우리는 다음과 같은 자금 출처를 인정: NIH NINDS – K08NS101122 (JB), R01NS040337 (JK), R01NS044370 (JK), 버지니아 의과 대학 (JB).

모든 동물 연구는 버지니아 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 승인되었다.
1. 전극 건물 / 케이블 건물
<ol><li>단극성 절연 스테인리스 스틸 와이어(0.005" 베어 직경, 0.008"코팅)를 사용하여 여성 소켓 커넥터(여성 리셉터클 커넥터 0.079)와 연결된 전극을 만듭니다.</li>
	<li>특수 맞춤형 케이블을 사용하여 동물을 앰프에 연결합니다.<ol>
<li>남성 4핀 커넥터(Male 커넥터 0.079")를 4채널 유니티 게인 어피던스 매칭 운영 앰프(op-amp)에 부착합니다. 9V 배터리에 연결되는 와이어에 10K 저항기를 부착합니다. op-amp에 연결되지 않은 접지 와이어는 배터리의 중간점 역할을 합니다.</li>
		<li>케이블의 한쪽 끝(AWG, 0.012" OD)을 op-amp에 연결하고 케이블의 다른 쪽 끝을 증폭기에 연결합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 전극 이식 수술
<ol><li>새끼 (산후 9 일)를 4-5 %의 이소플루란으로 마취하여 하향 흐름 후드에 있습니다. 시술시작 전에 부피바카인(0.02-0.05mL, 0.25% 피하국인 침전)으로 새끼를 주입한다.</li>
	<li>동물이 움직이지 않는 후 코 콘이있는 스테레오 전술 단계로 옮습니다. 머리를 안정적으로 유지하는 것이 부드럽기 때문에 이어 바의 역쪽을 사용합니다. 이 나이에 새끼는 이어 바의 뾰족한 끝을 사용하기 위해 완전히 발달 된 귀가 없습니다.</li>
	<li>이소플루란의 흐름을 거절하고 2.5-3 %로 유지합니다. 수술 시술 내내 강아지의 꾸준한 호흡을 주시하십시오. 꼬리를 꼬집어 통증 반응을 확인한 다음 절개를 진행합니다.</li>
	<li>베타딘과 알코올 (3 번갈아 요오드의 3 주기와 70 % 에탄올)와 두개골에 절개 영역을 살균. 절개 부위가 보이면 주변 신체 부위를 드레이프합니다.</li>
	<li>눈 위에서 두피 앞쪽 후방을 약간 열고 약 0.5cm의 피부를 후퇴시킵니다. 마우스 머리를 스테레오탁 스테이지에 재배치하여 피부가 두개골을 노출하는 바깥쪽으로 당겨지게 합니다.</li>
	<li>면봉을 사용하여 두개골에 과산화수소를 바르고 메스 블레이드를 사용하여 두개골을 깨끗하게 긁어냅니다. 두개골은 매우 부드럽습니다. 긁는 동안주의하십시오.</li>
	<li>접착제 1방울(약 50μL)을 적용하여 노출된 두개골 부위 주위에 퍼뜨려 어플리케이터를 사용합니다. 40s의 UV 광에 노출하여 접착제를 설정합니다.</li>
	<li>노출된 bregma를 참조로 사용하여 좌표를 측정합니다. 임플란트 전극은 해마의 CA1 영역에서 양자간 [-3.5 mm 도르살-벤탈(DV), ±2mm 내측-측면(ML), -1.75mm 딥(D)] 및 정수리 피질에서 양자간 [-1.22 mm DV, ±0.5mm ML, -1mm D] 및 전기전극7의 전기전극. 32 G 바늘을 사용하여 표시된 영역에 구멍을 만듭니다.</li>
	<li>두개골 표면에서 혈액을 청소합니다. 여성 소켓 커넥터에 부착된 낮은 전극은 스테레오탁스 암의 도움으로 뇌에 부착되어 치과 아크릴로 고정합니다. 뇌의 전극을 이식합니다. 소켓 커넥터 헤드셋은 치과 아크릴에 의해 함께 붙어 두개골 의 상단에 앉아있다.</li>
	<li>전극이 고정되면 케토프로펜(5 mg/kg)을 교차 부위에 피하한다. 새끼를 어머니와 함께 다시 놓습니다. 참고: 한 번에 하나씩 소개하는 대신 헤드셋이 있는 쓰레기의 절반을 어머니에게 한 번에 하나씩 소개합니다. 이렇게 하면 어머니가 강아지의 헤드셋을 손상시키는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.</li>
</ol>3. EEG 설정 및 기록 (기준 / 사전 부상)
<ol><li>전극 이식 후 24 시간 의 회복 후, EEG 레코딩을위한 가열 (37 °C) 주문 제작 플렉시 글라스 챔버에 각 동물을 배치합니다. 이 챔버는 저산소챔버역할을 할 것이다.</li>
	<li>유연한 케이블(사용자 지정 제작 op-amp 케이블)을 통해 챔버의 새끼를 비디오-EEG 모니터링 시스템에 연결합니다. 참고: 헤드셋을 제자리에 두고 마우스는 자유롭게 이동하며 행동에 차이가 없습니다. 전극 전선에 부착되면, 새끼가 자유롭게 챔버 를 통해 이동할 수 있도록 여유의 적당한 양을 제공하기 위해 챔버 밧줄 내에서 와이어를 조정해야합니다.</li>
	<li>잔디 증폭기사용으로 1K 게인으로 1000Hz에서 EEG 데이터를 디지털화합니다. 나중에 소프트웨어(예: LabChart Pro)를 사용하여 EEG 신호(3-70Hz 사이의 대역 패스 필터)를 검토합니다.</li>
	<li>경동맥 결찰 절차에 대한 동물을 분리하기 전에 30 분 동안 부상 전 기준선 EEG를 기록합니다.</li>
</ol>4. 왼쪽 경동맥 결찰
<ol><li>새끼 (산후 10 일)를 아래쪽 흐름 후드에 4-5 %의 이소플루란으로 마취하고 수유 패드에 특별히 배치 된 설정에 배치합니다. 동물 척추를 배치하고 종이 테이프로 앞다리를 고정합니다.<ol>
<li>이소플루란의 흐름을 2-3%로 낮춥습니다. 통증 반응을 위해 꼬리를 꼬집고 시술 내내 호흡을 모니터링합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>베타딘과 알코올 (3 번의 요오드 및 70 % 에탄올)으로 목 왼쪽에 절개 영역 (하악과 쇄골 사이)을 살균합니다.</li>
	<li>미세 시저를 사용하여 목 의 왼쪽에 약 1cm 길이의 절개를합니다. 해부 현미경을 사용하여 피하 조직과 피부를 조심스럽게 철회하여 경동맥을 노출시킵니다. 미주 신경을 식별하기 위해주의 (동맥에 측면 실행) 섬세하게 분리하고 동맥에서 철회.</li>
	<li>마이크로포스를 사용하여 동맥 아래에 5cm 길이의 멸균 실크 봉합사를 실어 두어 보실. 이중 매듭봉합사를 동맥 주위에 묶어 흐름을 바칩니다.</li>
	<li>피하 조직과 피부를 다시 당겨 여분의 봉합사를 잘라 노출 된 동맥을 닫습니다. 수의사 결합을 사용하여 절개를 밀봉하십시오.</li>
	<li>온난화 매트리스에 놓인 실온챔버에 동물을 연속 EEG 모니터링에 다시 배치합니다. 챔버를 열지 않도록 강아지 코어 온도의 스팟 적외선 온도 검사를 받아. 저산소증 에 앞서 동물이 1 시간 동안 회복되도록 허용하십시오.</li>
</ol>5. EEG 및 저산소증
<ol><li>산소 모니터를 통해 챔버 내에서 FiO2 (영감받은 산소의 일부)를 지속적으로 모니터링합니다.</li>
	<li>챔버를 100% N2 의 60 L/min, 0.415 L/min으로 100% O2로 플러시합니다. 챔버의 산소 포화도가 12%에 도달하면 O2 흐름을 변경하지 않고 N2 흐름을 10L/min으로 줄입니다. 작은 조정으로 FiO2 를 8%에서 45분 동안 유지합니다.</li>
	<li>저산소증 노출 45분 후 FiO2 를 21%로 되돌리보시면 됩니다.</li>
	<li>새끼가 챔버에서 회복하고 2 시간 후 저산소증에 대한 EEG에 모니터링해야합니다.</li>
	<li>기록 기간이 완료된 후, EEG 레코딩에서 마우스를 분리하고 어머니에게 돌아갑니다.</li>
</ol>6. EEG 분석
<ol><li>LabChart Pro에서 비디오로 EEG 파일을 분석합니다. 눈을 멀게 한 연구원이 발작과 배경 패턴에 대한 EEG를 표시해야합니다17. 발작은 명확한 진화17을 가진 고주파 리듬 날카로운 파도 배출 (≥3x 기준선)으로 10 초 이상 지속되는 전기 전극 이벤트로 정의됩니다.</li>
	<li>두 번째 맹목적인 연구원이 합의를 위해 무작위로 표시된 이벤트를 검토하십시오.</li>
	<li>각 표시된 전극 이벤트에 대한 관련 비디오를 검토하고 신생아 설치류 행동 발작 점수16에 따라 분석합니다. 간단히 말해서, 이 점수는 0-6(심각한 강장제-클로닉 동작에 부동성)에 이르기까지 다양합니다. 발작 반학을 더 특성화하려면 측면(다초점/양자 운동 대 초점/일방적 대 혼합)에 대한 동작을 분석합니다.</li>
	<li>전원 분광기를 만듭니다. 1024개의 데이터 포인트 크기의 코신 벨 데이터 창으로 빠른 푸리에 변환을 사용합니다. 87.5%의 창 중첩을 통해 분광기에 부드러운 x축을 만듭니다. μV218로 전원을 표현합니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Vasudevan, C., Levene, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+aetiology+of+neonatal+seizures.">Epidemiology and aetiology of neonatal seizures.</a> Seminars in Fetal &amp; Neonatal Medicine. , (2013).</li><li>Volpe, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+Seizures.">Neonatal Seizures.</a> Volpe's Neurology of the Newborn. , 275-321 (2018).</li><li>Shankaran, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+EKSNNR.+Childhood+outcomes+after+hypothermia+for+neonatal+encephalopathy.">Network EKSNNR. Childhood outcomes after hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (22), 2085-2092 (2012).</li><li>Pappas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+outcomes+after+neonatal+encephalopathy.">Cognitive outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy.</a> Pediatrics. 135 (3), 624-634 (2015).</li><li>van Schie, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+motor+and+behavioral+outcome+after+perinatal+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy.">Long-term motor and behavioral outcome after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.</a> European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 19 (3), 354-359 (2015).</li><li>Rensing, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+analysis+of+developmental+changes+in+electroencephalography+patterns+and+sleep-wake+states+of+the+neonatal+mouse.">Longitudinal analysis of developmental changes in electroencephalography patterns and sleep-wake states of the neonatal mouse.</a> PLoS One. 13 (11), 1-17 (2018).</li><li>Rice, J. E., Vannucci, R. C., Brierley, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+immaturity+on+hypoxic-ischemic+brain+damage+in+the+rat.">The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat.</a> Annals of Neurology. 9 (2), 131-141 (1981).</li><li>Burnsed, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-ischemia+and+therapeutic+hypothermia+in+the+neonatal+mouse+brain--a+longitudinal+study.">Hypoxia-ischemia and therapeutic hypothermia in the neonatal mouse brain--a longitudinal study.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), 0118889 (2015).</li><li>Semple, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+development+in+rodents+and+humans:+Identifying+benchmarks+of+maturation+and+vulnerability+to+injury+across+species.">Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. , 1-16 (2013).</li><li>Comi, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gabapentin+neuroprotection+and+seizure+suppression+in+immature+mouse+brain+ischemia.">Gabapentin neuroprotection and seizure suppression in immature mouse brain ischemia.</a> Pediatric Research. 64 (1), 81-85 (2008).</li><li>Comi, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+of+stroke+and+ischemic+seizures+in+the+immature+mouse.">A new model of stroke and ischemic seizures in the immature mouse.</a> Pediatric Neurology. 31 (4), 254-257 (2004).</li><li>Kadam, S. D., White, A. M., Staley, K. J., Dudek, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+Electroencephalographic+Monitoring+with+Radio-Telemetry+in+a+Rat+Model+of+Perinatal+Hypoxia-Ischemia+Reveals+Progressive+Post-Stroke+Epilepsy.">Continuous Electroencephalographic Monitoring with Radio-Telemetry in a Rat Model of Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Reveals Progressive Post-Stroke Epilepsy.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (1), 404-415 (2010).</li><li>Burnsed, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+Circuit+Activity+during+Neonatal+Hypoxic+-+Ischemic+Seizures+in+Mice.">Neuronal Circuit Activity during Neonatal Hypoxic - Ischemic Seizures in Mice.</a> Annals of Neurology. 86, 927-938 (2019).</li><li>Sampath, D., White, A. M., Raol, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+neonatal+seizures+in+an+animal+model+of+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy.">Characterization of neonatal seizures in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.</a> Epilepsia. 55 (7), 985-993 (2014).</li><li>Sampath, D., Valdez, R., White, A. M., Raol, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anticonvulsant+effect+of+flupirtine+in+an+animal+model+of+neonatal+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy.">Anticonvulsant effect of flupirtine in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.</a> Neuropharmacology. 123, 126-135 (2017).</li><li>Kang, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=and+sex-dependent+susceptibility+to+phenobarbital-resistant+neonatal+seizures:+role+of+chloride+co-transporters.">and sex-dependent susceptibility to phenobarbital-resistant neonatal seizures: role of chloride co-transporters.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 9, 1-16 (2015).</li><li>Zanelli, S., Goodkin, H. P., Kowalski, S., Kapur, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+transient+acute+hypoxia+on+the+developing+mouse+EEG.">Impact of transient acute hypoxia on the developing mouse EEG.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 68, 37-46 (2014).</li><li>Lewczuk, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+and+behavior+patterns+during+experimental+status+epilepticus.">EEG and behavior patterns during experimental status epilepticus.</a> Epilepsia. 59 (2), 369-380 (2017).</li><li>Wu, D., Martin, L. J., Northington, F. J., Zhang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillating+gradient+diffusion+MRI+reveals+unique+microstructural+information+in+normal+and+hypoxia-ischemia+injured+mouse+brains.">Oscillating gradient diffusion MRI reveals unique microstructural information in normal and hypoxia-ischemia injured mouse brains.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 72 (5), 1366-1374 (2014).</li></ol>

우리는 저산소 허혈성 발작 도중 신생아 마우스에 있는 지속적인 비디오 EEG 감시를 위한 모형을 제시했습니다. EEG와 함께 비디오 분석을 통해 발작 반학의 특성화를 허용합니다. EEG의 분석은 전력 분광 및 배경 진폭 분석의 추출을 허용합니다.
전극 배치 또는 부정확한 배치 중 부상이 결과에 크게 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에 이 프로토콜에서는 전극의 정확하고 신중한 배치가 ...

저산소 허혈성 뇌병증 (HIE)은 매년 신생아 1000명 중 1.5명에 영향을 미치는 상태이며 신생아 발작의 가장 흔한 원인입니다1,2. 살아남은 유아는 뇌성 마비, 지적 장애 및 간질3,4,5와 같은 다양한 신경 장애의 위험이 있습니다.
동물 모델은 저산소증 허혈및 신생아 발작의 병리생리학을 이해하고 조사하는 데 중요한 역할을합니다6,7. 변형된 반누치 모델은 산후 10일째(p10)7,8에서 저산소증 허혈(HI)을 유도하는 데 사용된다. 이 시대의 마우스 새끼는 신경학적으로 대략 전체 용어 인간 neonate9로 번역합니다.
이 상해 모형과 함께 이용된 연속적인 비디오 뇌파학 (EEG) 감시는 신생아 저혈성 허혈성 발작의 추가 이해 그리고 특성화를 허용합니다. 이전 연구는 비디오 녹화, 제한된 EEG 녹음 및 원격 측정 EEG 기록 10,11,12,13,14,15,16을 포함하여 설치류의 신생아 발작을 분석하기 위한 다양한 방법을 사용했습니다. 다음 원고에서는 저산소증-허혈 중에 마우스 새끼로 연속 비디오 EEG를 기록하는 과정에 대해 자세히 설명합니다. 신생아 마우스 새끼에서 연속 비디오 EEG 모니터링을위한이 기술은 다양한 질병 및 발작 모델에 적용 될 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;SURGERY&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ball Point Applicator</td><td>Metrex Research</td><td>8300-F</td><td>i-bond applicator</td></tr><tr><td>Cranioplast (Powder/Resin)</td><td>Coltene</td><td>H00383</td><td>Perm Reline/Power</td></tr><tr><td>I-Bond</td><td>Kulzer GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LOOK Silk Suture</td><td>Surgical Specialities Corporation</td><td>SP115</td><td>LOOK SP115 Black Braided Silk Non absorbable surgical suture</td></tr><tr><td>RS-5168 Botvin Forceps</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>RS5168</td><td>Forcep for surgery/ligation</td></tr><tr><td>RS-5138 Graefe Forceps</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>RS5138</td><td>Forcep for surgery/ligation</td></tr><tr><td>UV light for I-Bond</td><td>Blast Lite By First Media</td><td>BL778</td><td>UV ligth for I-bond</td></tr><tr><td>Vannas Microdissecting Scissor</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>RS5618</td><td>Scissor for ligation</td></tr><tr><td>Vet Bond</td><td>3M Vetbond</td><td>1469SB</td><td>Vet Glue</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;HYPOXIA&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hypoxidial</td><td>Starr Life Science</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oxygen sensor</td><td>Medical Products</td><td></td><td>MiniOxI- oxygen analyzer/sensor for hypoxia rig</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;EEG RECORDING&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female receptacle connector 0.079&quot;</td><td>Mill-Max Manufacturing Corp</td><td>832-10-024-10-001000</td><td>Ordered from Digikey</td></tr><tr><td>Grass Amplifier</td><td>Natus Neurology Incorporated</td><td></td><td>Grass Product</td></tr><tr><td>LabChart Pro</td><td>ADI Instruments</td><td></td><td>Software to run the system</td></tr><tr><td>Male Socket Connector 0.079&quot;</td><td>Mill-Max Manufacturing Corp</td><td>833-43-024-20-001000</td><td>Ordered from Digikey</td></tr><tr><td>Operational Amplifier</td><td>Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA</td><td>TLC2274CD</td><td>TLC2274 Quad Low-Noise Rail-to Rail Operational Amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Operational Amplifier</td><td>Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA</td><td>TLC2272ACDR</td><td>TLC2274 Quad Low-Noise Rail-to Rail Operational Amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel wire</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>791400</td><td>0.005&quot; Bare/0.008&quot; Coated 100 ft</td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-Flexible Wire</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>9564T1</td><td>36 Gauze wire of various color</td></tr></tbody></table>

continuous video electroencephalogram during hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice

저산소증 허혈은 신생아 발작의 가장 흔한 원인입니다. 동물 모델은 신생아 발작과 저산소증 허혈의 기전과 생리학을 이해하는 데 중요합니다. 이 원고는 신생아 마우스에서 지속적인 비디오 뇌전도(EEG) 모니터링을 위한 방법을 설명하여 저산소증 허혈 중 발작을 감지하고 EEG 배경을 분석합니다. 비디오 및 EEG를 함께 사용하면 발작 반학에 대한 설명과 발작 확인이 가능합니다. 이 방법은 또한 실험 기간 동안 전력 분광 및 EEG 배경 패턴 동향을 분석할 수 있습니다. 이 저산소증 허혈 모델에서, 방법은 EEG 가 손상 전 과 부상 및 회복 중에 규범적 기준을 얻을 수 있도록 허용한다. 총 모니터링 시간은 새끼를 어머니와 4 시간 이상 분리할 수 없다는 데 의해 제한됩니다. 비록, 우리는이 원고에서 저산소 허혈성 발작의 모델을 사용 했지만, 신생아 비디오 EEG 모니터링을 위한 이 방법은 설치류에 있는 다양한 질병 및 포착 모형에 적용될 수 있었습니다.

발작 세미로지
신생아 저산소증 -허혈 노출은 마우스에서 일반화 및 초점 발작 모두에서 초래 (도 1A-C). 비디오 EEG 녹화를 통해 전극 결과는 비디오의 동작과 상관관계가 있습니다. 이러한 행동은 이전에 발표된 신생아 설치류 행동 발작 점수(BSS)16을 사용하여 득점되었다. BSS 외에도 동작이 초점/일방적, 양자 또는 혼...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

본 원고는 저산소증-허혈을 앓고 있는 신생아 마우스의 다중 깊이 전극을 이용한 연속 비디오 EEG 레코딩방법을 설명합니다.

신생아 쥐의 저산소증-허혈 중 연속 비디오 뇌전도

Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying ...

continuous-video-electroencephalogram-during-hypoxia-ischemia

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.3K 조회수.  University of Virginia. 본 원고는 저산소증-허혈을 앓고 있는 신생아 마우스의 다중 깊이 전극을 이용한 연속 비디오 EEG 레코딩방법을 설명합니다.

비디오: Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Extended culture of neural stem/progenitor cells facilitates in vitro analyses to understand their biology while enabling expansion of cell populations to adequate numbers prior to transplantation. Identifying approaches to refine this process, to augment the production of all CNS cell types (i.e., neurons), and to possibly contribute to therapeutic cell therapy protocols is a high research priority. This report describes an easily applied in vivo &#8220;pre-conditioning&#8221; stimulus which can be delivered to awake, non-anesthetized animals. Thus, it is a non-invasive and non-stressful procedure. Specifically described are the procedures for exposing mouse or rat pups (aged postnatal day 1-8) to a brief (40-80 min) period of intermittent hypoxia (AIH). The procedures included in this video protocol include calibration of the whole-body plethysmography chamber in which pups are placed during AIH and the technical details of AIH exposure. The efficacy of this approach to elicit tissue-level changes in the awake animal is demonstrated through the enhancement of subsequent in vitro expansion and neuronal differentiation in cells harvested from the subventricular zone (SVZ). These results support the notion that tissue level changes across multiple systems could be observed following AIH, and support the continued optimization and establishment of AIH as a priming or conditioning modality for therapeutic cell populations.

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

This article describes the methodology for administering short periods of intermittent hypoxia to postnatal day 1-8 mouse or rat pups. This approach effectively elicits a robust tissue level &#8220;priming effect&#8221; on cultured neural progenitor cells that are harvested within 30 min of hypoxia exposure.

배달<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 급성 간헐적 저산소증 신생아 설치류에서 국무 뇌실 지역 유래 신경 전구 세포 배양에

Extended culture of neural stem/progenitor cells facilitates in vitro analyses to understand their biology while enabling expansion of cell populations to ...

연구

발생학

Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can potentially increase risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) are widely used clinical diagnostic tools to monitor for abnormal brain and cardiac rhythms in patients. Here, a technique to simultaneously record video, EEG, and ECG in mice to measure behavior, brain, and cardiac activities, respectively, is described. The technique described herein utilizes a tethered (i.e., wired) recording configuration in which the implanted electrode on the head of the mouse is hard-wired to the recording equipment. Compared to wireless telemetry recording systems, the tethered arrangement possesses several technical advantages such as a greater possible number of channels for recording EEG or other biopotentials; lower electrode costs; and greater frequency bandwidth (i.e., sampling rate) of recordings. The basics of this technique can also be easily modified to accommodate recording other biosignals, such as electromyography (EMG) or plethysmography for assessment of muscle and respiratory activity, respectively. In addition to describing how to perform the EEG-ECG recordings, we also detail methods to quantify the resulting data for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability, which we demonstrate in an example experiment using a mouse with epilepsy due to Kcna1 gene deletion. Video-EEG-ECG monitoring in mouse models of epilepsy or other neurological disease provides a powerful tool to identify dysfunction at the level of the brain, heart, or brain-heart interactions.

Here, we present a protocol to record brain and heart bio signals in mice using simultaneous video, electroencephalography (EEG), and electrocardiography (ECG). We also describe methods to analyze the resulting EEG-ECG recordings for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability.

동시 비디오-뇌 파-ECG 모니터링 Neurocardiac 부전 간 질 마우스 모델에서을 식별 하

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can ...

유전학

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is the consequence of systemic asphyxia occurring at birth. Twenty five percent of neonates with HIE develop severe and permanent neuropsychological sequelae, including mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. The outcomes of HIE are devastating and permanent, making it critical to identify and develop therapeutic strategies to reduce brain injury in newborns with HIE. To that end, the neonatal rat model for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury has been developed to model this human condition. The HIE model was first validated by Vannucci et al 1 and has since been extensively used to identify mechanisms of brain injury resulting from perinatal hypoxia-ischemia 2 and to test potential therapeutic interventions 3,4. The HIE model is a two step process and involves the ligation of the left common carotid artery followed by exposure to a hypoxic environment. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the ligated carotid artery does not decrease because of the collateral blood flow via the circle of Willis; however with lower oxygen tension, the CBF in the ipsilateral hemisphere decreases significantly and results in unilateral ischemic injury. The use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to stain and identify ischemic brain tissue was originally developed for adult models of rodent cerebral ischemia 5, and is used to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarctin at early time points up to 72 hours after the ischemic event 6. In this video, we demonstrate the hypoxic-ischemic injury model in postnatal rat brain and the evaluation of the infarct size using TTC staining.

The postnatal rat model for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a well-established model of human neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). In this article, we describe the model of HIE in post-natal rat pups.

Perinatal 국소 빈혈의 Hypoxic 허혈성 뇌증 모델

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is the consequence of systemic asphyxia occurring at birth. Twenty five percent of neonates with HIE develop severe ...

생물학

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound (30/45MHZ) System

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CHDs is&#160;crucial for inventing new preventive and therapeutic strategies. Mutant mouse models are powerful tools to discover new&#160;mechanisms&#160;and environmental stress modifiers that drive cardiac development and their potential&#160;alteration in CHDs. However, efforts to establish the causality of these putative contributors have been limited to histological&#160;and molecular studies&#160;in non-survival animal experiments, in which&#160;monitoring the key physiological and hemodynamic parameters is&#160;often absent. Live imaging technology has become an essential tool to establish the&#160;etiology of CHDs. In particular,&#160;ultrasound imaging can be used prenatally without surgically exposing the fetuses,&#160;allowing maintaining&#160;their baseline physiology while monitoring the impact of environmental stress&#160;on the hemodynamic and structural aspects of cardiac chamber development. Herein, we use the High-Frequency Ultrasound (30/45)&#160;system to examine the cardiovascular system in fetal mice at E18.5 in utero at the baseline and in response to prenatal hypoxia exposure. We demonstrate the feasibility of the system to measure cardiac chamber size, morphology, ventricular function, fetal heart rate, and umbilical artery flow indices, and their alterations in fetal mice exposed to systemic chronic hypoxia in utero in real time.

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System

High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetal mouse has improved imaging resolution and can provide precise non-invasive characterization of cardiac development and structural defects. The protocol outlined herein is designed to perform real-time fetal mice echocardiography in vivo.

태아 마우스 심장 혈관 이미징 높은 주파수 초음파 (30/45 m h Z) 시스템을 사용 하 여

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular ...

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the world&#8217;s 2.9 million neonatal deaths. Animal models of HIE have contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology in HIE, and have highlighted the dynamic process that occur in brain injury due to perinatal asphyxia. Thus, animal studies have suggested a time-window for post-insult treatment strategies. Hypothermia has been tested as a treatment for HIE in pdiglet models and subsequently proven effective in clinical trials. Variations of the model have been applied in the study of adjunctive neuroprotective methods and piglet studies of xenon and melatonin have led to clinical phase I and II trials1,2. The piglet HIE model is further used for neonatal resuscitation- and hemodynamic studies as well as in investigations of cerebral hypoxia on a cellular level. However, it is a technically challenging model and variations in the protocol may result in either too mild or too severe brain injury. In this article, we demonstrate the technical procedures necessary for establishing a stable piglet model of neonatal HIE. First, the newborn piglet (&#60; 24 hr old, median weight 1500 g) is anesthetized, intubated, and monitored in a setup comparable to that found in a neonatal intensive care unit. Global hypoxia-ischemia is induced by lowering the inspiratory oxygen fraction to achieve global hypoxia, ischemia through hypotension and a flat trace amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) indicative of cerebral hypoxia. Survival is promoted by adjusting oxygenation according to the aEEG response and blood pressure. Brain injury is quantified by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging after 72 hr.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia can be studied using animal models. We demonstrate the procedures necessary for establishing a piglet model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

신생아 저산소 - 허혈성 뇌증의 돼지 모델

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the ...

의학

Neurobehavioral Assessments in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury

We performed unilateral carotid artery occlusion on CD-1 mice to create a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model and investigated the effects of neonatal HI brain injury by studying neurobehavioral functions in these mice compared to non-operated (i.e., normal) mice. During the study, Rice-Vannucci&#39;s method was used to induce neonatal HI brain damage in postnatal day 7-10 (P7-10) mice. The HI operation was performed on the pups by unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to hypoxia (8% O2 and 92% N2 for 90 min). One week after the operation, the damaged brains were evaluated with the naked eye through the semi-transparent skull and were categorized into subgroups based on the absence (&#34;no cortical injury&#34; group) or presence (&#34;cortical injury&#34; group) of cortical injury, such as a lesion in the right hemisphere. On week 6, the following neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate the cognitive and motor functions: passive avoidance task (PAT), ladder walking test, and grip strength test. These behavioral tests are helpful in determining the effects of neonatal HI brain injury and are used in other mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, neonatal HI brain injury mice showed motor deficits that corresponded to right hemisphere damage. The behavioral test results are relevant to the deficits observed in human neonatal HI patients, such as cerebral palsy or neonatal stroke patients. In this study, a mouse model of neonatal HI brain injury was established and showed different degrees of motor deficits and cognitive impairment compared to non-operated mice. This work provides basic information on the HI mouse model. MRI images demonstrate the different phenotypes, separated according to the severity of brain damage by motor and cognitive tests.

We performed unilateral carotid artery occlusion on postnatal day 7-10 CD-1 mouse pups to create a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model and investigated the effects of HI brain injury. We studied neurobehavioral functions in these mice compared to non-operated normal mice.

신생아 Hypoxic-허 혈 성 뇌 손상의 마우스 모델에서 Neurobehavioral 평가

We performed unilateral carotid artery occlusion on CD-1 mice to create a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model and investigated the effects of neonatal HI ...

신경과학

Noninvasive Electrocardiography in the Perinatal Mouse

Electrocardiography (ECG) has long been relied upon as an effective and reliable method of assessing cardiovascular (and cardiopulmonary) function in both human and animal models of disease. Individual heart rate, rhythm, and regularity, combined with quantitative parameters collected from ECG, serve to assess the integrity of the cardiac conduction system as well as the integrated physiology of the cardiac cycle. This article provides a comprehensive description of the methods and techniques used to perform a noninvasive ECG on perinatal and neonatal mouse pups as early as the first postnatal day, without requiring the use of anesthetics. This protocol was designed to directly address a need for a standardized and repeatable method for obtaining ECG in newborn mice. From a translational perspective, this protocol proves to be entirely effective for characterization of congenital cardiopulmonary defects generated using transgenic mouse lines, and particularly for analysis of defects causing lethality at or during the first postnatal days. This protocol also aims to directly address a gap in the scientific literature to characterize and provide normative data associated with maturation of the early postnatal cardiac conduction system. This method is not limited to a specific postnatal timepoint, but rather allows for ECG data collection in neonatal mouse pups from birth to postnatal day 10 (P10), a window that is of critical importance for modeling human diseases in vivo, with particular emphasis on congenital heart disease (CHD).

Here, we present a noninvasive electrocardiography (ECG) protocol, optimized for early postnatal mice, that does not require the use of anesthetics.

주산기 마우스의 비침습적 전기 검사

Electrocardiography (ECG) has long been relied upon as an effective and reliable method of assessing cardiovascular (and cardiopulmonary) function in both ...

Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Coronary Flow in Neonate Mice

Echocardiography is a non-invasive procedure that enables the evaluation of structural and functional parameters in animal models of cardiovascular disease and is used to assess the impact of potential treatments in preclinical studies. Echocardiographic studies are usually conducted in young adult mice (i.e., 4-6 weeks of age). The evaluation of early neonatal cardiovascular function is not usually performed because of the small size of the mouse pups and the associated technical difficulties. One of the most important challenges is that the short length of the pups&#39; limbs prevents them from reaching the electrodes in the echocardiography platform. Body temperature is the other challenge, as pups are very susceptible to changes in temperature. Therefore, it is important to establish a practical guide for performing echocardiographic studies in small mouse pups to help researchers detect early pathological changes and study the progression of cardiovascular disease over time. The current work describes a protocol for performing echocardiography in mouse pups at the early age of 7 days old. The echocardiographic characterization of cardiac morphology, function, and coronary flow in neonatal mice is also described.

The present protocol describes the echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular morphology, function, and coronary blood flow in 7-day old neonate mice.

신생아 마우스의 좌심실 구조, 기능 및 관상 동맥 흐름의 심 초음파 특성

Echocardiography is a non-invasive procedure that enables the evaluation of structural and functional parameters in animal models of cardiovascular ...

Early Pathological and Magnetic Resonance Detection of Cerebral Injury Using a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an acute disease that may afflict newborns, resulting in variable long- and short-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Early diagnosis is critical to identifying infants who may benefit from intervention; however, early diagnosis relies heavily on clinical criteria. No molecular or radiological tests have shown promise in detecting early cerebral injury. Studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show changes in both blood flow/ischemia and metabolic disruption. However, they have all been used to evaluate the secondary phase of the disease (&gt;12 h) after the onset of the injury. Early diagnosis is critical to rapidly starting therapeutic hypothermia in eligible infants, which is currently recommended to be initiated within 6 h of birth. The rat model of hypoxic-ischemic injury was developed in 1981 and has been validated and used extensively to study changes in brain perfusion, cerebral injury markers, and morphology. However, it has primarily been used as a "late model", evaluating injury several days after the initial ischemic insult. The model has been known to have poor sensitivity in evaluating reliable and reproducible early cerebral changes. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable model to study early gross morphological and radiological markers of HIE using pathological staining and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The present protocol describes a rodent model of newborn hypoxic-ischemic injury for identifying early changes in cerebral tissue by gross morphology and magnetic resonance imaging. This has benefits over existing models, which can be used to study late injury but do not allow the evaluation of reproducible early changes.

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an acute disease that may afflict newborns, resulting in variable long- and short-term ...

Establishing a Mouse Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Source: Kim, M., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/55838">Neurobehavioral Assessments in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
The video demonstrates the procedure for creating a mouse model to study neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. It outlines the steps for surgically inducing ischemia and subjecting the animal to hypoxia to exacerbate brain damage. Finally, it shows how to assess the resulting brain lesions, ensuring the mouse model is prepared for further scientific investigation.