입방 미터 여 NIDCD (DC007864, DC016278) (EY008117, EY010852) NEI에서 자금 지원 및 NIAID (1DP1AI124453).

<ol>
	<li>Fowler, M. A., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+TRP+channels+and+animal+behavior.">Drosophila TRP channels and animal behavior.</a> Life Sci. 92, 394-403 (2013).</li><li>Palkar, R., Lippoldt, E. K., McKemy, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+and+cellular+basis+of+thermosensation+in+mammals.">The molecular and cellular basis of thermosensation in mammals.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 34, 14-19 (2015).</li><li>Vriens, J., Nilius, B., Voets, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+thermosensation+in+mammals.">Peripheral thermosensation in mammals.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 15 (9), 573-589 (2014).</li><li>Rosenzweig, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+ortholog+of+vertebrate+TRPA1+regulates+thermotaxis.">The Drosophila ortholog of vertebrate TRPA1 regulates thermotaxis.</a> Genes Dev. 19, 419-424 (2005).</li><li>Kwon, Y., Shim, H. S., Wang, X., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+thermotactic+behavior+via+coupling+of+a+TRP+channel+to+a+phospholipase+C+signaling+cascade.">Control of thermotactic behavior via coupling of a TRP channel to a phospholipase C signaling cascade.</a> Nat Neurosci. 11, 871-873 (2008).</li><li>Kwon, Y., Shen, W. L., Shim, H. S., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine+thermotactic+discrimination+between+the+optimal+and+slightly+cooler+temperatures+via+a+TRPV+channel+in+chordotonal+neurons.">Fine thermotactic discrimination between the optimal and slightly cooler temperatures via a TRPV channel in chordotonal neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 30 (31), 10465-10471 (2010).</li><li>Shen, W. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+rhodopsin+in+temperature+discrimination+in+Drosophila.">Function of rhodopsin in temperature discrimination in Drosophila.</a> Science. 331 (6022), 1333-1336 (2011).</li><li>Sokabe, T., Chen, H. S., Luo, J., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+switch+in+thermal+preference+in+Drosophila+larvae+depends+on+multiple+rhodopsins.">A switch in thermal preference in Drosophila larvae depends on multiple rhodopsins.</a> Cell Rep. 17, 336-344 (2016).</li><li>Ni, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Ionotropic+Receptors+IR21a+and+IR25a+mediate+cool+sensing+in+Drosophila.">The Ionotropic Receptors IR21a and IR25a mediate cool sensing in Drosophila.</a> Elife. 5, 13254 (2016).</li><li>Luo, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Navigational+decision+making+in+Drosophila+thermotaxis.">Navigational decision making in Drosophila thermotaxis.</a> J Neurosci. 30 (12), 4261-4272 (2010).</li><li>Ashburner, M., Golic, K. G., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: a laboratory handbook. , (2005).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

이 프로토콜의 성공을 위해 실험을 수행 하는 애벌레의 적절 한 숫자를 얻기 위해 조치를 취할 중요 하다. 전 달걀 누워 개선 하기 위해 2-3 d에 대 한 효 모 붙여넣기 포함 된 튜브에 파리를 먹이 포함 됩니다. 튜브 물 튜브를 포함 하는 쟁반에 배치 하는 식품의 수 분을 유지 하 고 촉진 효과 먹이 애벌레에 의해 정상적인 빛 어두운 주기에 노출을 허용 하는 동안 투명 한 플라스틱 가방에 포함 해야 ...

Thermotaxis는 모바일 동물 선택 가장 유리한 조건1,2,3환경 하에 고용 됩니다. 지나치게 뜨겁거나 차가운 기후 인 경우이 문제는 생존을 위해 생명 이다. 또한, 많은 동물 편안한 범위에서 온도에 아주 작은 차이에 민감한 고 이상적인 온도 환경. 이 같은 환경과 그들의 체온을 equilibrate 과일 파리 poikilothermic 유기 체에 대 한 특정 중요성 이다. 애벌레 thermotaxis 모니터링 분석 수단이 식별, Drosophila 일시적인 수용 체 잠재력 (TRP) 채널4,,56, 같은 분자 센서의 역할을 명확히 rhodopsins7,8와 ionotropic 수용 체 수용 체 (국세청)9, 다른 온도 범위와 온도 감도이 동물을 부여.
양방향 선택 테스트 애벌레6,7열 기본을 공부 하는 한 가지 방법은 제공 합니다. 분석 결과 수반 두 가지 온도 영역을 설정 하 고 다른 한쪽을 선택 하는 동물을 수 있습니다. 양방향 선택 테스트에서 결과 강력 하 고, 두 가지 옵션 사이의 온도 차이가 큰 경우 특히 수 있습니다. 또한, 각 분석 결과 두 그룹을 tabulating 포함, 데이터는 간단한 기본 색인으로 표현할 수 있습니다. 편리 하 고 양방향 선택 분석 실험의 단순 유전 스크린 의무가 있습니다. 그러나, 주요 한계는 많은 실험은 야생-타입 또는 돌연변이 동물의 원하는 온도 설정 하는 데 필요한입니다.
그라데이션 분석 결과 단일 분석 결과8원하는 온도 설정할 기회를 제공 합니다. 연속 범위의 온도 직면할 때 또한, 양방향 선택 테스트와는 달리 그것은 동물의 그룹의 분포의 평가 허용. 한 그라데이션 분석 결과 페 트리 접시를 사용 하 여 단일 동물 이며 개별 동물10의 상세한 동작을 특성화 하는 데 적합 합니다. 그러나, 접시 라운드 이기 때문에, 온도 영역의 크기 변화 하 고 중심 으로부터 거리에 따라 점차적으로 작은. 따라서,이 설정 온도 선택의 동물의 인구를 모니터링에 이상적입니다.
애벌레의 그룹의 온도 선호를 평가 하기 위해 적합 한 연속 열 그라데이션 기구 직사각형 경기장을 고용 하 고 여기 설명. 기구는 생성 하 고 조립 하기 쉽습니다. 또한, 그라데이션, 선형 이며 유연 하 고, 42 ° c에 10 ° C에서 큰 온도 범위 동안 thermotaxis를 평가 하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 분석 결과 신속 하 고 간단 하 게 수행 하 고 재현 가능한 데이터를 생성 합니다. 애벌레의 선호 온도 보고, 뿐만 아니라 그것은 하나의 실험에서 전체 선형 범위 동물의 인구의 환경 설정을 보여준다. 이러한 장점으로 인해 thermotaxis에 필요한 유전자를 식별 하는 데 탁월한 선택 이다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Gradient assay apparatus&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PolyScience 9106, Refrigerated/Heated 6L Circulating Bath</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>9106</td><td>This model is discontinued. Updated replacement models include: 1186R00 and 1197U04 for 120 V, 60 Hz, or 1184L08 and 1197U04 for 240 V, 50 Hz.</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum assay plate (for single directional gradient)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Outer size: 14 x 10.1 x 0.9 cm, inner size: 12.9 x 8.7 x 0.8 cm, black anodized.</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum plate (for bidirectional gradient)</td><td></td><td></td><td>25 x 22 x 0.2 cm, black anodized.</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum block</td><td></td><td></td><td>Outer size: 25.5 x 5 x 1.4 cm, parameters of inner channels are shown in Figure 1D.</td></tr><tr><td>Connector for aluminum blocks and tubing</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>91355K82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tygon Sanitary Silicone Tubing</td><td>Tygon</td><td>57296</td><td>1/4&quot; ID x 3/8&quot; OD x 1/16&quot; wall</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Items and reagents for assay&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pestle</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>17361</td><td>Pestle for 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Thermometer</td><td>Fluke</td><td>51II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocouple</td><td>Fluke</td><td>K type</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal microplate lid</td><td>Corning</td><td>6980A77</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>35 mm dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>9380D40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Labeling tape (for bidirectional gradient)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>15-951</td><td>Fisherbrand labeling tape 2 in x 14 yds</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>16500500</td><td>Prepare 1% solution</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S0389-5KG</td><td>Prepare 18% solution right before starting assay</td></tr><tr><td>Paint brush</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11860</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL centrifuge tubes</td><td>Denville</td><td>C1062-P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scoopula</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-357Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 mL round wide-mouth bottle</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>1395-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell strainer (300 mm pore)</td><td>PluriSelect</td><td>43-50300</td><td>Optional item for larvae washing</td></tr><tr><td>Cardboard box (vial tray)</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>FS32-124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; food&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Distilled water</td><td></td><td></td><td>22,400 mL</td></tr><tr><td>Cornmeal, yellow (extra fine mesh,flocked) 20 kg</td><td>LabScientific Inc.</td><td>NC0535320</td><td>1,609 g</td></tr><tr><td>Brewers yeast 100 lbs</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>ICN90331280</td><td>379 g</td></tr><tr><td>NutriSoy&amp;reg; Soy Flour (10 kg/unit)</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>62-115</td><td>221 g</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt; Agar, Type II (5 kg)</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>66-103</td><td>190 g</td></tr><tr><td>Karo light corn syrup</td><td>Karo</td><td></td><td>1,700 mL</td></tr><tr><td>Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (suspend in 200 proof ethanol)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>H5501-5KG</td><td>72 g/240 mL</td></tr><tr><td>Propionic acid puriss. p.a.,&gt;99.5% (GC)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>81910-1 L</td><td>108 mL</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphoric acid&amp;nbsp;ACS reagent, &amp;ge;85 wt. % in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>438081-500 mL</td><td>8.5 mL</td></tr></tbody></table>

a temperature gradient assay to determine thermal preferences of drosophila larvae

많은 동물, 과일 파리, 초파리 melanogaster를 포함 하 여 차별 분 차이 환경 온도를 선호 그들의 열 조를 찾아 그들을 가능 하 게 할 수 있다. 애벌레의 온도 환경 정의 된 선형 범위를 정의 하려면 우리는 온도 기울기를 사용 하 여 분석 결과 개발 했다. 단일 지향성 그라디언트를 설정 하려면 두 개의 알루미늄 블록 독립 물 탕, 각각의 개별 블록의 온도 제어에 연결 됩니다. 해당 하위 및 상위 제한을 설정 하는 두 개의 블록. 온도 기울기는 접시에 걸쳐 그들 사이의 거리는 두 물 제어 블록 위에 agarose 코팅 알루미늄 플레이트를 삽입 하 여 설정 됩니다. 끝 물 블록 위에 설정 된 알루미늄 플레이트의 최소 및 최대 온도 정의 하 고 지역 사이 선형 온도 기울기를 형성 하는 두 개의 블록. 그라데이션 분석 결과 다른 연령대의 애벌레에 적용할 수 있는 고 고기, 인코딩 TRP 채널 및 opsins, 온도 차별에 필요한 유전자에 영향을 미치는 돌연변이 등을 전시 하는 돌연변이 식별 하기 위해 사용할 수 있습니다.

18 °-28 ° C 단일 방향 설정 그라데이션, 우리 두 물 탕의 온도를 설정 16.8 ° C와 31 ° C 우리는 agarose 젤 표면 (그림 2C, 2E)의 극단적인 끝에 모든 6 영역, 영역 사이의 테두리 라인의 상단과 하단에서 26 위치에서 온도 측정 하 여 13 지점에서 온도 얻을. 그라데이션에 따라 온도 분포는 거의 선형 (Y = 0.9672 * X + 16.19, R2 = 0.9961) (<strong class...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae at JoVE.com

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

여기, 우리는 연속 열 그라디언트를 사용 하 여 초파리 애벌레의 기본 환경 온도 결정 하는 프로토콜 제시.

초파리 애벌레의 열 환경 설정을 결정 하는 온도 분석 결과

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which ...

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A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

7.5K 조회수.  University of California, Santa Barbara. 여기, 우리는 연속 열 그라디언트를 사용 하 여 초파리 애벌레의 기본 환경 온도 결정 하는 프로토콜 제시.

비디오: A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.
The Drosophila larva is an established model system to study thermal nociception, a sensory response to potentially harmful temperatures that is evolutionarily conserved across species1,2. The advantages of Drosophila for such studies are the relative simplicity of its nervous system and the sophistication of the genetic techniques that can be used to dissect the molecular basis of the underlying biology4-6 In Drosophila, as in all metazoans, the response to noxious thermal stimuli generally involves a "nocifensive" aversive withdrawal to the presented stimulus7. Such stimuli are detected through free nerve endings or nociceptors and the amplitude of the organismal response depends on the number of nociceptors receiving the noxious stimulus8. In Drosophila, it is the class IV dendritic arborization sensory neurons that detect noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli9 in addition to their recently discovered role as photoreceptors10. These neurons, which have been very well studied at the developmental level, arborize over the barrier epidermal sheet and make contacts with nearly all epidermal cells11,12. The single axon of each class IV neuron projects into the ventral nerve cord of the central nervous system11 where they may connect to second-order neurons that project to the brain.
Under baseline conditions, nociceptive sensory neurons will not fire until a relatively high threshold is reached. The assays described here allow the investigator to quantify baseline behavioral responses or, presumably, the sensitization that ensues following tissue damage. Each assay provokes distinct but related locomotory behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli and permits the researcher to visualize and quantify various aspects of thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. The assays can be applied to larvae of desired genotypes or to larvae raised under different environmental conditions that might impact nociception. Since thermal nociception is conserved across species, the findings gleaned from genetic dissection in Drosophila will likely inform our understanding of thermal nociception in other species, including vertebrates.

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.

에서 열 Nociception를 평가 지역 및 글로벌 방법<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 애벌레

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of ...

연구

신경과학

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific responses to changing temperatures according to their physiological tolerance and adaptability. Drosophila flies also possess a temperature sensing system that has become fundamental to understanding the neural basis of temperature processing in ectotherms. We present here a temperature-controlled arena that permits fast and precise temperature changes with temporal and spatial control to explore the response of individual flies to changing temperatures. Individual flies are placed in the arena and exposed to pre-programmed temperature challenges, such as uniform gradual increases in temperature to determine reaction norms or spatially distributed temperatures at the same time to determine preferences. Individuals are automatically tracked, allowing the quantification of speed or location preference. This method can be used to rapidly quantify the response over a large range of temperatures to determine temperature performance curves in Drosophila or other insects of similar size. In addition, it can be used for genetic studies to quantify temperature preferences and reactions of mutants or wild-type flies. This method can help uncover the basis of thermal speciation and adaptation, as well as the neural mechanisms behind temperature processing.

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Here we present a protocol to automatically determine the locomotor performance of Drosophila at changing temperatures using a programmable temperature-controlled arena that produces fast and accurate temperature changes in time and space.

시간과 공간에서 온도 변화에 대 한 응답에서 초파리 의 성능을 결정 하는 자동화 된 방법

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...

행동분석학

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>DAM2 시스템을 사용한 초파리 의 High-Throughput Heat Tolerance 측정

Heat Tolerance Assays Using the Drosophila Activity Monitor System: A Guide to an Executable Application for Data Analysis

The study of heat tolerance in&#8239;Drosophila melanogaster has been of particular interest to researchers for decades, with a common approach to assessing heat tolerance being to monitor the time to knockdown (TKD) after exposure to an elevated temperature. Classically, flies are housed in individual vials and placed inside a heated water bath. TKD is then monitored manually by researchers. While very well-established, there remain problems of subjectivity and consistent application of a tangible definition of cessation of all movement, including muscular spasms, when implementing these manual assays. We have developed a high-throughput method for automating heat tolerance assays using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitors (DAM2). To accompany the DAM2 system, we have written a program and created an easy-use executable to automatically read the last time of movement from the activity data generated. This script then writes to a .csv file the time to heat paralysis (TKD) for each fly. Our data show that this automated DAM2 method is consistent and reliable. Meanwhile, activity profiles created from the activity count data are of interest. These activity profiles can be compiled and have the potential to expand heat tolerance assays to include the relatively unstudied behavioral components of heat tolerance. This protocol will describe in detail how to use the DAM2 system and the HoTDAM! software to estimate heat tolerance in D. melanogaster.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Drosophila Activity Monitor 시스템을 사용한 열 내성 분석: 데이터 분석을 위한 실행 가능한 응용 프로그램 가이드

This report describes a method for measuring adult Drosophila melanogaster time to knockdown using a Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM2) in response to an air conduction heat stressor within an incubator chamber. The DAM2 measures activity by recording individual fly movements as they cross an infrared beam. Data analysis is facilitated by a novel executable file created by the authors.

Drosophila Activity Monitor 시스템을 사용한 열 내성 분석: 데이터 분석을 위한 실행 가능한 응용 프로그램 가이드

The study of heat tolerance in&#8239;Drosophila melanogaster has been of particular interest to researchers for decades, with a common approach to ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory machinery, such as in patients experiencing peripheral neuropathy or injury-induced sensitization, are not well characterized. The genetically tractable Drosophila model has been used to study the cells and genes required for noxious heat detection, which has yielded multiple conserved genes of interest. Little is known however about the cells and receptors important for noxious cold sensing. Although, Drosophila does not survive prolonged exposure to cold temperatures (&#8804;10 &#186;C), and will avoid cool, preferring warmer temperatures in behavioral preference assays, how they sense and possibly avoid noxious cold stimuli has only recently been investigated.
Here we describe and characterize the first noxious cold (&#8804;10 &#186;C) behavioral assay in Drosophila. Using this tool and assay, we show an investigator how to qualitatively and quantitatively assess cold nociceptive behaviors. This can be done under normal/healthy culture conditions, or presumably in the context of disease, injury or sensitization. Further, this assay can be applied to larvae selected for desired genotypes, which might impact thermosensation, pain, or nociceptive sensitization. Given that pain is a highly conserved process, using this assay to further study&#160;thermal nociception will likely glean important understanding of pain processes in other species, including vertebrates.

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Here we demonstrate a novel assay to study cold nociception in Drosophila larvae. This assay utilizes a custom-built Peltier probe capable of applying a focal noxious cold stimulus and results in quantifiable cold-specific behaviors. This technique will allow further cellular and molecular dissection of cold nociception.

콜드 통각에 대한 소설 분석<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 애벌레

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night 3. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons3. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well&#160;known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms4. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR3. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night. TPR is regulated independently from another circadian output, locomotor activity. Here&#160;we describe the design and analysis of TPR in Drosophila.

드로소필라의 온도 선호도 행동과 Circadian 리듬의 설계 및 분석

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...

생물학

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This protocol repurposes an instrument often used to measure adult activity, the TriKinetics Drosophila activity monitor (MB5 Multi-Beam Activity Monitor) to study larval activity. The instrument can monitor the movements of animals in 16 individual 8 cm glass assay tubes, using 17 infrared detection beams per tube. Logging software automatically saves data to a computer, recording parameters such as number of moves, times sensors were triggered, and animals&#8217; positions within the tubes. The data can then be analyzed to represent overall locomotion and/or position preference as well as other measurements. All data are easily accessible and compatible with basic graphing and data manipulation software. This protocol will discuss how to use the apparatus, how to operate the software and how to run a larval activity assay from start to finish.

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

에서 애벌레 활동의 측정<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 활동 모니터

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

High-Throughput Assays of Critical Thermal Limits in Insects

Upper and lower thermal limits of plants and animals are important predictors of their performance, survival, and geographic distributions, and are essential for predicting responses to climate change. This work describes two high-throughput protocols for measuring insect thermal limits: one for assessing critical thermal minima (CTmin), and the other for assessing heat knock down time (KDT) in response to a static heat stressor. In the CTmin assay, individuals are placed in an acrylic-jacketed column, subjected to a decreasing temperature ramp, and counted as they fall from their perches using an infrared sensor. In the heat KDT assay, individuals are contained in a 96 well plate, placed in an incubator set to a stressful, hot temperature, and video recorded to determine the time at which they can no longer remain upright and move. These protocols offer advantages over commonly used techniques. Both assays are low cost and can be completed relatively quickly (~2 h). The CTmin assay reduces experimenter error and can measure a large number of individuals at once. The heat KDT protocol generates a video record of each assay and thus removes experimenter bias and the need to continuously monitor individuals in real time.

Thermal limits can predict the environments organisms tolerate, which is valuable information in the face of rapid climate change. Described here are high-throughput protocols to assess critical thermal minima and heat knockdown time in insects. Both protocols maximize the throughput and minimize the cost of the assays.

곤충의 중요한 열 한계에 대한 높은 처리량 해석

Upper and lower thermal limits of plants and animals are important predictors of their performance, survival, and geographic distributions, and are ...

Determining Temperature Preference of Mosquitoes and Other Ectotherms

Most insects and other ectotherms have a relatively narrow optimal temperature window, and deviation from their optima can have significant effects on their fitness, as well as other characteristics. Consequently, many such ectotherms seek out their optimal temperature range. Although temperature preferences of mosquitoes and other insects have been well studied, the traditional experimental setup is performed using a temperature gradient on an aluminum surface in a highly enclosed space. In some cases, this equipment restricts many natural behaviors, such as flying, which may be important in preference selection.
The objective of this study is to observe insect preference for air temperature by using a two-chamber apparatus with sufficient room for flight. The two chambers consist of independent temperature-controlled incubators, each with a large aperture. The incubators are connected by these apertures using a short acrylic bridge. Inside the incubators are two netted cages, linked via the apertures and bridge, allowing the insects to freely fly between the different conditions. The acrylic bridge also acts as a temperature gradient between the two incubators.
Due to the spacious area in the cage and easy construction, this method can be used to study any small ectotherm and/or any manipulation which may alter temperature preference including sensory organ manipulation, diet, gut flora, and endosymbiont presence at biosafety levels 1 or 2 (BSL 1 or 2). Additionally, the apparatus can be used for the study of pathogen infection using further containment (e.g., inside of a biosafety cabinet) at BSL 3.

Insects have an optimal environmental temperature range which they seek to remain within, and many external and internal factors can alter this preference. Here, we describe a cost-effective and simple method to study temperature choice, which allows insects to freely exhibit their natural behaviors.

모기 및 기타 외온선의 온도 선호도 결정

Most insects and other ectotherms have a relatively narrow optimal temperature window, and deviation from their optima can have significant effects on ...

초파리 애벌레의 열 환경 설정을 결정 하는 온도 분석 결과

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

에서 열 Nociception를 평가 지역 및 글로벌 방법

시간과 공간에서 온도 변화에 대 한 응답에서 초파리 의 성능을 결정 하는 자동화 된 방법

Drosophila Activity Monitor 시스템을 사용한 열 내성 분석: 데이터 분석을 위한 실행 가능한 응용 프로그램 가이드

Drosophila Activity Monitor 시스템을 사용한 열 내성 분석: 데이터 분석을 위한 실행 가능한 응용 프로그램 가이드

Drosophila Activity Monitor 시스템을 사용한 열 내성 분석: 데이터 분석을 위한 실행 가능한 응용 프로그램 가이드

콜드 통각에 대한 소설 분석

드로소필라의 온도 선호도 행동과 Circadian 리듬의 설계 및 분석

에서 애벌레 활동의 측정

곤충의 중요한 열 한계에 대한 높은 처리량 해석

모기 및 기타 외온선의 온도 선호도 결정