This work was funded by the Whitehall Foundation and the NIH. We thank Clifford Dax (University of Oregon Technical Support Administration) for his help and expertise in designing a circuit for light delivery.

NOTA: O seguinte protocolo está de acordo com os Institutos Nacionais de Saúde como diretrizes aprovados pela Universidade de Oregon Animal Care e do Comitê Use. 1. Cirurgia aguda <ol><li> Anestesiar o animal com um cocktail de cetamina-medetomidina, via intraperitoneal (ip) (Tabela 1). NOTA: Os ratos usados ​​nestas experiências são gerados pelo cruzamento de um ChR2-EYFP line10 transgénico dependente de cre a Interneuron linhas de driver (Pvalb-iCre11, PV +; Sst-iCre12, SOM +; Cr-iCre12, CR +). Entrega Viral de ChR2 ou opsinas relacionados devem funcionar igualmente bem, assumindo níveis de expressão semelhantes são obtidos. </li><li> Antes de iniciar a cirurgia, garantir que as exposições de animais não resposta a uma pitada toe suave. Re-administração de anestésicos durante todo o experimento como necessário para manter este profundidade da anestesia. Se usar anestésicos injetáveis, opcionalmente implantar um cateter ip para injeções de manutenção. </li><li> Manter o animal hidratado com solução de Ringer com lactato ao longo da experiência (aproximadamente 3 ml / kg / h), por exemplo, utilizando um cocktail de anestésico apropriadamente diluído para injecções de manutenção (Tabela 1) ou solução salina. </li><li> Colocar o animal em um aparelho de cabeça-holding estereotáxica ou outro. Certifique-se que o crânio é bem protegido. Isto é essencial para a manutenção de gravações de célula única estáveis. </li><li> Aplicar pomada opthalamic aos olhos para evitar o ressecamento. Manter a temperatura corporal a 36,5-37 ° C. </li><li> Realize um dreno cisternal para a estabilidade de gravação adicional. Usando uma lâmina de bisturi, remover o tecido a partir da face posterior do crânio para expor a cisterna magna. Faça um pequeno corte na dura para drenar o líquido cefalorraquidiano. Use somente a ponta da lâmina, e evitar entrar em contato com a haste cerebelo ou cérebro. </li><li> Usando o bisturi, realizar uma craniotomia pequena (~ 2 milímetros 2) sobre a área cortical de interesse (por auditivocórtex, cerca de -2,3 mm posterior do bregma, 4.5 mm lateral da linha média). </li><li> Remover a dura-máter e cobrir o córtex exposto, com uma camada de agarose a quente 0,5-1 mm de espessura (1,5% de agarose em solução salina, 0,9% de NaCl; aplicam-se a ~ 37 ° C). Manter a húmido de agarose ao longo da experiência pela aplicação periódica de várias gotas de solução salina. </li></ol> 2. Gravação de Set-up <ol><li> Prepare um eletrodo de tungstênio (14/07 mohms, 127 mm de diâmetro, 12 ° ponta cônica, epóxi-revestido). Supercola o eletrodo a um tubo capilar de vidro e adicione psiquiatra tubulação de calor para grip (Figura 1). </li><li> Monte o eletrodo em um micromanipulator motorizada (ou hidráulica), definida para viajar ortogonal à superfície cortical. Deslize um fio terra sob a pele, contra o crânio. Evitar o contacto com os músculos do lado da cabeça e a parte de trás do pescoço enquanto eles podem gerar artefactos eletromiográficas. </li><li> Amplificar o sinal elétrico usando um amplificador extracelularli er fi adequado para a gravação em uma única unidade, de preferência equipado com um modo de verificação de impedância. Monitorar a atividade spiking em curso (passa-banda 300 - 5000 Hz) com dois osciloscópios e um conjunto de alto-falantes. Aqui, os dados gravados são digitalizados de forma contínua a uma taxa de amostragem de 10 kHz; picos são extraídos off-line. </li><li> Avance o eléctrodo através da agarose até que a ponta atinge a superfície do córtex. Observe este passo através de um microscópio. &quot;Zero&quot; esta posição no micromanipulator. </li><li> Para aproximar melhor a profundidade de gravação, confirmar visualmente que a ponta do eléctrodo sai da superfície cortical, a uma profundidade de zero quando a retirada do eléctrodo na extremidade de uma penetração. NOTA: A discrepância entre a leitura do manipulador e da posição do eletrodo observado indica que ele se afastou em relação ao tecido. Isto pode ser causada pela instabilidade do cérebro ou animal, ou manipulador deriva. <ol><li> Como uma verificação adicional para garantir queeste conjunto de ponto zero corresponde à superfície do córtex, monitorizar potenciais de campo evocadas por estímulo enquanto avança através das primeiras várias centenas de micrómetros de tecido. Ao monitorar potenciais de campo, diminuir o menor corte do filtro passa-banda do amplificador extracelular para 10 Hz. Confirmar que a polaridade do potencial de campo local inverte em torno de uma profundidade de ~ 100 pm, perto da fronteira I / II 13 camada. Este é um ponto de referência confiável para o córtex auditivo, mas pode variar para outras áreas corticais. </li></ol></li><li> Montar uma fibra óptica acoplada a uma fonte de luz azul (Figura 2) para um micromanipulador manual. Utilizando o microscópio, posicionar a ponta da fibra tão perto da superfície da agarose quanto possível. Centrar o feixe em que o eléctrodo vai entrar no tecido. </li><li> Regular a saída da fonte de luz com uma unidade de controle capaz de entregar um TTL (lógica transistor-transistor) trem de pulsos de largura e duratio especificadon- por exemplo, um Arduino (Figura 3), um cartão de computador de I / O (como mostrado), ou um gerador de impulsos disponíveis comercialmente. <ol><li> Monitorar o sinal em ambos os osciloscópios. </li></ol></li><li> Meça a potência total da luz (mW) na ponta da fibra óptica, utilizando um medidor de potência. Use esse valor para calcular a irradiância (mW / mm 2), dividindo pela área da secção transversal do núcleo da fibra. Comece com um valor de intensidade no intervalo de 10 - 15 mW / mm 2 e ajuste para baixo, se necessário, até artefactos são eliminados. </li><li> Verifique a existência de artefatos de luz com o eletrodo na agarose, pronta para entrar no tecido. Comece a busca de trem de pulso (por exemplo, 30 pulsos de luz ms, 500 ms intervalo interstimulus (ISI)). <ol><li> Elimine artefactos de luz transitórios (Figura 4) por reposicionamento da fibra óptica relativa ao eléctrodo para mudar o ângulo da luz incidente. Se artefatos persistir, tente diminuir o poder da luz. Em the caso raro que os artefatos não podem ser completamente eliminados (apenas minimizado), prolongar a duração do pulso de pesquisa. Isto pode ajudar a identificar os verdadeiros pontos neuronais. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Em linha reta PINP-in &#39; <ol><li> Avance o eléctrodo lentamente através do cérebro, a uma taxa de aproximadamente 1 mm / seg. Use um osciloscópio para monitorar a atividade em curso. Por outro lado, desencadear os pulsos de laser. </li><li> Escutar para o &#39;de hash &quot;fraco de picos de luz evocado no monitor de áudio, o que indica que o eléctrodo está a aproximar de uma célula ChR2 + e pode muitas vezes ser percebido bem antes de o sinal eléctrico é aparente no osciloscópio. Diminuir a taxa de antecedência. NOTA: Se a célula situa-se no caminho do eletrodo, a atividade de luz evocada vai crescer mais (e mais alto). À medida que o eléctrodo se aproxima de uma única interneurónio, vai resolver o hash em pequenos mas bem definidas picos de tamanho e forma uniforme. </li><li> Assim que lispikes evocado-GHT são grandes o suficiente para desencadear de individualmente no osciloscópio, começar a fazer isso. Ajustar a escala no eixo horizontal para observar a forma exacta da forma de onda de pico. </li><li> Pare e espere o tecido para resolver. Resistir à tentação para mover o eléctrodo mais perto da célula. Este passo é crítico para uma leitura estável. Se depois de vários minutos a relação sinal-para-ruído não melhorou - isto é, o tecido tem resolvido, mas não trouxe a célula mais perto da ponta do eléctrodo - 5 um avanço adicional e esperar de novo. <ol><li> Repita esse processo até que o pico ou a calha do potencial de ação pode ser capturada de forma confiável com um limiar de tensão definir bem acima do ruído de fundo (por exemplo, +/- 300 mV ou mais). NOTA: Há pouco risco de resultados falso-positivos ou ambigüidade quando PINPing interneurônios inibitórios. A maioria das células pode facilmente seguir um trem de pulsos com duração de 30 ms e inter-pulintervalo de 500 ms si só, ou mais rápido, com um primeiro pico de latência de confiança de 2-5 mseg (Figura 5). A maioria das células fotovoltaicas +, em particular, pode sustentar a disparar para um total de 1 seg (Figura 6). Porque estes são neurônios inibitórios, disynaptic ativação (indireto) não é uma grande preocupação. </li></ol></li><li> Durante a gravação, monitorar a atividade em curso no primeiro osciloscópio. Mantenha um olhar atento sobre o tamanho ea forma dos picos usando o segundo osciloscópio. Observe a qualidade de seu som no alto-falante. <ol><li> Ouça com atenção para mudanças abruptas, que indicam que a célula é qualquer desenho muito próximo ao eletrodo (onde corre o risco de ser empalado ou danificado), ou está se afastando. Se os picos se tornam grandes e distorcida, voltar para fora; se tornam menores, avançar o eletrodo. Mova-se lentamente em 2 mm etapas. </li><li> Confirme a qualidade da gravação post-hoc sobrepondo todas as formas de onda de pico, alinhados ao pico ou vale. Variar os thres tensãosegurar. Através de uma ampla gama de valores de limiar, não só deve ser sempre uma forma consistente pico de altura uniforme (Figura 5a). </li></ol></li><li> Se em algum momento o sinal torna-se contaminado com pontas de um neurônio vizinho, seguir em frente. Avance lentamente, no off-chance de que o eletrodo vai passar fora do alcance da célula vizinha, mas permanecem na faixa do neurônio alvo. (Isto é geralmente sem sucesso.) </li><li> Mover o eléctrodo através de toda a profundidade do córtex (900 + im) em cada penetração. Se nenhuma luz neurônios responsivos são encontradas depois de muitas penetrações ou, pelo contrário, as gravações são rotineiramente contaminados com picos de células ChR2- vizinhos, tente um novo eletrodo. NOTA: Mesmo dentro de um único lote, a geometria de impedância e ponta de eletrodos individuais podem variar consideravelmente. Ambos os fatores contribuem para a efetiva &quot;Raio escuta&quot; do eletrodo, o que deve ser grande o suficiente para detectar picos de luz evocados while pesquisa, ainda restringido o suficiente para permitir a gravação de um único interneurónio isoladamente. </li><li> Teste a impedância de eléctrodos como desejado. Para evitar danificar o tecido, fazer isso com a ponta do eléctrodo na parte superior da camada de agarose, bem fora do cérebro. Dentro da faixa de 7-14 mohms, a impedância exata não é um preditor certeza de desempenho, ou rendimento, para esta aplicação. Dito isto, é um proxy razoável para o raio de escuta: eletrodos de baixa impedância pegar mais unidades; de alta impedância, menos. </li><li> No fim do experimento, os animais a eutanásia por meio institucional-aprovados, tais como sobredosagem anestésica, ou luxação cervical sob um plano de anestesia profunda. </li></ol>

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	<li>Lima, S. Q., Hromadka, T., Znamenskiy, P., Zador, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PINP:+a+new+method+of+tagging+neuronal+populations+for+identification+during+in+vivo+electrophysiological+recording.">PINP: a new method of tagging neuronal populations for identification during in vivo electrophysiological recording.</a> PLoS One. 4, (2009).</li><li>Moore, A. K., Wehr, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parvalbumin-expressing+inhibitory+interneurons+in+auditory+cortex+are+well-tuned+for+frequency.">Parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons in auditory cortex are well-tuned for frequency.</a> J Neurosci. 33, 13713-13723 (2013).</li><li>Merchant, H., de Lafuente, V., Pena-Ortega, F., Larriva-Sahd, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+impact+of+interneuronal+inhibition+in+the+cerebral+cortex+of+behaving+animals.">Functional impact of interneuronal inhibition in the cerebral cortex of behaving animals.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 99, 163-178 (2012).</li><li>Markram, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneurons+of+the+neocortical+inhibitory+system.">Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 5, 793-807 (2004).</li><li>Atallah, B. V., Bruns, W., Carandini, M., Scanziani, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parvalbumin-expressing+interneurons+linearly+transform+cortical+responses+to+visual+stimuli.">Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons linearly transform cortical responses to visual stimuli.</a> Neuron. 73, 159-170 (2012).</li><li>Wilson, N. R., Runyan, C. A., Wang, F. L., Sur, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Division+and+subtraction+by+distinct+cortical+inhibitory+networks+in+vivo.">Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo.</a> Nature. 488, 343-348 (2012).</li><li>Letzkus, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+disinhibitory+microcircuit+for+associative+fear+learning+in+the+auditory+cortex.">A disinhibitory microcircuit for associative fear learning in the auditory cortex.</a> Nature. 480, 331-335 (2011).</li><li>Pi, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+interneurons+that+specialize+in+disinhibitory+control.">Cortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control.</a> Nature. 503, 521-524 (2013).</li><li>Adesnik, H., Bruns, W., Taniguchi, H., Huang, Z. J., Scanziani, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neural+circuit+for+spatial+summation+in+visual+cortex.">A neural circuit for spatial summation in visual cortex.</a> Nature. 490, 226-231 (2012).</li><li>Madisen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+toolbox+of+Cre-dependent+optogenetic+transgenic+mice+for+light-induced+activation+and+silencing.">A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15, 793-802 (2012).</li><li>Hippenmeyer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+developmental+switch+in+the+response+of+DRG+neurons+to+ETS+transcription+factor+signaling.">A developmental switch in the response of DRG neurons to ETS transcription factor signaling.</a> PLoS Biol. 3, 159 (2005).</li><li>Taniguchi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+resource+of+Cre+driver+lines+for+genetic+targeting+of+GABAergic+neurons+in+cerebral+cortex.">A resource of Cre driver lines for genetic targeting of GABAergic neurons in cerebral cortex.</a> Neuron. 71, 995-1013 (2011).</li><li>Christianson, G. 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The authors have no competing financial interests.

Embora PINP é conceitualmente simples, ele pode ser um desafio na prática. Um dos principais determinantes do sucesso é a escolha do eletrodo. O raio de audição eléctrica é o parâmetro crítico. Ele deve ser suficientemente grande para detectar picos de luz evocado quando a ponta é ainda a certa distância a partir de uma célula ChR2 +, de modo que se pode ajustar a velocidade de avanço em conformidade. Ao mesmo tempo, deve ser restringido o suficiente para permitir um bom isolamento única unidade. Ou seja, ...

Characterizing the myriad cell types that comprise the mammalian brain has been a central, but long-elusive goal of neurophysiology. For instance, the properties and function of different inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex are topics of great interest but are still relatively unknown. This is in part because conventional blind in vivo recording techniques are limited in their ability to distinguish between different cell types. Extracellular spike width can be used to separate putative parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons from excitatory pyramidal cells, but this method is subject to both type I and type II errors2,3. Alternatively, recorded neurons can be filled, recovered, and stained to later confirm their morphological and molecular identity, but this is a pain-staking and time-consuming process. Recently, genetically identified populations of inhibitory interneurons have become accessible by means of calcium imaging or visually guided patch recordings. In these approaches, viral or transgenic expression of a calcium reporter (such as GCaMP) or fluorescent protein (such as GFP) allows identification and characterization of cell types defined by promoter expression. These approaches use 2-photon microscopy, which requires expensive equipment, and are also limited to superficial cortical layers due to the light scattering properties of brain tissue. 
Recently, Lima and colleagues1 developed a novel application of optogenetics to target electrophysiological recordings to genetically identified neuronal types in vivo, termed &#8220;PINP&#8221; &#8211; or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. Unlike many other optogenetic applications, the goal is not to manipulate circuit function but simply to identify neurons belonging to a genetically-defined class, which can then be characterized during normal brain function. The technique can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment and can therefore serve as an accessible and inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching. Here we describe an approach to PINPing specific cell types in the anesthetized auditory cortex, with the expectation that the more general points can be usefully applied in other preparations and brain regions.
In cortex, PINP holds particular promise for investigating the in vivo response properties of inhibitory interneurons. GABAergic interneurons comprise a small, heterogeneous subset of cortical neurons4. Different subtypes, marked by the expression of particular molecular markers, have recently been shown to perform different computational roles in cortical circuits5-9. As genetic tools improve it may eventually be possible to distinguish morphologically- and physiologically-separable types that fall within these broad classes. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. This strategy was developed specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but we have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons. Although PINPing is conceptually straightforward, it can be surprisingly unyielding in practice. We learned a number of tips and tricks through trial-and-error that may be useful to others attempting the method.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ChR2-EYFP Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>12569</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pvalb-iCre (PV) Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>8069</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sst-iCre (SOM) Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>13044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cr-iCre (CR) Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>10774</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9793</td><td>Type III-A, High EEO</td></tr><tr><td>Micro Point (dural hook)</td><td>FST</td><td>10066-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Scissors</td><td>FST</td><td>14084-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel</td><td>FST</td><td>10003-12 (handle), 10011-00 (blades)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td><td>Foster &amp;amp; Smith</td><td>9N-76855</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homeothermic Blanket</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>&lt;a name=&quot;RANGE!C11&quot;&gt;507220F&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten Microelectrodes</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>577200</td><td>12 M&amp;Omega; AC resistance, 127 &amp;mu;m diameter, 12&amp;deg; tapered tip, epoxy-coated</td></tr><tr><td>Capillary Glass Tubing</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>G150TF-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat Shrink Tubing</td><td>DigiKey</td><td>A332B-4-ND</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zapit Accelerator</td><td>DVA</td><td>SKU ZA/ZAA</td><td>Use with standard Super Glue.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode AC Amplifier 1800</td><td>AM Systems</td><td>700000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MP-285 Motorized Micromanipulator</td><td>Sutter</td><td>MP-285</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-channel Digital Oscilloscopes</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>TDS2000C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powered Speakers</td><td>Harman</td><td>Model JBL&amp;nbsp;Duet</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manual Manipulator</td><td>Scientifica</td><td>LBM-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>800 &amp;micro;m Fiber Optic Patch Cable</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>FC/PC BFL37-800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Meter</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>PM100D (Power Meter), S121C (Standard Power Sensor)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>475 nm Cree XLamp XP-E</td><td>DigiKey</td><td>XPEBLU-L1-R250-00Y01DKR-ND</td><td>LED power and efficiency are continually increasing, so we recommend checking for the latest products (www.cree.com).</td></tr><tr><td>Arduino UNO</td><td>DigiKey</td><td>1050-1024-ND</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a guide to in vivo single-unit recording from optogenetically identified cortical inhibitory interneurons

Um grande desafio em neurofisiologia tem sido a de caracterizar as propriedades de resposta e função dos inúmeros tipos de células inibitória no córtex cerebral. Nós aqui partilhar a nossa estratégia para a obtenção estáveis, bem isoladas gravações de uma única unidade de interneurônios inibitórios identificadas no córtex anestesiado mouse usando um método desenvolvido por Lima e colaboradores um. As gravações são realizadas em ratinhos que expressam channelrodopsina-2 (ChR2) em subpopulações neuronais específicas. Os membros da população são identificados pela sua resposta a um breve flash de luz azul. Esta técnica - chamada de &quot;PINP&quot;, ou Identificação fotoestimulação-assistida de Populações Neuronais - pode ser implementado com equipamento de gravação extracelular padrão. Ela pode servir como uma alternativa barata e acessível a imagiologia de cálcio ou patching visualmente-guiado, com o objectivo de direccionamento gravações extracelulares de células identificadas geneticamente. Here nós fornecemos um conjunto de diretrizes para a otimização do método na prática diária. Nós refinado nossa estratégia especificamente para alvejar as células parvalbumina-positivo (PV +), mas descobriram que ele funciona para outros tipos interneuron, bem como, tais como (CR +) interneurons expressando Calretinin-somatostatina expressando (SOM +) e.

Nós aqui partilhar a nossa estratégia para a obtenção de gravações de uma única unidade de interneurônios inibitórios geneticamente classificados no córtex anestesiado rato, utilizando um método optogenetic desenvolvido por Lima et al. A Tabela 1 detalha o cocktail anestésico sugerido, quetamina-medetomidina-acepromazina (1 &quot;. KMA &quot;). A Figura 1 representa um microeléctrodo de tungsténio, preparado para a gravação. A figura 2</strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons at JoVE.com

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

Um Guia para<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Gravação única unidade de Optogenetically Identificado Cortical Inibitória Interneurônios

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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Neuroscience

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

19.1K visualizações.  University of Oregon. Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching. 

Vídeo: A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic nerve. In vivo recordings of ganglion cell spike trains in several animal models have revealed much of what is known about how the early visual system processes and encodes visual information. However, such recordings have been rare in one of the most common animal models, the rat, possibly owing to difficulty in detecting spikes fired by small diameter axons. The many retinal disease models involving rats motivate a need for characterizing the functional properties of ganglion cells without disturbing the eye, as with intraocular or in vitro recordings. Here, we demonstrate a method for recording ganglion cell spike trains from the optic chiasm of the anesthetized rat. We first show how to fabricate tungsten-in-glass electrodes that can pick up electrical activity from single ganglion cell axons in rat. The electrodes outperform all commercial ones that we have tried. We then illustrate our custom-designed stereotaxic system for in vivo visual neurophysiology experiments and our procedures for animal preparation and reliable and stable electrode placement in the optic chiasm.

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retinal ganglion cells transmit visual information from the eye to the brain with sequences of action potentials. Here, we demonstrate how to record the action potentials of single ganglion cells in vivo from anesthetized rats.

Única unidade de In vivo Gravações do quiasma óptico de rato

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

Neurociência

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into diverse subtypes based on their immunochemical, morphological, and physiological properties1-4. Although previous research has revealed much about intrinsic properties of individual types of inhibitory neurons, knowledge about their local circuit connections is still relatively limited3,5,6. Given that each individual neuron's function is shaped by its excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input within cortical circuits, we have been using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) to map local circuit connections to specific inhibitory cell types. Compared to conventional electrical stimulation or glutamate puff stimulation, LSPS has unique advantages allowing for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local functional inputs to individually recorded neurons3,7-9. Laser photostimulation via glutamate uncaging selectively activates neurons perisomatically, without activating axons of passage or distal dendrites, which ensures a sub-laminar mapping resolution. The sensitivity and efficiency of LSPS for mapping inputs from many stimulation sites over a large region are well suited for cortical circuit analysis.
Here we introduce the technique of LSPS combined with whole-cell patch clamping for local inhibitory circuit mapping. Targeted recordings of specific inhibitory cell types are facilitated by use of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent proteins (GFP) in limited inhibitory neuron populations in the cortex3,10, which enables consistent sampling of the targeted cell types and unambiguous identification of the cell types recorded. As for LSPS mapping, we outline the system instrumentation, describe the experimental procedure and data acquisition, and present examples of circuit mapping in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. As illustrated in our experiments, caged glutamate is activated in a spatially restricted region of the brain slice by UV laser photolysis; simultaneous voltage-clamp recordings allow detection of photostimulation-evoked synaptic responses. Maps of either excitatory or inhibitory synaptic input to the targeted neuron are generated by scanning the laser beam to stimulate hundreds of potential presynaptic sites. Thus, LSPS enables the construction of detailed maps of synaptic inputs impinging onto specific types of inhibitory neurons through repeated experiments. Taken together, the photostimulation-based technique offers neuroscientists a powerful tool for determining the functional organization of local cortical circuits.

This paper introduces an approach of combining laser scanning photostimulation with whole cell recordings in transgenic mice expressing GFP in limited inhibitory neuron populations. The technique allows for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local synaptic circuits of specific inhibitory cortical neurons.

Mapeamento Inibitória Circuitos Neuronal por Laser Scanning fotoestimulação

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into ...

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

Optogenetic methods have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range of species. Optogenetic tools of microbial origin consist of light-sensitive membrane proteins that are able to activate (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) or silence (e.g., halorhodopsin, NpHR) neural activity ingenetically-defined cell types over behaviorally-relevant timescales. We first demonstrate a simple approach for adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of ChR2 and NpHR transgenes to the dorsal subiculum and prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex in rat. Because ChR2 and NpHR are genetically targetable, we describe the use of this technology to control the electrical activity of specific populations of neurons (i.e., pyramidal neurons) embedded in heterogeneous tissue with high temporal precision. We describe herein the hardware, custom software user interface, and procedures that allow for simultaneous light delivery and electrical recording from transduced pyramidal neurons in an anesthetized in vivo preparation. These light-responsive tools provide the opportunity for identifying the causal contributions of different cell types to information processing and behavior.

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

The recent development of neuroscience tools that combine genetics and optics, termed "optogenetics", enables control over neural circuit activity with an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal resolution. Here we provide a protocol for integrating in vivo recording with optogenetic manipulation of genetically-defined subsets of prefrontal cortical and subicular pyramidal neurons.

Um Método para High Fidelity Optogenetic Controle de Individual Piramidal neurônios<em&gt; In vivo</em

Optogenetic methods  have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity  underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Whole-cell Recordings patch-clamp de Morphologically- e identificados Neuroquimicamente hipocampo Interneurônios

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated proteins and subsequent manipulation of neural activity by light. Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation-channels and when fused to a fluorescent protein their expression allows for visualization and concurrent activation of specific cell types and their axonal projections in defined areas of the brain. Via stereotactic injection of viral vectors, ChR fusion proteins can be constitutively or conditionally expressed in specific cells of a defined brain region, and their axonal projections can subsequently be studied anatomically and functionally via ex vivo optogenetic activation in brain slices. This is of particular importance when aiming to understand synaptic properties of connections that could not be addressed with conventional electrical stimulation approaches, or in identifying novel afferent and efferent connectivity that was previously poorly understood. Here, a few examples illustrate how this technique can be applied to investigate these questions to elucidating fear-related circuits in the amygdala. The amygdala is a key region for acquisition and expression of fear, and storage of fear and emotional memories. Many lines of evidence suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) participates in different aspects of fear acquisition and extinction, but its precise connectivity with the amygdala is just starting to be understood. First, it is shown how ex vivo optogenetic activation can be used to study aspects of synaptic communication between mPFC afferents and target cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, it is illustrated how this ex vivo optogenetic approach can be applied to assess novel connectivity patterns using a group of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala, the paracapsular intercalated cell cluster (mpITC), as an example.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are widely used to manipulate neural activity and assess the consequences for brain function. Here, a technique is outlined that&#160;upon in vivo expression of the optical activator Channelrhodopsin, allows for ex vivo analysis of synaptic properties of specific long range and local neural connections in fear-related circuits.

Ex Vivo optogenética Dissection de Circuitos medo no cérebro Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

It is a major concern in neuroscience how different types of neurons work in neural circuits. Recent advances in optogenetics have enabled the identification of the neuronal type in in vivo electrophysiological experiments in broad brain regions. In optogenetics experiments, it is critical to deliver the light to the recording site. However, it is often hard to deliver the stimulation light to the deep brain regions from the brain&#39;s surface. Especially, it is difficult for the stimulation light to reach the deep brain regions when the optical transparency of the brain surface is low, as is often the case with recordings from awake animals. Here, we describe a method to record spike responses to the light from an awake mouse using a custom-made glass optrode. In this method, the light is delivered through the recording glass electrode so that it is possible to reliably stimulate the recorded neuron with light in the deep brain regions. This custom-made optrode system consists of accessible and inexpensive materials and is easy to assemble.

This work introduces a method to perform an optogenetic single-unit recording reliably from an awake mouse using a custom-made glass optrode.

Identificação de Optogenetics de um tipo Neuronal com um Optrode de vidro em ratos acordados

It is a major concern in neuroscience how different types of neurons work in neural circuits. Recent advances in optogenetics have enabled the ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional investigation of long-range connections requires targeted recordings of single neurons combined with the specific stimulation of identified distant inputs. This is often difficult to achieve with conventional and electrical stimulation techniques, because axons from converging upstream brain areas may intermingle in the target region. The stereotaxic targeting of a specific brain region for virus-mediated expression of light-sensitive ion channels allows selective stimulation of axons originating from that region with light. Intracerebral stereotaxic injections can be used in well-delimited structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, in addition to other subcortical or cortical areas throughout the brain.
Described here is a set of techniques for precise stereotaxic injection of viral vectors expressing channelrhodopsin in the mouse brain, followed by photostimulation of axon terminals in the brain slice preparation. These protocols are simple and widely applicable. In combination with whole-cell patch clamp recording from a postsynaptically connected neuron, photostimulation of axons allows the detection of functional synaptic connections, pharmacological characterization, and evaluation of their strength. In addition, biocytin filling of the recorded neuron can be used for post-hoc morphological identification of the postsynaptic neuron.

This protocol describes a set of methods to identify the cell-type specific functional connectivity of long-range inputs from distant brain regions using optogenetic stimulations in ex vivo brain slices.

In vivo intracerebral injeções Estereotaxicas para estimulação Optogenética de entradas de longo alcance em fatias de cérebro de rato

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect distinct cellular and network components of these circuits remains unclear. Ex vivo brain slices provide a means by which investigators may probe discrete components of complex networks and disentangle potential mechanisms underlying the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses. To isolate potential cell type- and pathway-specific drug effects in brain slices, investigators must be able to independently activate afferent fiber pathways, identify non-overlapping populations of cells, and apply volatile anesthetics to the tissue in aqueous solution. In this protocol, methods to measure optogenetically-evoked responses to two independent afferent pathways to neocortex in ex vivo brain slices are described. Extracellular responses are recorded to assay network activity and targeted whole-cell patch clamp recordings are conducted in somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Delivery of physiologically relevant concentrations of isoflurane via artificial cerebral spinal fluid to modulate cellular and network responses is described.

Ex vivo brain slices can be used to study the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses to afferent inputs. Optogenetics are employed to independently activate thalamocortical and corticocortical afferents to non-primary neocortex, and synaptic and network responses are modulated with isoflurane.

Ativação optogenética de caminhos diferentes em fatias cerebrais e modulação de respostas por anestésicos voláteis

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Traditional in vitro electrophysiological techniques use electrical stimulation to evoke synaptic transmission. A major drawback of this method is its nonspecific nature; all axons in the region of the stimulating electrode will be activated, making it difficult to attribute an effect to a particular afferent connection. This issue can be overcome by replacing electrical stimulation with optogenetic-based stimulation. We describe a method for combining optogenetics with in vitro patch-clamp recordings. This is a powerful tool for the study of both basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity of precise anatomically defined synaptic connections and is applicable to almost any pathway in the brain. Here, we describe the preparation and handling of a viral vector encoding channelrhodopsin protein for surgical injection into a pre-synaptic region of interest (medial prefrontal cortex) in the rodent brain and making of acute slices of downstream target regions (lateral entorhinal cortex). A detailed procedure for combining patch-clamp recordings with synaptic activation by light stimulation to study short- and long-term synaptic plasticity is also presented. We discuss examples of experiments that achieve pathway- and cell-specificity by combining optogenetics and Cre-dependent cell labeling. Finally, histological confirmation of the pre-synaptic region of interest is described along with biocytin labeling of the post-synaptic cell, to allow further identification of the precise location and cell type.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Here we present a protocol describing viral transduction of discrete brain regions with optogenetic constructs to permit synapse-specific electrophysiological characterization in acute rodent brain slices.

Ex Vivo Interrogação Optogenética da Transmissão Sináptica de Longo Alcance e Plasticidade do Córtex Pré-frontal Medial para o Córtex Entorrinal Lateral

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. ...

Photostimulation and Whole-Cell Patch Clamp Recordings of Neurons in Mouse Hippocampal Slices

Source: Richevaux, L., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/59534">In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
The video demonstrates a protocol to study synaptic interactions and neuronal responses in a transfected mouse hippocampal brain slice. It involves illuminating long-range sensory neurons to trigger action potentials and recording the resulting excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the recorded neuron using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.

Fotoestimulação e gravações de grampo de remendo de células inteiras de neurônios em fatias de hipocampo de camundongos

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Solutions for acute slice ...

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