Name: experimental methods of dust charging and mobilization on surfaces with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or plasmas
Uploaded: 2018-04-03T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 54 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas at JoVE.com

이 작품은 플라즈마 모델링, 대기 및 우주 먼지 (영향)에 대 한 NASA/SSERVI의 연구소와 미 항공 우주국 태양계 동작 프로그램에 의해 지원 되었다 (허가 번호: NNX16AO81G).

1. 진공 챔버 설치
<ol><li>보 온 플레이트 (2 ㎝ 두께 직경에서 20 cm)에 단 열 고무 시트 (두께 0.2 c m, 직경에서 5 cm) 중앙 구멍 1.9 cm 배치 (그림 2a, b). 단 열, 불규칙 모양의 먼지 입자 (직경에서 10, 50 μ m) 사이 구멍을 로드 합니다.</li>
	<li>진공 챔버 중간 금속 판 서에 보 온 접시를 놓습니다. 전기 세라믹 스탠드 오프를 사용 하 여 상공에서 금속판 분리.</li>
	<li>진공 펌프 (터보 펌프 기계 황삭 펌프에 의해 뒷받침) 설정의 기본 압력까지 ~ 10-6 Torr. 보여주는 실험 원통형 스테인레스 스틸 진공 챔버, 50 cm 직경에 키 큰 28 cm (그림 2c)에서 수행 됩니다.</li>
	<li>먼지 운동과 로프트 일반 속도는 30 프레임/s (fps) 또는 고속 (> 2000 fps) 카메라에서 비디오 카메라와 함께 기록 합니다. 최대 조명에 해당 하는 LED 빛을 사용 하 여 > 500W incandesce 생산 좋은 품질 비디오 녹화에 대 한 먼지 입자에 충분 한 조명 하는 빛. 참고: 때문에 카메라에 빛의 반사를 최소화 하는 어두운 색상은 고무를 사용 하 여. 밝은 색 먼지 입자는 어두운 고무 표면에 색상 대비로 인해 더 나은 촬영을 위해 사용 되어야 한다. 두꺼운 단 열 플레이트 먼지 충전 및 동원에 단 열 플레이트의 표면 및 금속 격판덮개 사이 전기 분야의 영향을 제거 하는 데 사용 됩니다. 이 데모에서는 화성 simulant (JSC-화성-1, 38-48 μ m의 평균 직경, 1.9 g/c m-3 의 대량 밀도 SiO2 28의 주요 구성 sieved) 사용 되었다는 유사한 내부에 답답한 시체의 일반적인 regolith 먼지 솔 라 시스템입니다. 다양 한 다른 유형의 먼지 입자를 절연 달 simulant (JSC-1), 음력 simulant 하이랜드 (LHT) 순수한 실리 카 먼지 등도 테스트 되었습니다.</li>
</ol>2. 빔 전자와 열 플라즈마에 노출
<ol><li>Thoriated 텅스텐 필 라 멘 트를 첨부 (0.1 m m 두께 ~ 3 ㎝ 길이) 전극 피드스루를 챔버 위에 그것을 설치 하 고. 다음 기본 압력까지 챔버를 펌프.</li>
	<li>아르곤 가스의 압력을 진공 챔버를 채웁니다 ~ 0.5 mTorr.</li>
	<li>전원 공급 장치를 켜고는 필 라 멘 트로 바이어스 전압-V 120을 설정.</li>
	<li>현재 난방 난방 전압 증가 ~ 2A 방출 전류 (몇 mA) 원하는 값에 도달할 때까지. 120 eV의 에너지와 에너지 전자는 필 라 멘 트 로부터 방출 됩니다. 참고:이 빔 같은 기본 전자 영향 중립 아르곤 원자를 이온화 되기에 그들을 일으키는 원인이 되 고 전자 온도 약 2 eV는 플라즈마를 만들기. 기본 빔 전자의 큰 분수는 직접 중립 원자와 충돌 없이 먼지가 표면에 도달합니다. 먼지 입자는 모두 열 플라즈마 및 빔 전자에 따라서 노출 됩니다.</li>
	<li>먼지 전송에 에너지 빔 전자의 역할을 표시 하려면 먼지 입자 위에 열 플라즈마를 만드는 대체 작업을 사용 합니다.<ol>
<li>설정 바이어스 전압 챔버의 바닥에는 다른 필 라 멘 트-V 40와 방출 전류 400 mA (그림 2a). 기본 전자는 필 라 멘 트 로부터 방출 되는 먼지 입자 (그림 2a, b) 나머지 모욕 접시 아래 금속 격판덮개에 의해 중지 됩니다.</li>
		<li>표면 위의 전기 필드를 변경 하려면 현재 방출을 다. 더 높은 전류 높은 플라즈마 밀도, 얇은 칼 집, 그리고 이렇게 더 큰 전기장을 만듭니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3입니다.만 전자 광속 노출
<ol><li>최고의 필 라 멘 트를 사용 하 여 위의 실험에 설명 된 대로 실험을 설치.</li>
	<li>기본 압력 10-6 Torr에서 최고의 필 라 멘 트에 설정 (즉., 아르곤 가스 챔버에 공급). 아니 플라즈마 120 eV 빔 전자 필 라 멘 트도 배에서 먼지 입자를 방출 하는 동안 만들어집니다.</li>
	<li>두 가지 다른 모드에서 필 라 멘 트를 작동 합니다.<ol>
<li>-120 V, 바이어스 전압 설정 다음 방출 현재 몇 mA에 도달할 때까지 열 전압을 증가.</li>
		<li>열 전압을 원하는 난방 현재를 도달 증가 ~ 2 A, 바이어스 전압 0 V-120 V 몇 mA의 방출 전류와 전자를 방출 하을 점차적으로 증가.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4입니다. UV 방사선만 노출
<ol><li>최고의 필 라 멘 트를 UV 램프 (그림 2b)와 기본 압력 챔버를 펌프 바꿉니다. 172 nm 파장의 자외선을 방출 하는 크 세 논 엑 오 스 람 램프를 사용 합니다. 해당 광자 에너지는 7.2 eV, 먼지 표면의 일 함수 보다 더 큰 (~ 5.5 eV) photoelectrons를 내보내려면. 참고: 짧은 파장 UV 높은 에너지 광자를 방출 하는 먼지 입자에 따라서 더 많은 동원, 패치 충전 모델26,27에 따라 더 많은 책임을 만들 예정 이다.</li>
	<li>먼지 입자를 방출 하는 자외선 램프를 켭니다. 데모, 광자 방사는 UV 소스에서 40 mW/cm-2 와 ~ 먼지가 표면에 16 mW/cm-2 .</li>
</ol>

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charging+of+aggregate+grains+in+astrophysical+environments.">Charging of aggregate grains in astrophysical environments.</a> Astrophys. J. 763 (2), 77 (2013).</li><li>Dove, A., Hor&#225;nyi, M., Wang, X., Piquette, M., Poppe, A. R., Robertson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+of+a+photoelectron+sheath.">Experimental study of a photoelectron sheath.</a> Phys. Plasmas. 19 (4), 043502 (2012).</li><li>Zimmerman, M. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grain-scale+supercharging+and+breakdown+on+airless+regoliths.">Grain-scale supercharging and breakdown on airless regoliths.</a> J. Geophys. Res.-Planet. 121 (10), 2150-2165 (2016).</li><li>Wang, X., Pilewskie, J., Hsu, H. -. W., Hor&#225;nyi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+potential+in+the+sheaths+of+electron-emitting+surfaces+in+space.">Plasma potential in the sheaths of electron-emitting surfaces in space.</a> Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (12), 525-531 (2016).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

수십 년 동안,의 답답한 시체의 regolith 정전기 먼지 교통 문제 어떻게 regolith 먼지 입자 얻을 동원 또는 로프트 충분히 큰 요금 미결 문제에 남아 있었다. 최근 실험실 연구26,27 근본적으로이 문제에 대 한 이해를 전진 했다.
여기, 전자 빔, 빔 전자만 또는 UV 방사선만 열 플라스마에서 먼지 충전 및 동원을 보여 시연된 3 최근에 개발 ?...

달과 소행성, 같은 답답한 행성 시체, 미세 먼지 입자 라는 regolith 덮여 있다. 이 답답한 몸, 지구와 달리 직접 태양풍 플라즈마 및 청구 regolith 먼지를 일으키는 태양 자외선 (UV) 방사선에 노출 됩니다. 이러한 먼지 입자 수 있습니다 따라서 동원, 로프트, 수송, 또는 심지어 배출 되며 정전기 힘 때문에 표면에서 분실 청구. 첫 번째 제안이 정전기 과정의 증거 이었다 소위 "달 지평선 빛", 5 년 전 (그림 1a) 5, 6, 및 7 감정 인 우주선에 의해 일몰 직후 관찰 서쪽 지평선 위에 뚜렷한 빛1, 2,3. 그것은이 발광에서 정전 로프트 먼지 입자 (5 μ m 반경)에서 < 달 터미네이터1,2,3근처 표면 위에서 1m 높이에 흩어져 햇빛에 의해 발생 했다 가정 했다 되었습니다. 정전 발표 미세 먼지 또한 아폴로 우주 비행사4,5에 의해 보고 되는 높은 고도 도달 하는 광선 같은 깃발에 대 한 책임을 제안 했다.
이후이 아폴로 관측, 관측 다른 무기 시체의 숫자 또한 정전기 먼지 동원의 메커니즘에 연결 된 또는 로프트 했다, 토성의 레이디얼 스포크 같은 반지6,7, 8, 소행성 에로스 (그림 1b)9 에 먼지 연못과 혜성 67 P10,11주요 벨트 소행성 스펙트럼에서 표시 다공성 표면 비정상적으로 부드러운 표면 토성의 얼음 달 아틀라스12, 그리고 13달 소용돌이 regolith입니다. 또한, 달 표면에 레이저 retroreflectors 저하 정전 로프트 먼지14의 축적에 의해 또한 발생할 수 있습니다.
실험실 연구는 크게 먼지 충전의 물리적 과정을 이해 하 고 수송 하기 위해이 특별 한 공간 관측 동기가 되었습니다. 먼지가 동원 있는 먼지 입자는 유리 구 표면15,16, 플라즈마 sheaths17, 부상 및 모두를 실시 하 고 보 온에 이동 기록에서 떨어져 창 고는 다양 한 플라즈마 조건에서 관찰 되었습니다. 표면18,19,,2021. 그러나, 먼지 입자 로프트 또는 동원 충분히 큰 요금을 얻을 어떻게 제대로 이해 남아 있었다. 부드러운 표면22 에 개별 먼지 입자 및 플라스마에 먼지가 표면23 에 평균 충전 밀도 요금 측정 표시 요금은 로프트 또는 동원 먼지 입자에 대 한 너무 작은.
이전 이론16,,2425, 충전만 UV 또는 플라스마에 직접 노출 되는 최고 표면 층에 고려 되었다. 혐의 종종 전체 먼지 표면, 즉균일 하 게 배포할 수 간주 됩니다., 각 개별 먼지 입자의, 소위 "공유 책임 모델"16에 의해 설명 된 동일한 금액을 얻습니다. 그러나,이 모델에서 계산 하는 요금은 혼자 중력 보다 훨씬 작습니다. 전자와 이온 표면16,24 의 용의 확률 과정에서는 정전기 힘, 일시적인 향상 하지만 그것에 비교에서 작은 남아 계정 요금 변동 이론에 중력 힘입니다.
이 논문에서는, 정전기 먼지 로프트와 동원은 증명 최근 3을 사용 하 여 개발 실험26는 답답한 행성 시체의 regolith에 먼지 수송을 이해 하기 위한 중요 한. 이 실험은 전자 빔, 빔 전자만 또는 UV 방사선만 열 플라즈마의 조건에서 수행 됩니다. 이러한 실험 최근에 개발 된 "패치 충전 모델"26,27타당성 입증, 어떤 microcavities 형성 사이 먼지 입자 표면 아래 이웃 흡수할 수 있는 다시 내보낸된 사진 및 2 차 전자, 큰 생성 음수 인접 먼지 입자의 표면에 요금. 이러한 부정적인 요금 사이 반발 세력 동원 또는 먼지 입자에서 리프트를 충분히 큰 될 수 있습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Vacuum chamber</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum electrode feedthrough</td><td>Lesker</td><td>EFT0113053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten filament (0.1 mm thick)</td><td>Goodfellow</td><td>W055250</td><td>Thoriated</td></tr><tr><td>Power supply #1 (0-8V, 3A)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>E3610A</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Power supply #2 (0-140V, 0.5A)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>E3612A</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>UV lamp</td><td>Osram</td><td>XERADEX L40/120/SB-SX48/KF50HV</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Dust sample</td><td>Any</td><td>Mars or Lunar simulants or other types</td><td>Irregularly-shaped, sieved, insulating</td></tr><tr><td>Insulating plate</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Thickness &gt; 1 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber sheet</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Thickness &gt; 1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Metal plate</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic stands</td><td>McMaster</td><td>94335A130</td><td>1/2&quot; diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera (consumer)</td><td>Panasonic</td><td>HC-VX870</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera (high-speed)</td><td>Phantom</td><td>V2512</td><td>&gt; 1000 fps</td></tr><tr><td>LED lamp</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>&gt; 500W Tungsten Equivalent</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental methods of dust charging and mobilization on surfaces with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or plasmas

정전기 먼지 전송 다양 한 특이 한 행성 현상의 관측을 설명 하기 위해 가설 되었습니다. 여기, 그것은 최근 3을 사용 하 여 실험에 있는 먼지 입자 빔 전자, 빔 전자만, 또는 자외선 (UV) 방사선만 열 플라즈마에 노출 되는 개발 시연입니다. UV 광원 파장 가운데 172에 좁은 대역폭에 nm. 120 eV의 에너지 광속 전자는 부정적으로 치우치는 뜨거운 필 라 멘 트와 함께 만들어집니다. 진공 챔버를 아르곤 가스로 가득 열 플라즈마 전자 빔 이외에 만들어집니다. 미크론 직경에서의 몇 수만의 격리 먼지 입자는 실험에 사용 됩니다. 먼지 입자는 1 m/s까지 발사 속도 함께 몇 센티미터까지 높이 lofted에 기록 됩니다. 이러한 실험 사진 및/또는 2 차 전자 방출 먼지 표면에서 먼지 입자의 충전 메커니즘을 변경 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 최근에 개발 된 "패치 충전 모델"에 따르면 방출된 전자를 다시 주변 먼지에 향상 된 부정적인 비용의 축적을 일으키는 표면 아래 이웃 먼지 입자 사이 microcavities 안으로 흡수 될 수 있다 입자입니다. 이 사이 반발 세력 부정적인 청구 입자 동원과 그들을 리프트 표면에서 충분히 클 수 있습니다. 이러한 실험 먼지가 표면에 먼지 충전 및 전송의 고급 이해를 제시 하 고 답답한 행성 시체의 표면 진화에 그것의 역할의 미래 조사에 대 한 토대를 마련.

실험의 세트는 위쪽 또는 아래쪽 필 라 멘 트를 사용 하 여 수행 했다. 최고의 필 라 멘 트 설치와 함께 기록 된 먼지 입자의 호핑 (그림 3a). 반면, 먼지 입자 하단 필 라 멘 트를 사용 하는 경우 나머지에 남아 있었다. 그것은 표면에 수직 전기장 프로토콜 2 단계26에서 설명 하는 조건 하에서 두 실험에서 약 같은 (16 V/cm)은 측정 되었다...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas at JoVE.com

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

먼지 충전 및 동원 전자 빔, 빔 전자만, 또는 자외선 (UV) 방사선만 열 플라즈마에 노출 3 실험에서 증명 됩니다. 이러한 실험 정전기 먼지 전송의 고급 이해 및 무기 행성 시체의 표면 형성에 역할을 제시.

먼지가 충전 및 자외선 또는 플라즈마에 노출 표면에 동원의 실험 방법

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

experimental-methods-dust-charging-mobilization-on-surfaces-with

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.1K 조회수.  University of Colorado. 먼지 충전 및 동원 전자 빔, 빔 전자만, 또는 자외선 (UV) 방사선만 열 플라즈마에 노출 3 실험에서 증명 됩니다. 이러한 실험 정전기 먼지 전송의 고급 이해 및 무기 행성 시체의 표면 형성에 역할을 제시.

비디오: Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

플라즈마 Polymerized 빈 입자의 캡슐화 및 투과율 특성

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

연구

공학

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

Tunable soft ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate isolated molecules, complexes and clusters and their spectroscopy and dynamics1-4. Fundamental studies of photoionization processes of biomolecules provide information about the electronic structure of these systems. Furthermore determinations of ionization energies and other properties of biomolecules in the gas phase are not trivial, and these experiments provide a platform to generate these data. We have developed a thermal vaporization technique coupled with supersonic molecular beams that provides a gentle way to transport these species into the gas phase. Judicious combination of source gas and temperature allows for formation of dimers and higher clusters of the DNA bases. The focus of this particular work is on the effects of non-covalent interactions, i.e., hydrogen bonding, stacking, and electrostatic interactions, on the ionization energies and proton transfer of individual biomolecules, their complexes and upon micro-hydration by water1, 5-9.
We have performed experimental and theoretical characterization of the photoionization dynamics of gas-phase uracil and 1,3-dimethyluracil dimers using molecular beams coupled with synchrotron radiation at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline10 located at the Advanced Light Source and the experimental details are visualized here. This allowed us to observe the proton transfer in 1,3-dimethyluracil dimers, a system with pi stacking geometry and with no hydrogen bonds1. Molecular beams provide a very convenient and efficient way to isolate the sample of interest from environmental perturbations which in return allows accurate comparison with electronic structure calculations11, 12. By tuning the photon energy from the synchrotron, a photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve can be plotted which informs us about the cationic electronic states. These values can then be compared to theoretical models and calculations and in turn, explain in detail the electronic structure and dynamics of the investigated species 1, 3.

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet VUV Synchrotron Radiation

A molecular beam coupled to tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer at a synchrotron provides a convenient tool to explore the electronic structure of isolated gas phase molecules and clusters. Proton transfer mechanisms in DNA base dimers were elucidated with this technique.

조정할 수있는 진공 자외선 (VUV) 싱크로트론 방사선으로 분자 빔 질량 분광법

Tunable soft ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate isolated molecules, complexes and clusters and their spectroscopy ...

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic cavitation: the nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles in liquids submitted to power ultrasound. The violent implosion of bubbles leads to the formation of chemically reactive species and to the emission of light, named sonoluminescence. In this manuscript, we describe the techniques allowing study of extreme intrabubble conditions and chemical reactivity of acoustic cavitation in solutions. The analysis of sonoluminescence spectra of water sparged with noble gases provides evidence for nonequilibrium plasma formation. The photons and the "hot" particles generated by cavitation bubbles enable to excite the non-volatile species in solutions increasing their chemical reactivity. For example the mechanism of ultrabright sonoluminescence of uranyl ions in acidic solutions varies with uranium concentration: sonophotoluminescence dominates in diluted solutions, and collisional excitation contributes at higher uranium concentration. Secondary sonochemical products may arise from chemically active species that are formed inside the bubble, but then diffuse into the liquid phase and react with solution precursors to form a variety of products. For instance, the sonochemical reduction of Pt(IV) in pure water provides an innovative synthetic route for monodispersed nanoparticles of metallic platinum without any templates or capping agents. Many studies reveal the advantages of ultrasound to activate the divided solids. In general, the mechanical effects of ultrasound strongly contribute in heterogeneous systems in addition to chemical effects. In particular, the sonolysis of PuO2 powder in pure water yields stable colloids of plutonium due to both effects.

Acoustic cavitation in liquids submitted to power ultrasound creates transient extreme conditions inside the collapsing bubbles, which are the origin of unusual chemical reactivity and light emission, known as sonoluminescence. In the presence of noble gases, nonequilibrium plasma is formed. The "hot" particles and the photons generated by collapsing bubbles are able to excite species in solution.

분자, 이온, 및 음향 공동 현상과 고체 입자를 활성화

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic ...

화학

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a stable and continuous operation of the plasma is possible and the plasma torch can be used for many different applications. On one hand, the hot (3,600 K gas temperature) plasma can be used for chemical processes and on the other hand the cold afterglow (temperatures down to almost RT) can be applied for surface processes. For example chemical syntheses are interesting volume processes. Here the microwave plasma torch can be used for the decomposition of waste gases which are harmful and contribute to the global warming but are needed as etching gases in growing industry sectors like the semiconductor branch. Another application is the dissociation of CO2. Surplus electrical energy from renewable energy sources can be used to dissociate CO2 to CO and O2. The CO can be further processed to gaseous or liquid higher hydrocarbons thereby providing chemical storage of the energy, synthetic fuels or platform chemicals for the chemical industry. Applications of the afterglow of the plasma torch are the treatment of surfaces to increase the adhesion of lacquer, glue or paint, and the sterilization or decontamination of different kind of surfaces. The movie will explain how to ignite the plasma solely by microwave power without any additional igniters, e.g., electric sparks. The microwave plasma torch is based on a combination of two resonators &#8212; a coaxial one which provides the ignition of the plasma and a cylindrical one which guarantees a continuous and stable operation of the plasma after ignition. The plasma can be operated in a long microwave transparent tube for volume processes or shaped by orifices for surface treatment purposes.

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

어떻게 추가 점화기없이 대기압 마이크로 웨이브 플라즈마 토치를 점화

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

Basic Research in Plasma Medicine - A Throughput Approach from Liquids to Cells

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive species known to redox regulate biological processes in health and disease. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence points to beneficial effects of plasma treatment in the healing of chronic ulcer of the skin. Other emerging topics, such as plasma cancer treatment, are receiving increasing attention. Plasma medical research requires interdisciplinary expertise in physics, chemistry, and biomedicine. One goal of plasma research is to characterize plasma-treated cells in a variety of specific applications. This includes, for example, cell count and viability, cellular oxidation, mitochondrial activity, cytotoxicity and mode of cell death, cell cycle analysis, cell surface marker expression, and cytokine release. This study describes the essential equipment and workflows required for such research in plasma biomedicine. It describes the proper operation of an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet, specifically monitoring its basic emission spectra and feed gas settings to modulate reactive species output. Using a high-precision xyz-table and computer software, the jet is hovered in millisecond-precision over the cavities of 96-well plates in micrometer-precision for maximal reproducibility. Downstream assays for liquid analysis of redox-active molecules are shown, and target cells are plasma-treated. Specifically, melanoma cells are analyzed in an efficient sequence of different consecutive assays but using the same cells: measurement of metabolic activity, total cell area, and surface marker expression of calreticulin, a molecule important for the immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. These assays retrieve content-rich biological information about plasma effects from a single plate. Altogether, this study describes the essential steps and protocols for plasma medical research.

A high-throughput cold physical plasma treatment protocol of liquids and cells is shown. It involves setting up different feed gas compositions for plasma ignition, measuring the plasma&#39;s emission spectra, and the subsequent analysis of liquids and cellular activity after plasma treatment.

플라즈마 의학-세포 액체에서 처리량 접근 기초 연구

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive ...

환경과학

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

In this article, an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering is presented. Results on the emission of engineered nanomaterials, in the form of aerosols are presented. The specific experimental set-up is described in detail.

실험 프로토콜 마모에서 환경 풍화에서 제품의 입자 에어로졸을 조사하기

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution for future high-speed reentry missions. But despite the advancements made since Apollo, heat flux prediction remains an imperfect science and engineers resort to safety factors to determine the TPS thickness. This goes at the expense of embarked payload, hampering, for example, sample return missions. 
Ground testing in plasma wind-tunnels is currently the only affordable possibility for both material qualification and validation of material response codes. The subsonic 1.2MW Inductively Coupled Plasmatron facility at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics is able to reproduce a wide range of reentry environments. This protocol describes a procedure for the study of the gas/surface interaction on ablative materials in high enthalpy flows and presents sample results of a non-pyrolyzing, ablating carbon fiber precursor. With this publication, the authors envisage the definition of a standard procedure, facilitating comparison with other laboratories and contributing to ongoing efforts to improve heat shield reliability and reduce design uncertainties.
The described core techniques are non-intrusive methods to track the material recession with a high-speed camera along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer, probed by emission spectroscopy. Although optical emission spectroscopy is limited to line-of-sight measurements and is further constrained to electronically excited atoms and molecules, its simplicity and broad applicability still make it the technique of choice for analysis of the reactive boundary layer. Recession of the ablating sample further requires that the distance of the measurement location with respect to the surface is known at all times during the experiment. Calibration of the optical system of the applied three spectrometers allowed quantitative comparison. At the fiber scale, results from a post-test microscopy analysis are presented.

Development of new ablative materials and their numerical modeling requires extensive experimental investigation. This protocol describes procedures for material response characterization in plasma flows with the core techniques being non-intrusive methods to track the material recession along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer by emission spectroscopy.

Plasmatron에서 절제 재료 시험 중에 방출 분광 경계 계층 조사

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose of efficiently driving non-equilibrium chemistry is discussed. The advantage of a flowing plasma reactor is that continuous chemical processes can be driven with the flexibility of startup times in the seconds timescale. The plasma approach is generically suitable for conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. Here the reduction of CO2 to CO is used as a model system: the complementary diagnostics illustrate how a baseline thermodynamic equilibrium conversion can be exceeded by the intrinsic non-equilibrium from high vibrational excitation. Laser (Rayleigh) scattering is used to measure the reactor temperature and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize in situ internal (vibrational) excitation as well as the effluent composition to monitor conversion and selectivity.

This article describes a flowing microwave reactor that is used to drive efficient non-equilibrium chemistry for the application of conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. The goal of the procedure described here is to measure the in situ gas temperature and gas conversion.

효율적인 고온 화학을위한 비평 형 마이크로 웨이브 플라즈마

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold plasma with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold plasma therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to plasma are still scarce. Biomedical plasma is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by plasma with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, air, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the plasma effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of &#39;high&#39; voltage kHz frequency driven plasma jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the plasma-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor plasma. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The plasma equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold plasma-liquid interactions chemistry.

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

대기압 플라즈마 설치 프로그램은 반응성 종 형성을 조사하기

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

Treating Surfaces with a Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma using the COST-Jet

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in biological applications. However, the scientific results often suffer from reproducibility problems due to unreliable plasma conditions as well as complex treatment procedures. To address this issue and provide a stable and reproducible plasma source, the COST-Jet reference source was developed.
In this work, we propose a detailed protocol to perform reliable and reproducible surface treatments using the COST reference microplasma jet (COST-Jet). Common issues and pitfalls are discussed, as well as the peculiarities of the COST-Jet compared to other devices and its advantageous remote character. A detailed description of both solid and liquid surface treatment is provided. The described methods are versatile and can be adapted for other types of atmospheric pressure plasma devices.

This protocol is presented to characterize the setup, handling, and application of the COST-Jet for the treatment of diverse surfaces such as solids and liquids.

COST-Jet를 사용하여 차가운 대기압 플라즈마로 표면 처리

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in ...