eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Basic Housing of Mice
<ol>
	<li>House the mice in plastic cages with solid bottoms and sides, and a layer of soft bedding and nesting material such as paper shredding. Use bedding that is composed of shredded corn cobs or wood shavings, and ensure that the bedding is changed regularly for sanitation.</li>
	<li>Provide access to food and water&#160;ad libitum. The top of the plastic cage houses a food hopper. Dispense properly formulated mouse food pellets from the food hopper&#160;and provide a water dispenser. Ensure that the cage top features an air filter to protect mice from outside contaminants.</li>
	<li>Maintain the natural circadian rhythms of the mice by following a 12-hour light-dark cycle in the housing facility. Conduct behavioral testing at the same time of day, ideally during the animal&#39;s dark cycle, such as during the evening hours. 
	NOTE: Care should be taken to distinguish mice in the housing. Various methods for distinguishing mice are available, such as ear punches, ear tags, and tail markings.</li>
</ol>
2. Barnes Maze Testing: Construction
<ol>
	<li>Obtain a circular wooden board that is 120 cm in diameter.</li>
	<li>Cut 20 circular holes (4.5 cm in diameter) around the perimeter of the circle. Position each hole to be 2.5 cm away from the maze edge and 13 cm apart from neighboring holes.</li>
	<li>Smooth the surfaces and paint them glossy white (a bright color is recommended).</li>
	<li>Designate one side of the maze board for insertion of small cup hooks roughly 2&#8211;3 cm away from each of the 20 holes&#160;and place two hooks for each hole (one on either side of each hole).</li>
	<li>Use shallow black (plastic) disks for covering holes on side of maze with hooks. Use hooks to secure thick rubber bands in order to hold the disks onto the bottom of the maze.</li>
	<li>Securely mount the Barnes maze 120 cm above the ground and away from other similarly tall objects like tables or chairs. A box or stool can be used to support the middle of the maze.</li>
	<li>Place large white posters with one shape on each wall (triangle, circle, and cross) as extra-maze cues on 3 sides of the maze. Maintain the posters on the walls around the maze for each trial.</li>
	<li>On last side of maze, set up a solid black curtain to hide observers so that data can be recorded accurately without the researchers being visible to mice on the maze.</li>
	<li>Suspend a video camera over the arena with a bird&#39;s-eye view of the entire maze surface.</li>
	<li>Clean every surface of the maze (black disks and target box included) with water then a 70% ethanol solution before and after each mouse trial.</li>
	<li>Place a 100 W light source 25 cm over center of maze (turn on/off at the start/finish of trial) and be sure to have the disks and hooks facing the floor. 
	NOTE: All other overhead lights in the room should be turned off during testing. The addition of an ultrasonic noise maker hung next to 100 W light is recommended. Turn it on/off at the start/finish of each trial.</li>
</ol>
3. Barnes Maze Testing: Procedure
NOTE: Ensure that all the maze components are cleaned with water and 70% ethanol solution before and after each trial, allowing for time to dry completely before testing resumes. Be sure to have cleaning supplies ready as well as timers for the trials.
<ol>
	<li>House all the mice in groups while using a reliable identification method. Keep mice outside of the testing room when they are not actively running on the maze. This is to ensure they are not subjected to the ultrasonic noisemaker prematurely.</li>
	<li>Handle mice by gently picking up and holding them from the base of the tail, with the paws kept on one&#39;s hand.</li>
	<li>For training, have the mice run on the maze daily once per day for 7 days in a row to assess learning/acquisition. 
	NOTE: A single long-term trial can be done on a later date to assess memory/retention. The current protocol trained adolescent mice beginning at postnatal day 32&#160;and a long-term trial was performed in adults at 4 months of age.</li>
	<li>Randomly assign each mouse to a target hole to use throughout the testing period. The holes can be labeled 1&#8211;20 on the bottom of the maze or on the outside of the maze perimeter, where they are not visible to the mouse in the maze.</li>
	<li>Replace the assigned hole disk with a small black box (23 x 11 cm). Firmly attach it to the Barnes maze using rubber bands connected to the nearest hooks. 
	NOTE: The target box is shallow enough so that the mouse can easily step down into it or contains a step to ensure that the mouse does not have to jump down into it.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse onto the center of the maze beneath a cup to acclimate for 30 seconds until the test begins. Begin video recording.</li>
	<li>Turn on the light and ultrasonic noisemaker. Lift the cup via a string mechanism to avoid biasing the initial heading of the animal. Start a timer and sit behind the curtain to observe.</li>
	<li>After the mouse enters the target hole, cover the hole with the same opaque cup used at the start of the trial or a binder and turn off the ultrasonic noisemaker. If the mouse has not entered the target after 5 minutes have elapsed, corral the mouse into the target hole.
	<ol>
		<li>Ensure the mouse enters the hole. When mouse is inside the target box, cover the hole and turn off the noisemaker. Allow the mouse to remain in the target box for 1 minute undisturbed.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Although the target hole will remain constant for each mouse throughout the training period, run mice in a random order each day to ensure that they are not following any cues/scents left by the previous mouse.</li>
</ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Petri Dishes</td><td>Corning</td><td>353025</td><td>Spray painted and used as covers for Barnes maze holes</td></tr><tr><td>Plywood (3/4 in.)</td><td>LP Building Products</td><td>22487</td><td>To construct Barnes maze</td></tr><tr><td>Spray Paint</td><td>Krylon</td><td>1274937</td><td>Used to paint petri dish caps black, white paint used to paint plywood</td></tr><tr><td>Cup Hooks (5/8 in.)</td><td>Ace Hardware</td><td>5360615</td><td>2 used on either side of ventral hole surfaces; rubberband wraps around hooks to hold cap flat</td></tr><tr><td>Poster Board</td><td>Creatology</td><td></td><td>Used at edges of maze as extra cues</td></tr><tr><td>Light Bulbs</td><td>Phillips</td><td></td><td>100W light bulb, used during the trials</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber bands</td><td>Sprano Brand</td><td></td><td>Size 62, used to keep caps held to plywood</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic noisemaker</td><td>Victor mini PestChaser</td><td>M753SN</td><td>Used as aversive stimuli</td></tr></tbody></table>

barnes maze: a method for assessing spacial learning and memory in lab animals

Source: Ingersoll, J. et al. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/video/58008/analyzing-spatial-learning-prosocial-behavior-mice-using-barnes-maze">Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video shows how to use the Barnes Maze with a mouse. The Barnes Maze testing procedure is used by researchers to assess spatial learning and memory in laboratory animals following repeated trials.

Barnes Maze: A Method For Assessing Spacial Learning and Memory in Lab Animals

Source: Ingersoll, J. et al. Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms. J. Vis. ...

The Barnes Maze is a circular platform with equally spaced holes around its edge and an escape box under a target hole. Lab animals navigate through the maze to find the target hole and escape from innately aversive stimuli like open spaces and bright lights.
To begin, place the subject, for example a mouse, in the center of the maze under a dark chamber. Then, lift the chamber and release the animal in the arena. To motivate the subject to effectively enter the target hole, use a mildly aversive stimulus such as ultrasonic sound.
The trial ends when the mouse enters the target hole or a predefined time has elapsed. Spatial learning and memory are measured during each trial by recording the number of holes that the subject explored and the time it took to complete the trial as well as mapping the animal&#39;s path and spatial navigation.

barnes-maze-method-for-assessing-spacial-learning-memory-lab

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Biology

Rodent Models

Adult

2.1K Views. Źródło: Ingersoll, J. et al. Analiza uczenia się przestrzennego i zachowań prospołecznych u myszy przy użyciu paradygmatów labiryntu Barnesa i damy w opałach. J. Vis. Exp. (2018). Ten film pokazuje, jak korzystać z labiryntu Barnesa za pomocą myszy. Procedura testowa Barnes Maze jest stosowana przez naukowców do oceny uczenia się przestrzennego i pamięci u zwierząt laboratoryjnych po wielokrotnych próbach. 

Video: Labirynt Barnesa: metoda oceny uczenia się przestrzennego i pamięci u zwierząt laboratoryjnych - Concept

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Assessing Spatial Memory Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Radial Water Tread Maze

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and validated for rat use. The Radial Water Tread (RWT) maze test of spatial memory (designed specifically for mice and requiring no swimming) has been shown previously to successfully distinguish between controlled cortical impact-induced TBI mice and sham controls. Here, a detailed protocol for this task is presented. The RWT maze capitalizes on the natural tendency of mice to avoid open areas in favor of hugging the sides of an apparatus (thigmotaxis). The walls of the maze are lined with nine escape holes placed above the floor of the apparatus, and mice are trained to use visual cues to locate the escape hole that leads out of the maze. The maze is filled with an inch of cold water, sufficient to motivate escape but not deep enough to require that the mouse swim. The acquisition period takes only four training days, with a test of memory retention on day five and a long-term memory test on day 12. The results reported here suggest that the RWT maze is a feasible alternative to rat-validated, swimming-based cognitive tests in the assessment of spatial memory deficits in mouse models of TBI.

Here we present a protocol for a mouse-specific test of cognition that does not require swimming. This test can be used to successfully distinguish controlled cortical impact-induced traumatic brain injury mice from sham controls.

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and ...

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, interest in the cognitive processes of nonmodel species, typically within an ecological context, has also become an emerging field of study. In particular, interest in the cognitive processes in reptiles is growing although experimental studies on reptilian cognition are sparse. The few reptilian studies that have experimentally tested for spatial learning and memory have used rodent paradigms modified for use in reptiles. However, ecologically important aspects of the physiology and behavior of this taxonomic group must be taken into account when testing for spatially based cognition. Here, we describe modifications of the dry land Barnes maze and associated testing protocol that can improve performance when probing for spatial learning and memory ability in small squamate reptiles. The described paradigm and procedures were successfully used with male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), demonstrating that spatial learning and memory can be assessed in this taxonomic group with an ecologically relevant apparatus and protocol.

This paper describes a modification of the Barnes maze, a standard rodent paradigm used to assess spatial memory and learning, for use in small squamate reptiles.

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, ...

Barnes Maze: A Method For Assessing Spacial Learning and Memory in Lab Animals

Transkrypcja

Barnes Maze: A Method for Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Lab Animals