이 연구는 교내 연구, 국립 심장, 폐 및 혈액 연구소, 건강의 국립 연구소의 부서에 의해 지원되었다. S.H.는 일본 공립-민간 파트너십 학생 유학 유학 프로그램의 지원을 받았으며, H.N.과 K.Y.는 용맹및 V.Drug 해외 연수 장학금을 받았습니다.

1. SDS 페이지 및 PVDF 멤브레인으로 전송
<ol><li>SDS-PAGE를 수행하여 상대적인 크기에 따라 단백질을 분리합니다. 참고: 상업용 또는 수제 젤 시스템은 괜찮습니다. 제조업체의 프로토콜을 따르십시오.</li>
	<li>분리된 단백질을 젤에서 PVDF 멤브레인으로 전달합니다. 참고: 일반적인 전송 방법(반건조 또는 습식 전송)이 적합합니다. 제조업체의 프로토콜을 따르십시오.</li>
</ol>2. PVDF 멤브레인 차단
<ol><li>실온에서 교반하여 1h에 적합한 차단 버퍼로 멤브레인을 배양합니다. 참고: 1차 항체 및 검출 시스템에 따라 적절한 차단 버퍼를 선택해야 합니다. 예를 들어, 가장 일반적인 차단제는 BSA, 무지방 건조 우유, 카제인 및 상업용 합성 폴리머입니다. PBS 및/또는 0.1% Tween20을 사용하는 TBS는 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 버퍼입니다. 이러한 차단 단계는 4°C에서 하룻밤 사이에 수행될 수 있다.</li>
</ol>3. 1 차 항체와 인큐베이션
<ol><li>증류수로 10% 면역반응 강화 제-1 용액(IRE-1)을 준비한다. 소용돌이 잘.</li>
	<li>희석된 1차 항체를 10% IRE-1로 준비한다. 부드럽게 충분히 섞으세요.</li>
	<li>더 큰 멤브레인(4cm x 8cm - 8cm x 8cm)을 사용하는 경우, 항체 용액8mL을 50mL 원심분리관에 넣습니다. 더 작은 멤브레인(2cm x 8cm - 4cm x 8cm)을 사용하는 경우, 항체 용액3mL을 14mL 원형 바닥 폴리프로필렌튜브(재료 표)에넣습니다.</li>
	<li>핀셋으로 PVDF 멤브레인을 집어 들고 블로킹 용액을 간단히 배출하십시오. 장갑을 낀 손가락으로 PVDF 멤브레인을 이 튜브에 삽입하고 전체 멤브레인이 튜브 벽에 부착되도록 합니다. PVDF 멤브레인이 튜브에 삽입되면 원래 안쪽에 겔과 접촉했던 멤브레인의 "단백질 측면"에 직면하십시오. 캡을 단단히 닫습니다.</li>
	<li>50mL 튜브를 유리 병에 삽입하여 혼성화 오븐에 넣습니다. 참고: 이 배양에 14mL 튜브를 사용하면 플라스틱 링 홀더 쌍을 사용하여 50mL 튜브의 중앙에 내부 튜브를 유지하여 50mL 튜브에 14mL 튜브를 삽입하십시오.</li>
	<li>혼성화 오븐을 켭니다.</li>
	<li>6rpm 회전으로 멤브레인을 5분 이상 배양합니다. 참고: 멤브레인이 항상 벽에 부착되어 있고 (내부) 튜브가 수평으로 수평되어 항체 용액으로 멤브레인을 균일하게 덮는지 확인하십시오. 실제 실험 전에 항체 및 배양 시간의 희석을 교정한다.</li>
</ol>4. 멤브레인 워시
<ol><li>회전을 중지합니다.</li>
	<li>핀셋으로 튜브에서 PVDF 멤브레인을 조심스럽게 제거하고 멤브레인을 PBS-T50mL의 용기에 넣습니다.</li>
	<li>PBS-T로 멤브레인을 간단히 헹구는 다.</li>
	<li>거품이 나타나지 때까지 증류수로 용기에 멤브레인을 헹구는 다. 이것은 항체의 대부분을 제거하는 것입니다.</li>
	<li>PVDF 멤브레인을 용기에서 PBS-T 250mL가 들어 있는 샐러드 스피너로 옮기습니다.</li>
	<li>스피너에 스트레이너 바구니를 놓습니다. 뚜껑을 단단히 고정했는지 확인합니다.</li>
	<li>스피너를 활성화하고 약 20-30 s로 실행합니다.</li>
	<li>용액을 버리고 스피너 내부를 증류수로 간략하게 헹구십시오.</li>
	<li>다시 스피너에 PBS-T의 250 mL을 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>4.6 및 4.7 단계를 반복합니다.</li>
</ol>5. 이차 항체를 가진 배양
<ol><li>증류수로 10% 면역반응 강화 제2용액(IRE-2)을 준비한다. 소용돌이 잘.</li>
	<li>희석된 이차 항체를 10% IRE-2로 준비한다. 부드럽게 충분히 섞으세요.</li>
	<li>3.3 단계에서 명시된 바와 같이 항체 용액 및 튜브의 부피를 선택한다.</li>
	<li>핀셋으로 PVDF 멤브레인을 집어 들고 용액을 간단히 배출하십시오. 3.4 단계에서 명시된 대로 PVDF 멤브레인을 튜브에 삽입합니다.</li>
	<li>50mL 튜브를 유리 병에 삽입하여 혼성화 오븐에 넣습니다.</li>
	<li>혼성화 오븐을 켭니다.</li>
	<li>6rpm 회전으로 멤브레인을 5분 이상 배양합니다. 멤브레인이 항상 벽에 부착되어 있는지 확인하고 (내부) 튜브가 항체 용액으로 멤브레인을 균일하게 덮기 위해 수평인지 확인하십시오. 참고: 실제 실험 전에 인큐베이션 시간을 보정합니다. 이차 항체가 형광으로 수렴되면 어둠 속에서 배양을 수행합니다.</li>
</ol>6. 멤브레인 워시
<ol><li>4.1~ 4.10단계를 따르십시오.</li>
</ol>7. 이미지 수집
<ol><li>화학 발광 검출<ol>
<li>평평한 표면에 반 이식 플렉시블 필름(10cm x 15cm)을 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>5mL 튜브에 화학 발광 기판의 2 성분을 혼합합니다.</li>
		<li>혼합 기판의 1.5mL를 반이식 플렉시블 필름으로 즉시 이송하고 PVDF 멤브레인을 배치한다. 그런 다음 기판 용액의 나머지 부분을 멤브레인으로 이송합니다.</li>
		<li>PVDF 멤브레인을 반투명 플렉시블 필름에 혼합 기판으로 1분 동안 배양합니다.</li>
		<li>핀셋으로 PVDF 멤브레인을 선택하고 기판 용액을 간단히 배출하십시오.</li>
		<li>투명 필름 한 쌍 사이에 멤브레인을 샌드위치.</li>
		<li>화학 발광 모드에서 이미지를 획득합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>형광 검출<ol>
<li>핀셋으로 PVDF 멤브레인을 집어 들고 용액을 간단히 배출하십시오.</li>
		<li>투명 필름 한 쌍 사이에 멤브레인을 샌드위치.</li>
		<li>형광 모드에서 이미지를 획득합니다. 참고: 7.1 단계와 7.2 단계는 최대 감도를 보장하기 위해 이미징 기계와 가까운 곳에서 수행해야합니다.</li>
		<li>배경 신호가 높을 때, PBS-T의 80-100 mL를 가진 용기에서 세척 단계를 수행: 1차 항체에 대해 10 분 헹구고 이차 항체에 대해 6 배 헹구는 다. 참고: 10% IRE 용액으로 희석된 1차 및 이차 항체 는 감도6의손실 없이 최대 8-10회까지 사용할 수 있다. 용액은 최대 1 개월 동안 4 °C로 유지해야합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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저자는 이 문서의 내용과 직접적인 관련이 있는 경쟁적 이해관계를 선언하지 않았습니다.

웨스턴 블롯은 40년 전 ~40년 전에 개발된 특정 단백질을 검출하기 위해 널리 사용되는 분석 기법으로7,8. 그이후로, 기술은 기술2,9,10,11,12,13의감도, 속도 및 양을 향상시키는 후속 혁신과 함께 진화를 계속...

서양 얼룩 (또한 면역 blot로 알려진) 과학 및 임상 분야의 광범위 에 걸쳐 강력하고 기본적인 기술이다. 이 기술은 단백질1의존재, 상대적 풍부, 상대 분자 질량 및 번역 후 수정을 검사하는 데 사용됩니다. 디지털 이미지 분석과 결합하여, 이 방법은 단백질과 단백질 변형의 풍요로움을 안정적으로 분석할 수있다 2. 서양 얼룩은 일상적으로 수행되지만 시간이 많이 걸리고 노동 집약적인 방법입니다. 막이 있는 항체의 긴 배큐어가 필요합니다. 여기서는 민감도를 희생하지 않고 이러한 제한을 극복하는 인큐베이션 방법의 수정을 설명합니다.
막의 인큐베이션 도중, 항원은 막에 고정되는 동안 항체는 용액에 떠 있습니다. 그들의 높은 친화성 때문에, 항원에 결합하는 항체의 비율은 막에 벌크 용액에서 항체의 확산 보다는 빠릅니다. 이렇게 하면 농도가 낮은 "고갈 층"(그림1)이생성됩니다. 이 기술의 긴 잠복 시간을 담당하는 주요 인자인 수동 확산을 통해 더 먼 항체가 막에 도달하는 데 몇 시간이 걸릴 수 있습니다. 이 효과를 MTL(대량 전송 제한)3이라고합니다. 항체 함유 용액을 반복적으로 배수하고 보충하면 고갈층을 방해하고 MTL4를극복할 수 있다는 것이 제안되었다. 여기서, 우리는 전통적인 서쪽 blotting 프로토콜에서 MTL의 효과를 감소시키고 현저하게 필요한 잠복기를 단축하기 위해이 순환 배수 및 보충 (CDR) 개념을 구현하는 독특한 기술을 고안했다.
짧은 배양 시간으로 검출 감도를 유지하기 위해 항원-항체 반응을 가속화하는 면역 반응 강화 기술을 사용하여 신호 대 잡음 비5를개선하였다. 많은 시판 가능한 면역 반응 향상 제 (IRE)는 2 개의 구성 요소 (솔루션 1 및 2, 재료 표참조)로 구성됩니다. IRE의 독점적 조성 또는 작용 메커니즘은 공개되지 않았지만, 우리는 이전에 IRE가 고체 상 결합 작용에서 항원과 항체 사이의 해리상수를 감소시켰으며, 증가친화도를 나타내는 것은 적어도 부분적으로 IRE6의강화 효과에 책임이 있음을 발견하였다. CDR과 IRE의 조합은 감도를 희생하지 않고 전체 프로시저 시간을 줄이는 초고속 서부 블로팅 프로토콜을 생성합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>14 mL Round Bottom High Clarity PP Test Tube, Graduated, with Snap Cap</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Apollo Transparency Film for Laser Printers</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any kinds of Laser Printer Transparency Film are fine.</td></tr><tr><td>Azure Imaging System 600</td><td>Azure Biosystems</td><td>Azure 600</td><td>Any kind of Image Acquiring Sytem is fine for chemiluminescent and/or fluorescent detection.</td></tr><tr><td>Can Get Signal Immunoreaction Enhancer Solution</td><td>TOYOBO</td><td>NKB-101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CARNATION Instant Nonfat Dry Milk</td><td>Carnation</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECL anti-mouse IgG, Horseradish peroxidase linked F(ab&amp;rsquo;)2 fragment from sheep</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA9310V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECL anti-rabbit IgG, Horseradish peroxidase linked F(ab&amp;rsquo;)2 fragment from donkey</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA9340V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HYBAID Micro-4</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any hybridization oven is fine as long as the tubes are rotated evenly at a horizontal position.</td></tr><tr><td>Immobilon-P PVDF Membrane, 0.45 &amp;micro;m pore size</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>IPVH304F0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IRDye 680RD Goat anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody</td><td>LICOR</td><td>926-68070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IRDye 800CW Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody</td><td>LICOR</td><td>926-32211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KPL LumiGLO Reserve Chemiluminescent Substrate</td><td>seracare</td><td>5430-0049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-&amp;szlig; actin antibody</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>A5316</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Odyssey Blocking Buffer (PBS)</td><td>LICOR</td><td>927-40100</td><td>Blocking Buffer for fluorescent detection</td></tr><tr><td>OXO Salad Spinner</td><td>OXO</td><td>32480V2B</td><td>Any salad spinner is fine as long as the PVDF membranes are rinsed vigorously without tear.</td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm Sealing Film</td><td>Bemis</td><td>Parafilm M PM996</td><td>semi-transparent flexible film</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene Flat-Top Screw Caps for 50 mL Conical Bottom Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rings to hold 14 ml tube in the center of 50 ml tube</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Prepared in a machine shop</td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-6X His tag antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab9108</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween20</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>P2287</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

ultra-high-speed western blot using immunoreaction enhancing technology

서양 블롯 (또한 면역 blot로 알려진) 생물 의학 연구를 위한 정식 방법. 그것은 일반적으로 특정 단백질의 상대적인 크기와 풍부 뿐만 아니라 번역 후 단백질 수정을 결정 하는 데 사용 됩니다. 이 기술은 풍부한 역사를 가지고 있으며 단순성으로 인해 널리 사용됩니다. 그러나, 서쪽 블로팅 절차는 유명한 처리량을 제한하는 긴 잠복기인 중요한 병목 현상으로 완료하는 데 몇 시간, 심지어 며칠이 걸립니다. 이러한 배양 단계는 막에 고정된 항원에 대한 벌크 용액에서 항체의 느린 확산으로 인해 요구된다: 막 근처의 항체 농도는 벌크 농도보다 훨씬 낮다. 여기서, 우리는 항체 용액의 순환 배수 및 보충 (CDR)을 통해 항원 결합을 개선하여 이러한 배양 간격을 극적으로 감소시키는 혁신을 제시한다. 우리는 또한 분석의 감도를 보존하기 위해 면역 반응 향상 기술을 활용했습니다. CDR 방법과 상용 면역반응 강화제의 조합은 출력 신호를 증폭시키고 항체 인큐베이션 시간을 실질적으로 감소시켰다. 그 결과 초고속 서부 얼룩은 감도 손실 없이 20분 만에 달성할 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 화학 발광 및 형광 검출을 모두 사용하여 서부 얼룩에 적용 될 수있다. 이 간단한 프로토콜은 연구원이 많은 견본에서 단백질 발현의 분석을 더 잘 탐구하는 것을 허용합니다.

이 예는 서쪽 블롯에 면역 강화 기술과 함께 CDR 방법의 효과를 보여줍니다. 정적 배큐베이는 PVDF 멤브레인이 항체 용액으로 배양된 반투명 플렉시블 필름에서 수행되었으며, CDR 인큐베이션은 막과 항체 용액(Movie)을 포함하는 튜브를 회전시켜 혼성화 오븐에 있었다. 도 2는 서쪽 얼룩에 화학 발광 검출에 필요한 각각 항원 및 항체의 양을 보였다. 정적 및 CDR 인큐베이션 모두?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultra-High-Speed Western Blot using Immunoreaction Enhancing Technology at JoVE.com

Ultra-High-Speed Western Blot using Immunoreaction Enhancing Technology

초고속 서양 블로팅 기술은 면역 반응 강화 제와 함께 순환 배수 및 보충 (CDR) 기술을 통해 결합하는 항원 항체의 운동성을 개선하여 개발됩니다.

면역 반응 강화 기술을 이용한 초고속 웨스턴 블롯

A western blot (also known as an immunoblot) is a canonical method for biomedical research. It is commonly used to determine the relative size and ...

ultra-high-speed-western-blot-using-immunoreaction-enhancing

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

5.8K 조회수.  National Institutes of Health. 초고속 서양 블로팅 기술은 면역 반응 강화 제와 함께 순환 배수 및 보충 (CDR) 기술을 통해 결합하는 항원 항체의 운동성을 개선하여 개발됩니다.

비디오: Ultra-High-Speed Western Blot using Immunoreaction Enhancing Technology

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) are an instrumental tool to characterize the interactions between proteins and their target DNA sequences. Radioactivity has been the predominant method of DNA labeling in EMSAs. However, recent advances in fluorescent dyes and scanning methods have prompted the use of fluorescent tagging of DNA as an alternative to radioactivity for the advantages of easy handling, saving time, reducing cost, and improving safety. We have recently used fluorescent EMSA (fEMSA) to successfully address an important biological question. Our fEMSA analysis provides mechanistic insight into the effect of a missense mutation, G73E, in the highly conserved HMG transcription factor SOX-2 on olfactory neuron type diversification. We found that mutant SOX-2G73E protein alters specific DNA binding activity, thereby causing olfactory neuron identity transformation. Here, we present an optimized and cost-effective step-by-step protocol for fEMSA using infrared fluorescent dye-labeled oligonucleotides containing the LIM-4/SOX-2 adjacent target sites and purified SOX-2 proteins (WT and mutant SOX-2G73E proteins) as a biological example.

We describe here an optimized protocol of fluorescent Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (fEMSA) using purified SOX-2 proteins together with infrared fluorescent dye-labeled DNA probes as a case study to tackle an important biological question.

적외선 형광 염료로 표지 올리고 뉴클레오티드를 사용하여 전기 영동 이동성 시프트 분석을위한 최적화 된 프로토콜

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) are an instrumental tool to characterize the interactions between proteins and their target DNA sequences. ...

연구

생화학

Western Blotting Using the Invitrogen NuPage Novex Bis Tris MiniGels

Western Blotting (or immunoblotting) is a standard laboratory procedure allowing investigators to verify the expression of a protein, determine the relative amount of the protein present in different samples, and analyze the results of co-immunoprecipitation experiments. In this method, a target protein is detected with a specific primary antibody in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Protein separation according to molecular weight is achieved using denaturing SDS-PAGE. After transfer to a membrane, the target protein is probed with a specific primary antibody and detected by chemiluminescence.
Since its first description, the western-blotting technique has undergone several improvements, including pre-cast gels and user-friendly equipment. In our laboratory, we have chosen to use the commercially available NuPAGE electrophoresis system from Invitrogen. It is an innovative neutral pH, discontinuous SDS-PAGE, pre-cast mini-gel system. This system presents several advantages over the traditional Laemmli technique including: i) a longer shelf life of the pre-cast gels ranging from 8 months to 1 year; ii) a broad separation range of molecular weights from 1 to 400 kDa depending of the type of gel used; and iii) greater versatility (range of acrylamide percentage, the type of gel, and the ionic composition of the running buffer).
The procedure described in this video article utilizes the Bis-Tris discontinuous buffer system with 4-12% Bis-Tris gradient gels and MES running buffer, as an illustration of how to perform a western-blot using the Invitrogen NuPAGE electrophoresis system. In our laboratory, we have obtained good and reproducible results for various biochemical applications using this western-blotting method.

This technical article describes a standard western-blotting procedure using the commercially available NuPAGE electrophoresis Mini-Gel system from Invitrogen.

웨스턴 Invitrogen NuPage Novex BIS 트리스 MiniGels를 사용하여 모래 바닥

Western Blotting (or immunoblotting) is a standard laboratory procedure allowing investigators to verify the expression of a protein, determine the ...

생물학

Highly Sensitive and Quantitative Detection of Proteins and Their Isoforms by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Method

Immunoblotting has become a routine technique in many laboratories for protein characterization from biological samples. The following protocol provides an alternative strategy, capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), with many advantages compared to conventional immunoblotting. This is an antibody-based, automated, rapid, and quantitative method in which a complete western blotting procedure takes place inside an ultrathin capillary. This technique does not require a gel to transfer to a membrane, stripping of blots, or x-ray films, which are typically required for conventional immunoblotting. Here, proteins are separated according to their charge (isoelectric point; pI), using less than a microliter (400 nL) of total protein lysate. After electrophoresis, proteins are immobilized onto the capillary walls by ultraviolet light treatment, followed by primary and secondary (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated) antibody incubation, whose binding is detected through enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL), generating a light signal that can be captured and recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The digital image can be analyzed and quantified (peak area) using software. This high throughput procedure can handle 96 samples at a time; is highly sensitive, with protein detection in the picogram range; and produces highly reproducible results because of automation. All of these aspects are extremely valuable when the quantity of samples (e.g., tissue samples and biopsies) is a limiting factor. The technique has wider applications as well, including screening of drugs or antibodies, biomarker discovery, and diagnostic purposes.

Capillary isoelectric focusing is an antibody-based, ultrasensitive, high throughput technique, enabling detailed characterization of proteins and their isoforms from extremely small biological samples. The following describes a protocol for detection and quantification of specific proteins and their isoforms in an automated and robotized manner.

단백질 및 모 세관 전자 초점 방법으로 그들의 Isoforms의 매우 민감하고 정량적 검출

Immunoblotting has become a routine technique in many laboratories for protein characterization from biological samples. The following protocol provides ...

Immunoblot Analysis

Immunoblotting (western blotting) is a rapid and sensitive assay for the detection and characterization of proteins that works by exploiting the specificity inherent in antigen-antibody recognition. It involves the solubilization and electrophoretic separation of proteins, glycoproteins, or lipopolysaccharides by gel electrophoresis, followed by quantitative transfer and irreversible binding to nitrocellulose, PVDF, or nylon. The immunoblotting technique has been useful in identifying specific antigens recognized by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies and is highly sensitive (1 ng of antigen can be detected). This unit provides protocols for protein separation, blotting proteins onto membranes, immunoprobing, and visualization using chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrates.

Immunoblotting (western blotting) is a rapid and sensitive assay for the detection and characterization of proteins that works by exploiting the specificity inherent in antigen-antibody recognition. This video provides protocols for protein separation, blotting proteins onto membranes, immunoprobing, and visualization using chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrates.

Immunoblot 분석

Immunoblotting (western blotting) is a rapid and sensitive assay for the detection and characterization of proteins that works by exploiting the ...

Western Blotting: Sample Preparation to Detection

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide (denaturing conditions) or by the 3-D structure of the protein (native/ non-denaturing conditions). The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (typically nitrocellulose or PVDF), where they are probed (detected) using antibodies specific to the target protein.

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.

웨스턴 모래 바닥 : 샘플 준비를 탐지하기 위해

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel ...

The Fastest Western in Town: A Contemporary Twist on the Classic Western Blot Analysis

The Western blot techniques that were originally established in the late 1970s are still actively utilized today. However, this traditional method of Western blotting has several drawbacks that include low quality resolution, spurious bands, decreased sensitivity, and poor protein integrity. Recent advances have drastically improved numerous aspects of the standard Western blot protocol to produce higher qualitative and quantitative data. The Bis-Tris gel system, an alternative to the conventional Laemmli system, generates better protein separation and resolution, maintains protein integrity, and reduces electrophoresis to a 35 min run time. Moreover, the iBlot dry blotting system, dramatically improves the efficacy and speed of protein transfer to the membrane in 7 min, which is in contrast to the traditional protein transfer methods that are often more inefficient with lengthy transfer times. In combination with these highly innovative modifications, protein detection using infrared fluorescent imaging results in higher-quality, more accurate and consistent data compared to the standard Western blotting technique of chemiluminescence. This technology can simultaneously detect two different antigens on the same membrane by utilizing two-color near-infrared dyes that are visualized in different fluorescent channels. Furthermore, the linearity and broad dynamic range of fluorescent imaging allows for the precise quantification of both strong and weak protein bands. Thus, this protocol describes the key improvements to the classic Western blotting method, in which these advancements significantly increase the quality of data while greatly reducing the performance time of this experiment.

This protocol explores the latest advancements in performing Western blot analyses.&#160;These novel modifications employ a Bis-Tris gel system with a 35&#160;min electrophoresis run time, a 7&#160;min dry blotting transfer system, and infrared fluorescent protein detection and imaging that generates higher resolution, quality, sensitivity, and improved accuracy of Western data.

타운 웨스턴 가장 빠른 : 클래식 웨스턴 블롯 분석에 현대 트위스트

The Western blot techniques that were originally established in the late 1970s are still actively utilized today. However, this traditional method of ...

A Guide to Modern Quantitative Fluorescent Western Blotting with Troubleshooting Strategies

The late 1970s saw the first publicly reported use of the western blot, a technique for assessing the presence and relative abundance of specific proteins within complex biological samples. Since then, western blotting methodology has become a common component of the molecular biologists experimental repertoire. A cursory search of PubMed using the term &#8220;western blot&#8221; suggests that in excess of two hundred and twenty thousand published manuscripts have made use of this technique by the year 2014. Importantly, the last ten years have seen technical imaging advances coupled with the development of sensitive fluorescent labels which have improved sensitivity and yielded even greater ranges of linear detection. The result is a now truly Quantifiable Fluorescence based Western Blot (QFWB) that allows biologists to carry out comparative expression analysis with greater sensitivity and accuracy than ever before. Many &#8220;optimized&#8221; western blotting methodologies exist and are utilized in different laboratories. These often prove difficult to implement due to the requirement of subtle but undocumented procedural amendments. This protocol provides a comprehensive description of an established and robust QFWB method, complete with troubleshooting strategies.

The advancement of western blotting using fluorescence has allowed detection of subtle changes in protein expression enabling quantitative analyses. Here we describe a robust methodology for detection of a range of proteins across a variety of species and tissue types. A strategy to overcome common technical problems is also provided.

문제 해결 전략 현대 양적 형광 웨스턴 블로 팅에 가이드

The late 1970s saw the first publicly reported use of the western blot, a technique for assessing the presence and relative abundance of specific proteins ...

Immunoprecipitation-Based Techniques: Purification of Endogenous Proteins Using Agarose Beads

Source: Susannah C. Shissler1, Tonya J. Webb1 
1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
Immunoprecipitation (IP, also known as a &#39;pull-down&#39; assay) is a widely used technique that has applications in a variety of fields. First conceived in 1984, it was refined in 1988 (1, 2). The fundamental goal of IP is purification and isolation of a specific protein using an antibody against that protein. The word &#34;immuno&#34; refers to the use of an antibody while the word &#34;precipitation&#34; refers to pulling down a specific substance from a solution. The target protein might be endogenous or recombinant. Most recombinant proteins have an epitope tag (i.e. myc or flag) attached to them to simplify subsequent purification. Typically, it is easier to optimize recombinant protein IP because the antibodies against recombinant epitope tags are very strong and effective. Antibodies against endogenous proteins have extremely variable efficacy - making it much more difficult to optimize these IPs. A necessary step after immunoprecipitation is verification of purification. The isolated protein is resolved using SDS-PAGE and subsequently probed for purity by western blots (Figure 1). An important control is the use of a different antibody during the Western blot to verify pull down of the correct protein. The combination of IP with subsequent techniques is a powerful analysis tool. The goal after purification may be characterization of the protein itself by NMR, mass spectrometry, and in vitro assays, or analysis of the protein&#39;s interacting partners (i.e. protein, DNA, RNA) (3, 4, 5).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/10502/10502fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Overview of Immunoprecipitation Procedure. Immunoprecipitation is the isolation of a specific protein using an antibody. After production of lysate from cells, there are two major steps- pre-clearing and pull down. During pre-clearing step, the cell-lysates are pre-cleared of proteins that bind to antibodies non-specifically using an isotype control antibody. In pull down step, the target protein is pulled down using a protein-specific antibody. The isolated protein is then analyzed by Western blot. Isotype antibodies and protein specific antibodies have the same constant domain, but different antigen binding domains. A key component of this protocol is Protein A/G agarose beads that bind the constant domain of antibodies- allowing immunoprecipitation of the target protein. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/10502/10502fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Antibodies are the key component of an immunoprecipitation that differentiate it from other forms of protein purification (i.e. nickel affinity column purification). Antibodies are molecules made by B cells that can recognize specific protein epitopes. Antibodies have two domains: constant (Fc) and antigen binding (Fab) (Figure 1). The constant domain identifies the type of antibody and dictates function in vivo. Usually, the constant domains of antibodies used for IP are mouse, rat, or rabbit IgG. The antigen binding portion of the antibody recognizes a specific epitope of a specific protein. Antibodies can recognize epitopes on folded proteins that may not exist when the protein is denatured and vice versa. Therefore, the availability of the epitope depends on protein folding - identifying an important factor to consider when choosing antibodies and conditions for IP.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems have antibody-binding proteins. In eukaryotic systems, the purpose is immune protection from bacteria while in prokaryotic systems, the purpose is protection from the immune system. Antibody-binding proteins affect IP methodology in two ways. First, there is a necessary pre-clearing step (Figure 1) to rid the lysate of proteins that bind antibodies - thereby reducing non-specific binding in the final product. This step uses an isotype antibody that has the same constant domain as but a different antibody binding domain than your protein-specific antibody. Bacterial antibody-binding proteins are the second key component of this method. After the protein-specific antibody binds the target protein, the antibody: protein complex must be pulled down (Figure 1). Proteins A, G, and L are bacterial proteins that bind the constant domain of antibodies. While bacteria use this to subvert the immune system, researchers have co-opted this system for easy antibody purification, and it is used during both the pre-clearing and pull-down steps. These proteins have different binding affinities for different species and different constant domain subtypes - another factor to consider when choosing conditions for IP. Many companies sell Protein A/G labeled agarose beads (Figure 1), pre-made spin columns, or resins to make columns. In general, beads and spin columns are used for smaller sample sizes while resins are used for bulk purification.
In this lab exercise, we demonstrate how to purify the endogenous protein c-myc, from primary murine thymocytes, using Protein A/G Plus agarose beads based basic immunoprecipitation technique. The protocol starts from cell lysate preparation and ends with the with verification of successful protein pull down using Western blot analysis.

Immunoprecipitation Techniques: Purification of Proteins

면역침전반응 기반 기술: 아가로스 비즈를 사용한 내인성 단백질의 정제

Source: Susannah C. Shissler1, Tonya J. Webb1
1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
Immunoprecipitation ...

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JoVE Science Education

심화생물학

면역학

The Western Blot

Western Blotting is used to identify the presence of specific proteins in electrophoretically separated samples. Following separation by a technique known as sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or SDS-PAGE, western transfer is used to move proteins from a polyacrylamide gel onto a piece of membrane which traps the proteins in their respective locations. Next, the membranes are probed with antibodies in a process called immunboblotting. Immunoblotting uses antibody-protein and antibody-antibody binding through specific recognition sites, providing the high specificity required for identifying a single protein. The detection of antibodies takes place using reporter systems which includes the use of enzymes. Enzymes can be attached to the end of an antibody and react with substrates to produce changes in color or light. These signals can then be imaged and quantified using a process called densitometry.
This video-article presents an overview of the western blot technique by describing western transfer, the use of antibody detection, and image analysis. The steps involved with western transfer such as the assembly of the transfer sandwich and transfer conditions are discussed in detail as well as the theory behind antibody binding and detection of those antibodies. The broad applications of this technique are described through several examples including the detection of protein-protein interactions and identification of individual proteins within protein complexes.

Western Blotting: Western Transfer, Antibody Detection, and Image Analysis

웨스턴 블롯

Western Blotting is used to identify the presence of specific proteins in electrophoretically separated samples.  Following separation by a technique ...

기초 생물학

세포 및 분자 생물학의 기본 테크닉

Chemiluminescent Western Blot Assay for Protein Processing

Source: Hillert-Richter, L. K. et al., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/62842">Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
This video describes the chemiluminescence-based western blotting of immunoprecipitated lysates. The technique helps determine protein processing and activation. The chemiluminescent signal detected is proportional to the level of protein processing during its activation.

단백질 가공을 위한 화학발광 웨스턴 블롯 분석

Source: Hillert-Richter, L. K. et al., Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex. J. ...