This work was supported by a CIHR operating grant (MOP-102624) to Q. Y. We thank Dr Carolyn Harley for helpful discussions throughout the study, Dr. Qinlong Hou, Amin Shakhawat, and Andrea Darby-King for technical support.

Sprague Dawley (Charles River) filhotes de ambos os sexos são usados. As ninhadas são abatidos para 12 no PD1 (nascimento sendo PD0). Os reservatórios são mantidos num ciclo claro / escuro de 12 horas de luz, com acesso ad libitum a comida e água. Os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comitê Animal Care Institucional da Universidade Memorial. 1. Nose plug Construção NOTA:. Este procedimento foi adaptado e modificado a partir de Cummings et al (1997) 35. <ol><li> Aquire tubulação de polietileno de 20 e 3-0 fio de sutura de seda. </li><li> Corte um pequeno pedaço de polietileno de 20 tubos de aproximadamente 0,8 mm. </li><li> Fio de sutura de seda através do tubo preparado de tal modo que existe rosca de cada lado da secção de tubo. </li><li> Em uma extremidade do fio fora da tomada, dê um nó no fio. </li><li> Puxe a seção de tubulação para baixo sobre o nó no fio. O nó deve apresentar dentro da tubulação.</li><li> Aparar as duas extremidades do fio de tal modo que ~ 2 mm de segmento está saliente a partir de uma extremidade do tubo (ver figura 1A). </li></ol> 2. Naris Oclusão antes do treino <ol><li> Remover filhote de barragem e coloque em um prato seguro coberto por uma cama regular. </li><li> Use um aplicativo de ponta de algodão para enxugar uma geléia anestésico local, xilocaína 2%, sobre as naris a ser fechado. </li><li> Permitir que o filhote para descansar no prato para ~ 3 min. </li><li> Segure o filhote com cuidado, mas com firmeza na mão não-dominante. </li><li> Usando a mão dominante, pegar uma ficha nariz e bata na mesma geléia anestésico local em torno da ponta da qual o segmento não está saliente. Isto irá agir como um anestésico para todas as dores menores associadas com plug de inserção e irá funcionar como um lubrificante no interior do naris. NOTA: O efeito da xilocaína começa dentro de alguns minutos e dura 20-30 min. Filhotes em geral mostram boa tolerância para plugue de inserção após a aplicação de xilocaína geléia (mMÍNIMO lutando e vocalização). </li><li> Insira cuidadosamente a ficha nariz segurando firmemente o filhote e girando lentamente a ficha com empurrões muito suaves até que o plugue está totalmente inserido e só o fio 2 mm de largura que se projeta da naris (ver Figura 1B). Não deve haver sangramento de qualquer naris durante este processo. Filhotes com sangramento durante a tomada nariz de inserção são excluídos e voltou para barragens </li><li> Permitir que o animal para descansar neste prato durante 5 min, de modo a habituar-se o tampão. </li><li> Retirar o filhote do prato habituação e começar o paradigma condicionado 24. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51808/51808fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura 1 construção de uma vela de nariz. A) Esquema mostrando os passos de fazer um encaixe do nariz. A linha é puxada através de tubos de polietileno; um nó é feito e pullevado para o centro do tubo para bloqueá-lo; duas extremidades são cortadas com um resíduo de 2 mm de uma extremidade para fora do tubo. B) frontal e lateral de um rato com um tampão no nariz uma narinas. 3. Perfumado cama Preparação <ol><li> Vestindo luvas novas e em um exaustor para evitar a contaminação odor, coloque 500 ml de cama de lascas de madeira em um saco plástico. </li><li> Use uma seringa para elaborar 0,3 ml extrato de hortelã, e pulverizar este sobre a cama no saco plástico. </li><li> Amarre o saco fechado, sacuda o saco vigorosamente, e permitir que a roupa de cama para descansar no saco por 5 min. </li><li> Coloque a roupa de cama perfumada em uma caixa clara, rasa, acrílico treinamento (20 x 20 x 5 cm 3, Figura 2A) descoberto em um exaustor por 5 minutos antes de usar. Uma vez que a roupa de cama é preparada, descarte as luvas, e não permitir que essas luvas para entrar em contato com os animais. </li><li> Coloque a cama sem cheiro em uma caixa de plástico idêntico claro, e enCertifique-se de que não entram em contato com a roupa de cama perfumada ou luvas usadas. </li></ol> 4. Odor Condicionado Paradigm (ver imagem na Figura 2A) Os filhotes passam por uma única sessão condicionado, em PD 6 ou múltiplas sessões de julgamento (uma sessão por dia, PD 3-6). <ol><li> Coloque o filhote habituado a cama perfumada. Para odor controle só (O / S -) filhotes, deixe estes filhotes de cachorro na cama por 10 min, em seguida, vá para o passo 4.5. Para experimental odor + curso (O / S +) filhotes, continue com os seguintes passos nesta seção. </li><li> Curso o filhote durante 30 segundos usando um pincel pequeno. Use rápidos movimentos circulares principalmente em torno da região posterior do filhote. </li><li> Permitir que o filhote para descansar por 30 seg. </li><li> Repita os passos 4.2 e 4.3 para um total de 10 min (ou seja, 10 pares de afago + odor). </li><li> Remover filhote da caixa de condicionamento, retire a ficha nariz e devolver o cachorro para a represa. </li></ol> &lt;p class = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 5. Lateralizado Odor Preferências Testing (ver imagem na Figura 2B) O teste ocorre em vários pontos temporais (por exemplo, 24 ou 48 h) a seguir à sessão de treino final. O teste é realizado numa câmara de teste de aço inoxidável (30 x 20 x 18 cm 3), que é colocada em cima de duas caixas de formação (caixa de formação é descrita no ponto 3.4), separadas por uma zona neutra 2 cm. Uma caixa de treinamento contém cama com aroma de hortelã-pimenta, enquanto a outra caixa contém limpo, roupa de cama sem cheiro. O chão da câmara de teste é uma grade de metal, que é então coberto por uma folha removível de malha de plástico (Figura 2B). <ol><li> Prepare uma hortelã-pimenta e uma cama sem cheiro como por secção 3, e colocar cada caixa em lados opostos da câmara de teste de 2 cm de distância. Coloque a malha de plástico sobre o chão de metal da grade da câmara de teste. </li><li> Retirar o filhote da barragem e coloque um dab empresa de graxa de silicone inodoro nas narisque está ocluído durante o treinamento. Voltar a aplicar o lubrificante ao longo do procedimento de teste como primeiro necessário. NOTA: oclusão naris aleatória durante o treinamento e teste podem ser considerados para evitar viés. </li><li> Coloque cachorro na zona neutra da câmara de teste. </li><li> Permitir que o filhote para explorar a câmara por 1 min, registrando quanto tempo o cachorro passou ao longo dos dois lados da câmara (ou seja, mais de hortelã-pimenta ou roupa de cama neutra-perfumada). </li><li> Permitir que o filhote para descansar por 1 min em uma câmara de retenção de plástico coberto. </li><li> Repita os passos 5.2 e 5.3 para um total de 10 min (ou seja, 5 ensaios de teste, separados por 5 ensaios de descanso) mudar a orientação inicial de que o filhote na câmara, a fim de controlar as preferências de direção. </li><li> Imediatamente após o teste, limpe a graxa do naris. </li><li> Insira um noseplug polietileno no naris oposto conforme a secção 2 e permitir que o animal em repouso por 10 min. </li><li> Teste o filhote, mais uma vez, como em<html> 5.3 -5.6, retire a ficha, e devolver o cachorro para a represa. Remover e limpar a rede de plástico da câmara de ensaio com 95% de etanol e permitir que o líquido se evapore. Coloque a malha para trás antes de testar o próximo filhote. NOTA: A aplicação de graxa de silicone na primeira oclusão naris durante o teste impede a chance de sangramento e estresse associado com plug nariz de inserção. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51808/51808fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura formação preferência 2 odor precoce e testes. A) formação odor precoce preferência usando o odor + acariciando paradigma. B) Dois escolha odor testes de preferência com roupa de cama de hortelã-pimenta, de um lado, o controle da cama sem cheiro no lado oposto. A zona neutra dois centímetros é colocado no meio. 6. testar a eficácia de uma única Naris Oclusão nt &quot;&gt; Este experimento é realizado para determinar se a oclusão naris único leva à ativação lateralizado do sistema olfativo. <ol><li> Realize oclusões NARIs unilaterais em PD 6 ou 7 filhotes, conforme descrito na seção 2. </li><li> Após cerca de 5 minutos de habituação, coloque o filhote em um recipiente de plástico coberta e expô-la a 30 mL de óleo de hortelã-pimenta pura embebido em um pedaço de tecido para 10 min. </li><li> Imediatamente após a exposição ao odor de hortelã-pimenta, o cachorro injectar por via intraperitoneal (ip) com hidrato de cloral (400 mg / kg), como um anestésico geral, ou pentobarbitol, (150 mg / kg). </li><li> Uma vez completamente anestesiado (não apresentando resposta a cauda ou pé de aperto), transcardialmente perfundir o cachorro com soluções geladas de solução salina (0,9%) durante ~ 1 min, seguido por paraformaldeído (4%, dissolvido em solução tampão de fosfato 0,1 M, PBS ). </li><li> Depois de 10 min de perfusão paraformaldeído, recolher o cérebro e colocá-lo em paraformaldeído a noite a 4 ° C, em seguida transfer o cérebro para uma solução de sacarose (20% em PBS) durante uma 24 horas adicionais. </li><li> Cortar fatias cerebrais coronais de 30 um, com uma espessura de criostato. Recolha de OB e PC fatias e montagem em lâminas revestidas com gelatina, seguida por coloração imuno-histoquímica para o padrão pCREB anticorpo 21,25,30. </li></ol> 7 Teste da Reversibilidade da Única Naris Oclusão Esta experiência testa se o efeito de bloqueio é reversível às 24 horas após a remoção da tomada de nariz. <ol><li> Realize oclusões NARIs unilaterais em PD 6 ou 7 filhotes, conforme descrito na seção 2. </li><li> Depois de 15 min (equivalente à duração da oclusão naris durante o treino - 5 min habituação + 10 min de treinamento), retire a ficha nariz, e devolver o cachorro para a represa. </li><li> 24 horas depois, expor o filhote para o odor de hortelã em um recipiente de plástico coberta por 10 minutos, conforme descrito em 6.2. </li><li> Siga mesmos passos em seitaíons de 6,3-6,6. </li></ol>

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+a+nostril+knows:+olfactory+nerve-evoked+AMPA+responses+increase+while+NMDA+responses+decrease+at+24-h+post-training+for+lateralized+odor+preference+memory+in+neonate+rat.">What a nostril knows: olfactory nerve-evoked AMPA responses increase while NMDA responses decrease at 24-h post-training for lateralized odor preference memory in neonate rat.</a> Learn Mem. 19, 50-53 (2012).</li><li>Schwob, J. E., Price, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+axonal+connections+in+the+central+olfactory+system+of+rats.">The development of axonal connections in the central olfactory system of rats.</a> J Comp Neurol. 223, 177-202 (1984).</li><li>Kucharski, D., Hall, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+routes+to+early+memories.">New routes to early memories.</a> Science. 238, 786-788 (1987).</li><li>Kucharski, D., Johanson, I. B., Hall, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+olfactory+conditioning+in+6-day-old+rat+pups.">Unilateral olfactory conditioning in 6-day-old rat pups.</a> Behav Neural Biol. 46, 472-490 (1986).</li><li>Cummings, D. M., Henning, H. E., Brunjes, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+bulb+recovery+after+early+sensory+deprivation.">Olfactory bulb recovery after early sensory deprivation.</a> J Neurosci. 17, 7433-7440 (1997).</li><li>Kucharski, D., Hall, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+change+in+the+access+to+olfactory+memories.">Developmental change in the access to olfactory memories.</a> Behav Neurosci. 102, 340-348 (1988).</li><li>Brunjes, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+odor+deprivation:+time+course+of+changes+in+laminar+volume.">Unilateral odor deprivation: time course of changes in laminar volume.</a> Brain Res Bull. 14, 233-237 (1985).</li><li>Kass, M. D., Pottackal, J., Turkel, D. J., McGann, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+the+neural+representation+of+odorants+after+olfactory+deprivation+in+the+adult+mouse+olfactory+bulb.">Changes in the neural representation of odorants after olfactory deprivation in the adult mouse olfactory bulb.</a> Chem Senses. 38, 77-89 (2013).</li><li>Kim, H. H., Puche, A. C., Margolis, F. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorant+deprivation+reversibly+modulates+transsynaptic+changes+in+the+NR2B-mediated+CREB+pathway+in+mouse+piriform+cortex.">Odorant deprivation reversibly modulates transsynaptic changes in the NR2B-mediated CREB pathway in mouse piriform cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 26, 9548-9559 (2006).</li><li>Korol, D. L., Brunjes, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+changes+in+2-deoxyglucose+uptake+and+amino+acid+incorporation+following+unilateral+odor+deprivation:+a+laminar+analysis.">Rapid changes in 2-deoxyglucose uptake and amino acid incorporation following unilateral odor deprivation: a laminar analysis.</a> Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 52, 75-84 (1990).</li><li>Leung, C. H., Wilson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trans-neuronal+regulation+of+cortical+apoptosis+in+the+adult+rat+olfactory+system.">Trans-neuronal regulation of cortical apoptosis in the adult rat olfactory system.</a> Brain Res. 984, 182-188 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

O modelo de aprendizagem e memória odor lateralizado em filhotes de rato dentro de uma janela de tempo crítico foi estabelecido pela primeira vez por Hall e colegas. Em uma série de estudos 33,34,36, eles mostraram que uma memória preferência odor poderia ser lateralizado por odores + leite pares para um naris em PD 6 em filhotes de ratos. Memória preferência era robusto quando o mesmo naris estava aberta durante o treinamento e teste, mas não observada quando o naris oclusa foi desbloqueado e testado...

O olfato é a modalidade sensorial primário em roedores, sem o que não seria capaz de navegar ou sobreviver em seu ambiente com sucesso. É especialmente importante para os filhotes recém-nascidos, que nem podem ver, nem ouvir, durante a primeira semana pós-natal, para usar o olfato para localizar a sua mãe para alimentar 1. Como resultado, os filhotes de ratos recém-nascidos pode ser condicionado a preferir odores com manipulações experimentais simples. Uma variedade de estímulos têm sido usados ​​como estímulo incondicionado (UCS) para induzir respostas condicionadas a novos odores (estímulo condicionado, CS) em recém-nascidos, incluindo o ambiente de nidificação 2,3, sugando leite 4-6, acariciando ou estimulação tátil 7 12, 13 de aperto da cauda, ​​saliva materna 13, 14-18 leve choque nas patas, intracraniana e a estimulação do cérebro 19. O presente estudo emprega um odor precoce preferência paradigma bem estabelecido, em que o odor, neste caso, de hortelã-pimenta, is combinados com a estimulação táctil de modo a produzir uma preferência para hortelã-pimenta 24 horas mais tarde 10,11,20. Estas memórias odores são dependentes de circuitos olfativa intacta, incluindo principalmente o bulbo olfatório (OB) 21-23 eo córtex piriforme anterior (APC) 24,25. Investigações experimentais do início do aprendizado preferência odor aprofundaram e ampliaram nossa compreensão das bases moleculares e fisiológicos de uma memória dos mamíferos. Este modelo de mamíferos tem várias vantagens em estudar mecanismos de memória. Em primeiro lugar, as fontes neurais do sinal UCS foram identificados. Vários estímulos, como mencionado acima estimular lócus coeruleus liberação de noradrenalina 26, que por sua vez ativa vários receptores adrenérgicos na OB e APC, causando efeitos celulares e fisiológicos que sustentam o aprendizado 22,27,28. Em segundo lugar, os mecanismos de memória de apoio ter lugar em estruturas neurais laminares bem definidas. Asimplicidade do circuito olfativo em ratos recém-nascidos fornece aos pesquisadores do quadro ideal com o qual a desvendar os intrincados processos relacionados com a plasticidade sináptica. Neurônios olfativos sensoriais (OSN) no projeto epitélio olfativo Onto mitral / células tufados no OB e estes mitral / células tufados, por sua vez projeto ipsi para córtex piriforme (PC) via lateral trato olfatório (LOT), entre outras estruturas 29. Ambas as sinapses OSN no OB 30,31 ea LOT sinapses 24,25 na APC foram identificados como loci crítico para mudanças sinápticas que apoiar a aprendizagem ea memória. Em terceiro lugar, em uma idade precoce em ratos, insumos olfativos podem ser facilmente lateralizada. Cada A APC tem acesso à informação odor bilateral através da comissura anterior uma vez que esta substância branca está completamente formado no pós-natal dia 12 (PD12) 32. Antes PD 12, entrada de odor pode ser isolado para ipisilateral OB e APC através único oclusão naris 24,25,31,33,34 &lt;/ Sup&gt;. Oclusão naris Único permite a formação de memória odor do naris aberto, e impede a mesma memória das narinas ocluídas anteriores para PD 12 33. Memória Odor é isolado para o hemisfério ipsilateral incluindo tanto OB e APC. Portanto, cada filhote de rato pode ser seu próprio controle para o aprendizado e subjacente a fisiologia. No presente estudo, o odor cedo protocolo aprendizagem preferência lateralizada é introduzido. Este método serve como uma ferramenta poderosa para o estudo dos mecanismos neurais subjacentes aprendizagem odor, proporcionando um controlo intra-animais 24,25,31, reduzindo assim tanto o número de animais necessários e a variação geral. Oclusão naris é reversível em que o bujão de gordura ou nariz pode ser aplicado e removido com o stress ou dano para o animal mínimo. Aqui, em primeiro lugar, os procedimentos detalhados de treinamento preferência odor cedo e testes são descritos, com foco no protocolo lateralizado usando oclusão naris único com um nsae tampão. Em seguida, os resultados são apresentados para demonstrar a eficácia de oclusão naris único no isolamento de entrada odor e produzindo odor lateralizado memória. Por fim, são discutidas as potencialidades da utilização deste modelo de aprendizagem lateralizado para estudar mudanças fisiológicas no sistema olfativo que ambos geram aprendizado e memória apoio expressão.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Polythylene 20 tubing</td><td>Intramedic</td><td>427406</td><td>Non-radiopaque, Non-toxic</td></tr><tr><td>3-0 Silk suture thread</td><td>Syneture</td><td>Sofsilk</td><td>Non-absorbent</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone grease</td><td>Warner Instrument</td><td>64-0378</td><td>Odorless</td></tr><tr><td>2% Xylocaine gel</td><td>AstraZeneca</td><td>Prod. No 061</td><td>Lidocaine hydrochloride jelly, purchased at local pharmacy</td></tr><tr><td>Paint brush</td><td>Dynasty</td><td>206R</td><td>Similar size/other brands work too</td></tr><tr><td>Peppermint extract</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>W284807</td><td>Other brands should be okay too</td></tr><tr><td>Training box</td><td>Custom-made</td><td>N/A</td><td>Acrylic box (20 x 20 x 5 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), see &lt;b&gt;Figure 2A&lt;/b&gt;. Parameters and material for the box are not critical and can be modified. Material used should be odorless and does not absorb odors</td></tr><tr><td>Testing chamber</td><td>Custom-made</td><td>N/A</td><td>Stainless steel (30 x 20 x 18 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), see &lt;b&gt;Figure 2B&lt;/b&gt;. Parameters and material for the chamber are not critical and can be modified. For example, an acrylic chamber instead of a stainless steel one can be used</td></tr><tr><td>pCREB antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>9198</td><td>Ser 133 (87G3) Rabbit mAb</td></tr><tr><td>Chloral hydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C8383</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehype</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P6148</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9378</td><td>N/A</td></tr></tbody></table>

a lateralized odor learning model in neonatal rats for dissecting neural circuitry underpinning memory formation

Rat pups during a critical postnatal period (&#8804; 10 days) readily form a preference for an odor that is associated with stimuli mimicking maternal care. Such a preference memory can last from hours, to days, even life-long, depending on training parameters. Early odor preference learning provides us with a model in which the critical changes for a natural form of learning occur in the olfactory circuitry. An additional feature that makes it a powerful tool for the analysis of memory processes is that early odor preference learning can be lateralized via single naris occlusion within the critical period. This is due to the lack of mature anterior commissural connections of the olfactory hemispheres at this early age. This work outlines behavioral protocols for lateralized odor learning using nose plugs. Acute, reversible naris occlusion minimizes tissue and neuronal damages associated with long-term occlusion and more aggressive methods such as cauterization. The lateralized odor learning model permits within-animal comparison, therefore greatly reducing variance compared to between-animal designs. This method has been used successfully to probe the circuit changes in the olfactory system produced by training. Future directions include exploring molecular underpinnings of odor memory using this lateralized learning model; and correlating physiological change with memory strength and durations.

Aqui vamos rever alguns dos resultados previamente estabelecidos 24 para demonstrar a eficácia da oclusão naris em isolar entrada odor e aprender a um hemisfério, ea reversibilidade do método. Oclusão Único naris durante o treinamento preferência odor precoce leva a uma memória odor lateralizado 24. A memória é confinado ao naris poupados (Figura 3). Quando os filhotes são testados quanto à preferência de odor com a mesma naris ocluído dur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation at JoVE.com

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

This protocol introduces lateralized early odor preference learning in rats using acute single naris occlusion. Lateralized learning permits the examination of behavioral outcomes and underpinning biological mechanisms within the same animals, reducing variance induced by between-animal designs. This protocol can be used to investigate molecular mechanisms underpinning early odor learning.

Um Modelo de Aprendizagem lateralizados Odor em ratos recém-nascidos para Dissecando Formação Neural dos circuitos Consolidação da Memória

Rat pups during a critical postnatal period (&#8804; 10 days) readily form a preference for an odor that is associated with stimuli mimicking maternal ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.9K visualizações.  Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University. This protocol introduces lateralized early odor preference learning in rats using acute single naris occlusion. Lateralized learning permits the examination of behavioral outcomes and underpinning biological mechanisms within the same animals, reducing variance induced by between-animal designs. This protocol can be used to investigate molecular mechanisms underpinning early odor learning.

Vídeo: A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

O Double-H labirinto: um teste comportamental robusto para Aprendizado e Memória em roedores

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Comportamento

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

Um método para a atividade neural remotamente Silenciando em Roedores Durante fases distintas de Aprendizagem

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

In the following we describe the methodological details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with genetic interference, provides a handle to analyze the neuronal and molecular fundamentals of specifically associative learning in a simple larval brain.
Organisms can use past experience to adjust present behavior. Such acquisition of behavioral potential can be defined as learning, and the physical bases of these potentials as memory traces1-4. Neuroscientists try to understand how these processes are organized in terms of molecular and neuronal changes in the brain by using a variety of methods in model organisms ranging from insects to vertebrates5,6. For such endeavors it is helpful to use model systems that are simple and experimentally accessible. The Drosophila larva has turned out to satisfy these demands based on the availability of robust behavioral assays, the existence of a variety of transgenic techniques and the elementary organization of the nervous system comprising only about 10,000 neurons (albeit with some concessions: cognitive limitations, few behavioral options, and richness of experience questionable)7-10.
Drosophila larvae can form associations between odors and appetitive gustatory reinforcement like sugar11-14. In a standard assay, established in the lab of B. Gerber, animals receive a two-odor reciprocal training: A first group of larvae is exposed to an odor A together with a gustatory reinforcer (sugar reward) and is subsequently exposed to an odor B without reinforcement 9. Meanwhile a second group of larvae receives reciprocal training while experiencing odor A without reinforcement and subsequently being exposed to odor B with reinforcement (sugar reward). In the following both groups are tested for their preference between the two odors. Relatively higher preferences for the rewarded odor reflect associative learning - presented as a performance index (PI). The conclusion regarding the associative nature of the performance index is compelling, because apart from the contingency between odors and tastants, other parameters, such as odor and reward exposure, passage of time and handling do not differ between the two groups9.

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are able to associate odor stimuli with gustatory reward. Here we describe a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of appetitive associative olfactory learning.

Aprendizagem associativa apetitiva olfativa em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; As larvas

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

Neurociência

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in cognitive diseases1-7. Learning and memory can be assayed in larvae to study the effect of neurodevelopmental genes8-10 and in flies to measure the contribution of adult plasticity genes1-7. Furthermore, the short lifespan of Drosophila facilitates the analysis of genes mediating age-related memory impairment5,11-13. The availability of many inducible promoters that subdivide the Drosophila nervous system makes it possible to determine when and where a gene of interest is required for normal memory as well as relay of different aspects of the reinforcement signal3,4,14,16.
Studying memory in adult Drosophila allows for a detailed analysis of the behavior and circuitry involved and a measurement of long-term memory15-17. The length of the adult stage accommodates longer-term genetic, behavioral, dietary and pharmacological manipulations of memory, in addition to determining the effect of aging and neurodegenerative disease on memory3-6,11-13,15-21.
Classical conditioning is induced by the simultaneous presentation of a neutral odor cue (conditioned stimulus, CS+) and a reinforcement stimulus, e.g., an electric shock or sucrose, (unconditioned stimulus, US), that become associated with one another by the animal1,16. A second conditioned stimulus (CS-) is subsequently presented without the US. During the testing phase, Drosophila are simultaneously presented with CS+ and CS- odors. After the Drosophila are provided time to choose between the odors, the distribution of the animals is recorded. This procedure allows associative aversive or appetitive conditioning to be reliably measured without a bias introduced by the innate preference for either of the conditioned stimuli. Various control experiments are also performed to test whether all genotypes respond normally to odor and reinforcement alone.

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

The method to measure adult Drosophila associative memory is described. The assay is based on the ability of the fly to associate an odor presented with a negative reinforcer (electric shock) and then recall this information at a later time, allowing memory to be measured.

Drosophila Adulto Olfativo Choque Aprendizagem

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the ...

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory. In this paper, an effective and low-cost mouse behavioral protocol is described for examining the effects of physiological manipulation (such as the infusion of pharmacological agents) on the learning rate and duration of odor-reward memory. Representative results are provided from a study examining the differential role of tyrosine kinase receptor activity in short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Male mice were conditioned to associate a reward (sugar pellet) with one of the two odors, and their memory for the association was tested 2 or 48 h later. Immediately prior to the training, a tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor inhibitor or vehicle infusions were delivered into the olfactory bulb (OB). Although there was no effect of the infusion on the learning rate, blockade of the Trk receptors in the OB selectively impaired LTM (48 h), and not short-term memory (STM; 2 h). The LTM impairment was attributed to the diminished odor selectivity as measured by the length of the digging time. The culmination of the results of this experiment showed that Trk receptor activation in the OB is the key in olfactory memory consolidation.

An odor-reward, associative learning task was used to investigate the differential effects of physiological manipulation on long-term and short-term memory.

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of the olfactory epithelium continuously give rise to new sensory neurons that extend their axons into the olfactory bulb, where they face the challenge to integrate into existing circuitry. Because of this particular feature, the olfactory system represents a unique opportunity to monitor axonal wiring and guidance, and to investigate synapse formation. Here we describe a procedure for in vivo labeling of sensory neurons and subsequent visualization of axons in the olfactory system of larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. To stain sensory neurons in the olfactory organ we adopt the electroporation technique. In vivo electroporation is an established technique for delivering fluorophore-coupled dextrans or other macromolecules into living cells. Stained sensory neurons and their axonal processes can then be monitored in the living animal either using confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy. By reducing the number of labeled cells to few or single cells per animal, single axons can be tracked into the olfactory bulb and their morphological changes can be monitored over weeks by conducting series of in vivo time lapse imaging experiments. While the described protocol exemplifies the labeling and monitoring of olfactory sensory neurons, it can also be adopted to other cell types within the olfactory and other systems.

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

We describe a protocol for in vivo labeling of olfactory sensory neurons by electroporation and subsequent confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy to visualize neuronal morphology and its development over time.

O Sistema Olfativo como um modelo para estudar os padrões de crescimento axonal e Morfologia<em&gt; In Vivo</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Projetando um olfatômetro flexível e econômico para experimentos olfativos com roedores

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies

The use of olfactometers to study rodent behavior and brain activity during olfactory tasks is crucial for understanding brain circuits. These sophisticated devices allow researchers to precisely control and deliver odor stimuli, enabling the investigation of complex olfactory processes in rodents. Although commercially available olfactometers are convenient, they present challenges when technical issues arise, often requiring costly assistance and potentially disrupting research timelines. This article details the construction of a custom olfactometer specifically designed for mouse olfactory behavior experiments, providing a comprehensive list of parts and step-by-step instructions. The olfactometer is controlled through MATLAB, offering a user-friendly interface for researchers. Importantly, the open-source code allows users to modify and adapt the system, tailoring behavioral tasks to meet specific experimental needs. Building a customized olfactometer empowers users with the knowledge and capability to perform custom experimental design and troubleshooting independently, saving both time and resources. This approach not only enhances research flexibility but also fosters a deeper understanding of the equipment's functionality, ultimately leading to more robust and reliable olfactory studies in rodents.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Construindo um Olfatômetro para Estudos de Comportamento Olfativo de Roedores Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Próximo Estudo de Hipervarredura em Aconselhamento Ps

This protocol describes the construction of an olfactometer for go/no-go olfactory behavior experiments. Step-by-step instructions, along with images, are provided to ensure the successful construction of the olfactometer. Information for troubleshooting issues encountered during the process is also included.

Construindo um olfatômetro para estudos de comportamento olfativo de roedores

The use of olfactometers to study rodent behavior and brain activity during olfactory tasks is crucial for understanding brain circuits. These ...

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2&#8211;4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.

Here, we train mice on an associative learning task to test odor discrimination. This protocol also allows for studies on learning-induced structural changes in the brain.

Um Modelo de Aprendizagem lateralizados Odor em ratos recém-nascidos para Dissecando Formação Neural dos circuitos Consolidação da Memória

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