isolated, intact porcine heart model.

Estudos de Optocardiografia e Eletrofisiologia de Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfundido Corações

Small animal models are most commonly used in cardiovascular research due to the availability of genetically modified species and lower cost compared to ...

Voltage and Calcium Dual Channel Optical Mapping of Cultured HL-1 Atrial Myocyte Monolayer

Optical mapping has proven to be a valuable technique to detect cardiac electrical activity on both intact ex vivo hearts and in cultured myocyte monolayers. HL-1 cells have been widely used as a 2-Dimensional cellular model for studying diverse aspects of cardiac physiology. However, it has been a great challenge to optically map calcium (Ca) transients and action potentials simultaneously from the same field of view in a cultured HL-1 atrial cell monolayer. This is because special handling and care is required to prepare healthy cells that can be electrically captured and optically mapped. Therefore, we have developed an optimal working protocol for dual channel optical mapping. In this manuscript, we have described in detail how to perform the dual channel optical mapping experiment. This protocol is a useful tool to enhance the understanding of action potential propagation and Ca kinetics in arrhythmia development.

This article describes the technique used to perform dual channel optical mapping in cultured HL-1 atrial cell monolayers. This unique protocol allows the simultaneous visualization of both calcium (Ca) and voltage (Vm) activity in the same area for the detailed detection and analysis of electrophysiological properties of culture monolayers.

Tensão e cálcio Dual Channel Mapping Optical do Cultivadas HL-1 Atrial miócitos Monolayer

Optical mapping has proven to be a valuable technique to detect cardiac electrical activity on both intact ex vivo hearts and in cultured myocyte ...

Local Field Fluorescence Microscopy: Imaging Cellular Signals in Intact Hearts

In the heart, molecular signaling studies are usually performed in isolated myocytes. However, many pathological situations such as ischemia and arrhythmias can only be fully understood at the whole organ level. Here, we present the spectroscopic technique of local field fluorescence microscopy (LFFM) that allows the measurement of cellular signals in the intact heart. The technique is based on a combination of a Langendorff perfused heart and optical fibers to record fluorescent signals. LFFM has various applications in the field of cardiovascular physiology to study the heart under normal and pathological conditions. Multiple cardiac variables can be monitored using different fluorescent indicators. These include cytosolic [Ca2+], intra-sarcoplasmic reticulum [Ca2+] and membrane potentials. The exogenous fluorescent probes are excited and the emitted fluorescence detected with three different arrangements of LFFM epifluorescence techniques presented in this paper. The central differences among these techniques are the type of light source used for excitation and on the way the excitation light is modulated. The pulsed LFFM (PLFFM) uses laser light pulses while continuous wave LFFM (CLFFM) uses continuous laser light for excitation. Finally, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as a third light source. This non-coherent arrangement is called pulsed LED fluorescence microscopy (PLEDFM).

In the heart, molecular events coordinate the electrical and contractile function of the organ. A set of local field fluorescence microscopy techniques presented here enables the recording of cellular variables in intact hearts. Identifying mechanisms defining the cardiac function is critical in understanding how the heart works under pathological situations.

Mapeamento óptica de Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca

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