촉매 aerogels의 합성 방법의 개발 아니요 국립 과학 재단 (NSF) 교부 금을 통해 투자 되었다 DMR-1206631입니다. 설계 및 건설: UCAT 아니요 NSF 교부 금을 통해 투자 되었다 CBET-1228851입니다. 추가 자금 연합 대학 교수 연구 기금에 의해 제공 했다. 저자 또한 재커리 토 빈, 오드 Bechu, 라이언 Bouck, 아담 크고, 그리고 우 실바의 기여를 인정 하 고 싶습니다.

<ol>
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F., Biener, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+Functionalization+of+3D+Nano-graphene+Materials:+Graphene+Aerogels+and+Graphene+Macro+Assemblies.">Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (105), e53235 (2015).</li><li>Kapteijn, F., Stegenga, S., Dekker, N. J. J., Bijsterbosch, J. W., Moulijn, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternatives+to+noble+metal+catalysts+for+automotive+exhaust+purification.">Alternatives to noble metal catalysts for automotive exhaust purification.</a> Catalysis Today. 16 (2), 273-287 (1993).</li><li>Baumann, T., Gash, A., Chinn, S., Sawvel, A., Maxwell, R., Satcher, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+high-surface-area+alumina+aerogels+without+the+use+of+alkoxide+precursors.">Synthesis of high-surface-area alumina aerogels without the use of alkoxide precursors.</a> Chem. Mater. 17, 395-401 (2005).</li><li>Bruno, B. A., Anderson, A. M., Carroll, M. K., Brockmann, P., Swanton, T., Ramphal, I. A., Palace, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benchtop+Scale+Testing+of+Aerogel+Catalysts.">Benchtop Scale Testing of Aerogel Catalysts.</a> SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-920. , (2016).</li><li>Anderson, A. M., Wattley, C. W., Carroll, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silica+Aerogels+Prepared+via+Rapid+Supercritical+Extraction:+Effect+of+Process+Variables+on+Aerogel+Properties.">Silica Aerogels Prepared via Rapid Supercritical Extraction: Effect of Process Variables on Aerogel Properties.</a> J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 355 (2), 101-108 (2009).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

촉매 aerogels의 제조에 RSCE 방법 및 촉매 능력 위한: UCAT 시스템의 유틸리티 여기 입증 되었습니다. 다른 방법을 통해 이러한 프로토콜의 주요 장점을 RSCE aerogel 제조의 속도 상대적으로 저렴 한 접근: UCAT, 촉매 테스트 있습니다.
추출 하는 젤을 알 루미나 또는 실리 카 젖은 젤 매트릭스 금속 염의 침, 알루미늄 소금, 공동 선구자로 금속 염의 포함 및 포함 하는 금속 관을 포함 하...

실리 카 및 알 루미나 기반 aerogels는 낮은 밀도, 높은 다공성, 높은 표면적, 좋은 열 안정성과 낮은 열 전도도1를 포함 하 여 놀라운 속성이 있습니다. 이러한 속성 렌더링 aerogel 재료 응용 프로그램1,2의 다양 한 매력. 열 안정성과 aerogels의 높은 표면적을 이용 하는 한 응용 프로그램은 이질적인 촉매; 몇 가지 기사가 지역2,3,,45문학 검토. 여러 가지가 aerogel 기반의 촉매, 설립 또는 실리 카 또는 알 루미나 aerogel5,6,7의 프레임 워크 내에서 촉매 종의 함정을 포함 하 여의 제작 8,9,,1011. 현재 작업 통해 급속 한 초 임계 추출 (RSCE) 및 자동차 오염 완화에 대 한 aerogel 물자의 촉매 테스트 준비에 대 한 프로토콜에 초점을 맞추고 고 예제로 포함 하는 구리 aerogels를 사용 합니다.
3 방향 촉매 (TWCs) 가솔린 엔진12오염 완화 장비에서 일반적으로 채택 된다. 현대 TWCs 포함 백 금, 팔라듐 및로 듐, 백 금 그룹 금속 (전송 프로그램) 희귀 하 고, 따라서, 비싼 비용과 환경 얻을. 촉매 재료 더 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 금속에 따라 상당한 경제적, 환경적 이점을 했을.
Aerogels는 다양 한 방법1을 사용 하 여 젖은 젤에서 준비 될 수 있다. 목표 용 매에서 젤 제거 모 공 축소를 방지 하는. 이 프로토콜에서 고용 하는 과정은 추출이는 프로그래밍 가능한 유압 뜨거운 압박13,,1415, 금형 내에서 국한 젤에서 발생 하는 빠른 초 임계 추출 (RSCE) 방법 16. 실리 카 aerogel monoliths의 제조에 대 한이 RSCE 프로세스를 사용 하 여 이전 프로토콜17,이 이렇게와 관련 된 상대적으로 짧은 준비 시간 강조 되었다에서 증명 되었습니다. 초 임계 CO2 추출 더 일반적인 방법은, 하지만 더 많은 시간이 걸립니다 고 RSCE 보다 (를 포함 하 여 CO2)의 사용을 요구 한다. 다른 그룹은 최근 aerogels 활용 초 임계 CO2 추출18,,1920종류의 다양 한의 준비에 대 한 프로토콜을 출판 한다.
여기, 날조 하 고 촉매로 포함 하는 구리 촉매 aerogels의 종류의 다양 한 테스트 프로토콜 표시 됩니다. 아니 감소 및 자동차 오염 완화 Kapteijn 그 외 여러분 에 의해 제공에 대 한 관심의 조건 하에서 탄소 지원 기지 금속 촉매의 CO 산화 활동 순위에 따라 21, 구리는이 작품에 대 한 촉매 금속으로 선정 됐다. 제조 방법 (a) 실리 카 알 루미나 또는 젖은 젤11, (b)를 사용 하 여 copper(II)와 알루미늄 소금 공동 선구자 (공동-P)으로 구리-알 루미나 aerogels6,22, 조작 하는 경우에 구리 염 함 침 (IMP) 포함 그리고 (c) entrapping 포함 하는 구리 나노 입자 제조10중 실리 카 aerogel 매트릭스로. 각각의 경우에는 RSCE 메서드는 용 매에서의 제거에 사용 되는 젖은의 숨 구멍 젤 매트릭스13,,1415.
자동차 오염 완화, 조합 촉매 테스트 베드 (: UCAT)23을 사용 하 여를 위한 TWCs로 이러한 자료의 적합성 평가 대 한 프로토콜도 제공 됩니다. 그림 1에 주요 부분을 개요로 표시: UCAT 시스템의 목적은 화학 물질, 열, 시뮬레이션 하 여 흐름 일반적인 가솔린 엔진 촉매 컨버터에서 경험 하는 조건입니다. : UCAT 시뮬레이션된 배기 혼합 제어 온도 흐름 속도로 aerogel 샘플에 전달 하 여 작동 합니다. Aerogel 샘플 2.25 c m 직경 관 층 흐름에 로드 셀 ("테스트 섹션"), 두 개의 화면 사이 샘플 포함. 로드 흐름 셀 배기 가스 및 촉매 온도, 및 치료 배기의 샘플을 오븐에 배치 (즉, 배기 층을 통해 흘러) 치료 가스 (즉 우회 층) 및 온도 범위에서 최대 검사 700 ˚c. 3의 농도 오염 물질-CO, NO, 키 및 unburned 탄화수소 (HCs)-aerogel 촉매에 의해 하 고, 별도로,는 치료에서 치료를 받고 이후 5 가스 분석기를 사용 하 여 측정 된다 ("우회") 흐름; 이러한 데이터에서 "% 변환' 각 오염 물질에 대 한 계산 됩니다. 테스트를 위해 여기에 설명 된, 상업적으로 이용 가능한 배기 조화, 캘리포니아 관리국의 자동차 수리 (바) 97 낮은 방출 혼합 고용 했다. 전체 세부 정보: UCAT'의 s 디자인 및 작동은 브루노 외.23 에 제공
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57075/57075fig1.jpg"> 그림 1입니다. : UCAT 테스트 섹션 및 샘플링 시스템입니다. 2016-01-0920 (브루노 외 에서 허가로 증 쇄 23) 저작권 2016 성폭력 국제. 분포를 더 이 자료는 성폭력에서 사전 허가 없이 허용 되지 않습니다. <a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57075/57075fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Variable micropipettor, 100-1000 &amp;micro;L</td><td>Manufactured by Eppendorf, purchased from Fisher Scientific www.fishersci.com</td><td>S304665</td><td>Any 100-1000 &amp;micro;L pipettor is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Variable Pipettor, 2.5-10 mL</td><td>Manufactured by Eppendorf, purchased from Fisher Scientific www.fishersci.com</td><td>21-379-25</td><td>Any variable pipettor is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur pipettes</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>13-678-6A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>Purchased from Fisher Scientific</td><td>Z181390 syringe with Z261297 needle</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital balance</td><td>OHaus Explorer Pro</td><td></td><td>Any digital balance is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Beakers</td><td>Purchased from Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td>Any glass beaker is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Graduated Cylinder</td><td>Purchased from Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td>Any glass graduated cylinder is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic Plate/Stirrer</td><td>FisherScientific Isotemp</td><td>SP88854200P</td><td>Any magnetic plate/stirrer is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic Cleaner</td><td>FisherScientific FS6</td><td>153356</td><td>Any sonicator is suitable.</td></tr><tr><td>Mold</td><td>Fabricated in House</td><td></td><td>Fabricate from cold-rolled steel or stainless steel.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydraulic Hot Press</td><td>Tetrahedron www.tetrahedronassociates.com</td><td>MTP-14</td><td>Any hot press with temperature and force control will work. Needs maximum temperature of ~550 F and maximum force of 24 tons.</td></tr><tr><td>UCAT (Union Catalytic Testbed)</td><td>Fabricated in House</td><td></td><td>Described in detail in reference #21:&amp;nbsp; Bruno, B.A., Anderson, A.M., Carroll, M.K., Brockmann, P., Swanton, T., Ramphal, I.A., Palace, T. Benchtop Scale Testing of Aerogel Catalysts. SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-920 (2016).</td></tr><tr><td>Bar 97 Gas</td><td>Praxair</td><td>MS_BAR97ZA-D7</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication and testing of catalytic aerogels prepared via rapid supercritical extraction

준비 하 고 금속 종 알 루미나와 실리 카 aerogel 플랫폼으로 통합 하 여 촉매 aerogels 테스트 프로토콜 표시 됩니다. 3 준비 방법 설명: (a) 금속 관 임신 방법;를 사용 하 여 실리 카 또는 알 루미나 젖은 젤으로 소금 (b) 금속 설립 공동 전조 방법;를 사용 하 여 알 루미나 젖은 젤에 염 그리고 (c) 실리 카 aerogel 전조 혼합물에 직접 금속 나노 입자의 추가. 방법을 활용 빠른 수 있는 유압 뜨거운 압박 (< 6 h) 초 임계 추출 및 결과 aerogels에서 낮은 밀도 (0.10 g/mL)와 높은 표면적 (200-800 m2/g). 일 제시 여기 구리 염과 구리 나노 입자의 사용에 초점을 맞추고, 하는 동안 접근 다른 금속 염 및 나노 입자를 사용 하 여 구현할 수 있습니다. 자동차 오염 완화에 대 한 이러한 aerogels의 3 방향 촉매 능력을 테스트 하기 위한 프로토콜도 제공 됩니다. 이 기술은 사용 사용자 장비는 조합 촉매 테스트 베드 (: UCAT), 시뮬레이션된 배기 혼합 제어 온도 및 유량 aerogel 샘플을 통해 전달 합니다. 시스템에서 모두 산화 촉매 aerogels의 능력을 측정 하 고 감소 조건, 공동, 아니 변환 하 이며 연소 탄화수소 (HCs)을 덜 유해한 종 (CO2, H2O와 N2). 예를 들어 촉매 결과 aerogels 설명에 대 한 표시 됩니다.

결과 aerogels의 사진 이미지는 그림 2에 표시 됩니다. 때문에 젖은 젤 했다 용 매 교환 전에 조각으로, 알-Cu IMP와 Si-Cu IMP aerogels 작은, 불규칙 하 게 형성한 모놀리식 조각에 있다. 채색은 aerogels 포함 구리 종 고 구리 종 분화 및 리간드 구조에 있는 변이 재료 내에서 발생 하는 이러한 샘플에서 분명 하다. Al-Cu IMP aerogels (그림 2a) 빨...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

여기 선물이 준비 하 고 금속 종 알 루미나와 실리 카 aerogel 플랫폼으로 통합 하 여 촉매 aerogels를 테스트 하기 위한 프로토콜. 사용 하 여 재료를 준비 하기 위한 방법 구리 소금 그리고 포함 하는 구리 나노 입자. 촉매 테스트 프로토콜 3 방향 촉매 응용 프로그램에 대 한 이러한 aerogels의 효과 보여 줍니다.

제조 및 급속 한 초 임계 추출 통해 준비 촉매 Aerogels의 테스트

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

fabrication-testing-catalytic-aerogels-prepared-via-rapid

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

7.2K 조회수.  Union College. 여기 선물이 준비 하 고 금속 종 알 루미나와 실리 카 aerogel 플랫폼으로 통합 하 여 촉매 aerogels를 테스트 하기 위한 프로토콜. 사용 하 여 재료를 준비 하기 위한 방법 구리 소금 그리고 포함 하는 구리 나노 입자. 촉매 테스트 프로토콜 3 방향 촉매 응용 프로그램에 대 한 이러한 aerogels의 효과 보여 줍니다.

비디오: Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Preparing Silica Aerogel Monoliths via a Rapid Supercritical Extraction Method

A procedure for the fabrication of monolithic silica aerogels in eight hours or less via a rapid supercritical extraction process is described. The procedure requires 15-20 min of preparation time, during which a liquid precursor mixture is prepared and poured into wells of a metal mold that is placed between the platens of a hydraulic hot press, followed by several hours of processing within the hot press. The precursor solution consists of a 1.0:12.0:3.6:3.5 x 10-3 molar ratio of tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS):methanol:water:ammonia. In each well of the mold, a porous silica sol-gel matrix forms. As the temperature of the mold and its contents is increased, the pressure within the mold rises. After the temperature/pressure conditions surpass the supercritical point for the solvent within the pores of the matrix (in this case, a methanol/water mixture), the supercritical fluid is released, and monolithic aerogel remains within the wells of the mold. With the mold used in this procedure, cylindrical monoliths of 2.2 cm diameter and 1.9 cm height are produced. Aerogels formed by this rapid method have comparable properties (low bulk and skeletal density, high surface area, mesoporous morphology) to those prepared by other methods that involve either additional reaction steps or solvent extractions (lengthier processes that generate more chemical waste).The rapid supercritical extraction method can also be applied to the fabrication of aerogels based on other precursor recipes.

This article describes a rapid supercritical extraction method for fabricating silica aerogels. By utilizing a confined mold and hydraulic hot press, monolithic aerogels can be made in eight hours or less.

빠른 초 임계 추출 방법을 통해 실리카 에어로젤, 모노 리드 (monolith)를 준비

A procedure for the fabrication of monolithic silica aerogels in eight hours or less via a rapid supercritical extraction process is described. The ...

연구

화학

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

As a promising catalytically active nano reactor, gold nanoparticles intercalated in mesoporous silica (GMS) were successfully synthesized and properties of the materials were investigated. We used a one pot sol-gel approach to intercalate gold nano particles in the walls of mesoporous silica. To start with the synthesis, P123 was used as template to form micelles. Then TESPTS was used as a surface modification agent to intercalate gold nano particles. Following this process, TEOS was added in as a silica source which underwent a polymerization process in acid environment. After hydrothermal processing and calcination, the final product was acquired. Several techniques were utilized to characterize the porosity, morphology and structure of the gold intercalated mesoporous silica. The results showed a stable structure of mesoporous silica after gold intercalation. Through the oxidation of benzyl alcohol as a benchmark reaction, the GMS materials showed high selectivity and recyclability.

Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

합성과 메조 포러스 실리카의 벽에 금 층상의 촉매 성능

As a promising catalytically active nano reactor, gold nanoparticles intercalated in mesoporous silica (GMS) were successfully synthesized and properties ...

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml-1, modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 &#197;. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.

Nitrogen is an effective supercritical fluid for extraction or drying processes due to its small molecular size, high density in the near-liquid supercritical regime, and chemical inertness. We present a supercritical nitrogen drying protocol for the purification treatment of reactive, porous materials.

반응성이 있음 다공성 물질의 정제를위한 초 임계 질소 처리

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. ...

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Efforts to assemble graphene into three-dimensional monolithic structures have been hampered by the high cost and poor processability of graphene. Additionally, most reported graphene assemblies are held together through physical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces) rather than chemical bonds, which limit their mechanical strength and conductivity. This video method details recently developed strategies to fabricate mass-producible, graphene-based bulk materials derived from either polymer foams or single layer graphene oxide. These materials consist primarily of individual graphene sheets connected through covalently bound carbon linkers. They maintain the favorable properties of graphene such as high surface area and high electrical and thermal conductivity, combined with tunable pore morphology and exceptional mechanical strength and elasticity. This flexible synthetic method can be extended to the fabrication of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) and polymer/graphene oxide (GO) composite materials. Furthermore, additional post-synthetic functionalization with anthraquinone is described, which enables a dramatic increase in charge storage performance in supercapacitor applications.

This video method describes the synthesis of high surface area, monolithic 3D graphene-based materials derived from polymer precursors as well as single layer graphene oxide.

합성 및 3D 나노 그래 핀 소재의 기능화 : 그래 핀 에어로젤과 그래 핀 매크로 어셈블리

Efforts to assemble graphene into three-dimensional monolithic structures have been hampered by the high cost and poor processability of graphene. ...

공학

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers (gelatin, agar, cellulose), only recently have biomasses been recognized as an abundant source of chemically diverse macromolecules for functional aerogel materials. Biopolymer aerogels (pectin, alginate, chitosan, cellulose, etc.) exhibit both specific inheritable functions of starting biopolymers and distinctive features of aerogels (80-99% porosity and specific surface up to 800 m2/g). This synergy of properties makes biopolymer aerogels promising candidates for a wide gamut of applications such as thermal insulation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery systems, functional foods, catalysts, adsorbents and sensors. This work demonstrates the use of pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the ionic cross linking of amidated pectin into hydrogels. Initially a biopolymer/salt dispersion is prepared in water. Under pressurized CO2 conditions, the pH of the biopolymer solution is lowered to 3 which releases the crosslinking cations from the salt to bind with the biopolymer yielding hydrogels. Solvent exchange to ethanol and further supercritical CO2 drying (10 - 12 MPa) yield aerogels. Obtained aerogels are ultra-porous with low density (as low as 0.02 g/cm3), high specific surface area (350 - 500 m2/g) and pore volume (3 - 7 cm3/g for pore sizes less than 150 nm).

A new way for the production of biopolymer-based aerogels by carbon dioxide (CO2) induced gelation is shown. The technique utilizes pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the production of biopolymer hydrogels and supercritical CO2 (12 MPa) to convert gels into aerogels. The only solvents needed besides CO2 are water and ethanol.

녹색 용매를 사용하여 생체 고분자 에어로젤의 제조

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers ...

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

접촉 분해 변환을 통해 유채 기름에서 바이오 연료와 바이오 케미컬의 실험실 생산

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

A Rapid Synthesis Method for Au, Pd, and Pt Aerogels Via Direct Solution-Based Reduction

Here, a method to synthesize gold, palladium, and platinum aerogels via a rapid, direct solution-based reduction is presented. The combination of various precursor noble metal ions with reducing agents in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio results in the formation of metal gels within seconds to minutes compared to much longer synthesis times for other techniques such as sol-gel. Conducting the reduction step in a microcentrifuge tube or small volume conical tube facilitates a proposed nucleation, growth, densification, fusion, equilibration model for gel formation, with final gel geometry smaller than the initial reaction volume. This method takes advantage of the vigorous hydrogen gas evolution as a by-product of the reduction step, and as a consequence of reagent concentrations. The solvent accessible specific surface area is determined with both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. After rinsing and freeze drying, the resulting aerogel structure is examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and nitrogen gas adsorption. The synthesis method and characterization techniques result in a close correspondence of aerogel ligament sizes. This synthesis method for noble metal aerogels demonstrates that high specific surface area monoliths may be achieved with a rapid and direct reduction approach.

A rapid, direct solution-based reduction synthesis method to obtain Au, Pd, and Pt aerogels is presented.

Au, Pd, Pt Aerogels 직접 솔루션 기반 감소를 통해 빠른 합성 방법

Here, a method to synthesize gold, palladium, and platinum aerogels via a rapid, direct solution-based reduction is presented. The combination of various ...

Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often result in fragile aerogels with poor shape control. The use of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to form a covalently bonded hydrogel allows for the reduction of metal ions such as palladium on the CNFs with control over both nanostructure and macroscopic aerogel monolith shape after supercritical drying. Crosslinking the carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers is achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) in the presence of ethylenediamine. The CNF hydrogels maintain their shape throughout synthesis steps including covalent crosslinking, equilibration with precursor ions, metal reduction with high concentration reducing agent, rinsing in water, ethanol solvent exchange, and CO2 supercritical drying. Varying the precursor palladium ion concentration allows for control over the metal content in the final aerogel composite through a direct ion chemical reduction rather than relying on the relatively slow coalescence of pre-formed nanoparticles used in other sol-gel techniques. With diffusion as the basis to introduce and remove chemical species into and out of the hydrogel, this method is suitable for smaller bulk geometries and thin films. Characterization of the cellulose nanofiber-palladium composite aerogels with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal gravimetric analysis, nitrogen gas adsorption, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry indicates a high surface area, metallized palladium porous structure.

A synthesis method for cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented.The resulting composite aerogel materials offer potential for catalysis, sensing, and hydrogen gas storage applications.

셀룰로오스 나노 섬유 바이오 템플릿 팔라듐 복합 에어로겔에 대한 합성 방법

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often ...

Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Applications such as sensors, batteries, and fuel cells have been improved through the use of highly porous aerogels when functional compounds are encapsulated within the aerogels. However, few reports on encapsulating proteins within sol&#8211;gels that are processed to form aerogels exist. A procedure for encapsulating cytochrome c (cyt. c) in silica (SiO2) sol-gels that are supercritically processed to form bioaerogels with gas-phase activity for nitric oxide (NO) is presented. Cyt. c is added to a mixed silica sol under controlled protein concentration and buffer strength conditions. The sol mixture is then gelled and the liquid filling the gel pores is replaced through a series of solvent exchanges with liquid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is brought to its critical point and vented off to form dry aerogels with cyt. c encapsulated inside. These bioaerogels are characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy and can be used to detect the presence of gas-phase nitric oxide. The success of this procedure depends on regulating the cyt. c concentration and the buffer concentration and does not require other components such as metal nanoparticles. It may be possible to encapsulate other proteins using a similar approach making this procedure important for potential future bioanalytical device development.

Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

This procedure describes how to encapsulate cytochrome c (cyt. c) in silica (SiO2) sol-gels, process these gels to form bioaerogels, and use these bioaerogels to rapidly recognize nitric oxide (NO) through a gas-phase reaction. This type of protocol may aid in the future development of biosensors or other bioanalytical devices.

시토크롬을 캡슐화<em&gt; C</em&gt; 금속 나노 입자없이 실리카 에어로젤 Nanoarchitectures에 가스 상 생체 활성을 유지하면서

Applications such as sensors, batteries, and fuel cells have been improved through the use of highly porous aerogels when functional compounds are ...

생체공학

Aesthetically Enhanced Silica Aerogel Via Incorporation of Laser Etching and Dyes

A procedure for aesthetically enhancing silica aerogel monoliths by laser etching and incorporation of dyes is described in this manuscript. Using a rapid supercritical extraction method, large silica aerogel monolith (10 cm x 11 cm x 1.5 cm) can be fabricated in about 10 h. Dyes incorporated into the precursor mixture result in yellow-, pink- and orange-tinged aerogels. Text, patterns, and images can be etched onto the surface (or surfaces) of the aerogel monolith without damaging the bulk structure. The laser engraver can be used to cut shapes from the aerogel and form colorful mosaics.

This protocol describes a method for etching text, patterns, and images onto the surface of silica aerogel monoliths in native and dyed form and assembling the aerogels into mosaic designs.

레이저 에칭과 염료의 통합을 통해 미학적으로 향상된 실리카 에어로겔

A procedure for aesthetically enhancing silica aerogel monoliths by laser etching and incorporation of dyes is described in this manuscript. Using a rapid ...