General equilibrium analysis examines how different markets within an economy interact and adjust to reach a state of balance. However, equilibrium does not always align with what society considers desirable. To assess market outcomes, economists rely on specific standards, one of which is the social welfare function.

A social welfare function is a mathematical tool used to evaluate society's overall well-being by aggregating the utilities of all individuals. It provides a framework for judging whether an economic outcome improves societal welfare.

Utilitarian Social Welfare Function

One of the most common types of social welfare functions is the Utilitarian Social Welfare Function. It sums up the utilities of all individuals, giving equal importance to each person's utility.

Key Characteristics:

• Focuses on maximizing total welfare across the economy
• Does not account for how utility is distributed among individuals

For example, in an economy with three individuals, the welfare function considers only the sum of their utilities. If two different outcomes result in the same total utility, they are deemed equally desirable, even if one is highly unequal.

Implications of Utilitarianism

While utilitarianism emphasizes efficiency by maximizing total welfare, it does not prioritize equity. This can lead to scenarios where welfare is maximized at the expense of fairness. For instance:

• A situation where one person holds most of the utility while others have very little may still be considered optimal under this framework.
• Redistribution of resources is often ignored if it does not increase total welfare.

The utilitarian approach is a valuable tool in evaluating social welfare but has limitations in addressing equity concerns. Alternative welfare functions, such as Rawlsian or egalitarian approaches, can incorporate fairness considerations, offering a broader perspective on societal well-being.