이번 분석을 돕기 위해 Ricardo Dolmetsch 박사 (Stanford University of Medicine, 현재 : Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research)와 Matthew Wood 박사, Aihara Takum, Dongsook Kim에게 감사드립니다.

모든 동물 실험은 쓰쿠바 대학 동물 케어 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 승인을 받아 수행되었습니다. 1. 해부 <ol><li> 배아 일 13-14 ICR 또는 C57BL / 6 태아를 준비하기 위해, 자궁 경부 탈구로 임신 생쥐를 안락사. 자궁을 제거하고 행크의 균형 소금 솔루션 (HBSS)와 페트리 접시에 넣어. 혈액을 제거하기 위해 잘 헹구십시오. </li><li> 겸자를 사용하여 70 % 에탄올로 자궁을 새로운 페트리 접시에 옮겨 멸균하십시오. </li><li> 자궁을 HBSS로 새로운 페트리 접시로 옮깁니다. 살균 해부 포셉 및 수술 가위를 사용하여 자궁에서 태아를 제거하십시오. </li><li> 외과 용 가위로 태아를 처치하십시오. HBSS와 함께 새로운 페트리 접시에 그들을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 피부와 두개골을 제거하고 살균 해부 포 셉를 사용하여 두뇌를 꺼내. 그들을 HBSS와 페트리 접시에 넣어. 참고 :이 단계부터 깨끗한 상태에서 절차를 수행하는 것이 가장 좋습니다벤치. </li><li> 입체 현미경으로 멸균 해부 포셉을 사용하여 meninges를 제거합니다. 겸자를 사용하여 기저핵, 해마 및 소뇌를 차단하십시오. 곡선 팁 포셉을 사용하여 HBSS와 함께 새로운 페트리 접시에 cortices를 전송하십시오. </li><li> 일회용 dropper 또는 25mL 피펫을 사용하여 모든 cortices를 수집합니다. 그들을 15 ML 튜브에 넣어 다음 pipetting하여 HBSS를 제거하십시오. </li><li> cortices를 포함하는 튜브에 대뇌 피질 효소 솔루션 3 ML을 추가합니다. 이 튜브를 수조에 넣고 5 분 동안 37 ° C에서 배양하십시오. 참고 : 0.25 % 트립신과 1mM EDTA와 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS)로 구성된 대뇌 피질 문화 효소를 준비합니다. 0.22 μm 필터로 소독하십시오. </li><li> cortices를 포함하는 튜브에 대뇌 피질 효소 솔루션의 추가 3 ML을 추가하고 추가 5 분 동안 수욕에서 37 ° C에서 품어. </li><li> 5 ML 피펫을 사용하여 대뇌 피질 효소 솔루션을 제거하고 Dulbe 5 ML을 추가10 % 태아 소 혈청 (FBS)이 함유 된 cco &#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). </li><li> 멸균 P1000 팁 5 ML 피펫을 사용하여 위아래로 부드럽게 pipetting하여 cortices을 떼어. P200 팁 5 ML 피펫을 사용하여 다시 피펫. </li><li> 40 μm 나일론 셀 스트레이너를 50 mL 튜브에 넣고 현탁액을 여과하여 잔해물을 제거합니다. </li><li> RT에서 5 분 동안 420 XG에서 원심 분리기를 만든 다음 DMEM 배지를 제거합니다. </li><li> 대뇌 피질 배지 5 ML을 추가하고 부드럽게 세포 펠렛을 resuspend. 참고 : 1x B - 27 보충제, 2mM L - 글루타민, 100 U / ML 페니실린 스트렙토 마이신으로 보충 뉴런 기본 미디어로 구성된 대뇌 피질의 문화 매체를 준비합니다. </li><li> hemocytometer를 사용하여 세포를 세고 대뇌 피질 문화 매체를 사용하여 세포 농도를 (원하는대로) 조정합니다. </li><li> 코팅 된 35mm 유리 바닥 접시 당 2.0mL의 플레이트 3.0 × 10 6 피질 뉴런. 참고 : 도금하기 전에Poly-D-Lysine hydrobromide (PDL) 또는 0.01 % Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO)을 함유 한 35mmm 유리 바닥 접시. 37 ° C에서 3 시간 동안 배양하고 적어도 3x PBS로 세척하십시오. </li></ol> 2. 이미징 베 시클 운동성 <ol><li> 각 유형의 소포를 라벨링 할 플라스미드를 준비하십시오. 예를 들어 초기 엔도 솜에는 EGFP-Rab5를, 후기 엔도 솜에는 EGFP-Rab7을, 리소좀에는 LAMP-EGFP를,자가 염색체에는 EGFP-LC3을 사용합니다 8 , 13 . 참고 :이 플라스미드는 tsuruta.fuminori.fn@u.tsukuba.ac.jp에서 ​​요청할 수 있습니다. 전형적으로, 3-5 일 의 시험 관내 (DIV) 뉴런은 형질 전환 시약을 사용하여 이들 플라스미드로 트랜 스펙 션 될 수있다. </li><li> 피펫 팅으로 혈청이없는 배지 200 μL와 4.0 μg의 플라스미드를 섞는다. 별도의 튜브에 혈청이없는 배지 200 μL에 8 μL의 형질 전환 시약 ( 재료 표 참조)을 희석하십시오. RT에서 5 분 동안 품어 둡니다. </li><li> 단계 2.2에서 pipetting하여 플라스미드 솔루션과 transfection 섭정 솔루션을 섞는다. RT에서 20 분 동안 품어 낸다. </li><li> 무 혈청 배지와 단계 2.3에서 얻은 플라스미드 용액 400 μL를 각 코팅 된 유리 바닥 접시에 첨가한다. 37 ° C에서 뉴런을 품어 5 % CO 2 배양기에서 30 분간 항온 처리한다. 대뇌 피질 문화 매체 2 ML로 매체를 대체하십시오. 1-2 일 동안 5 % CO 2 인큐베이터에서 37 ° C에서 뉴런을 품어. </li><li> transfection 1 ~ 2 일 후, 이미지 수집을 위해 transfected 세포를 선택합니다. 참고 : 7 DIV 미만의 조기 뉴런은 동적 소포 운동성을 나타내는 경향이 있습니다. 고도로 표현하는 뉴런을 선택하면 명확한 이미지를 얻을 수 없기 때문에 형광 프로브를 적당히 표현하는 뉴런을 선택하십시오. 또한 축색 돌기 및 수상 돌기의 확인을 용이하게하기 위해 긴 축삭 및 복잡한 수상 돌기가있는 피라미드 뉴런과 같은 전형적인 연결 형태를 선택하십시오 ( 그림 1A 참조)). </li><li> 저속 영상 시스템을 이용한 영상 획득 : 이미징의 경우 40X Plan Apo 0.95NA 또는 100X Plan Apo VC NA1.4 대물 렌즈가 장착 된 CCD (Charge Coupled Device) 카메라가 장착 된 형광 현미경을 사용하십시오. 부화 시스템을 사용하여 37 ° C에서 온도를 제어하십시오. 이미지 수집 소프트웨어가 제어하는 ​​100 초 동안 한 프레임 / 5 초에서 뉴런 이미지를 수집합니다. 또는 300 초 동안 2 초당 1 프레임과 같이 더 짧은 시간 간격과 더 긴 시간 간격으로 이미지를 수집 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 순차적 이미지 촬영에는 다양한 응용 프로그램을 사용할 수 있으며 그 중 많은 이미지가이 방법에 적합합니다. 따라서 특정 응용 프로그램을 권장하지 않습니다. 오히려 각 연구원은 사용 가능한 응용 프로그램을 사용해야합니다. </li></ol> 3. 이미지 분석 <ol><li> Manual Tracking 14 로 ImageJ 소프트웨어의 모든 순차 이미지를 엽니 다. 참고 : 현재까지 수동 추적은추적 실험 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19에서 사용 되었습니다. 수동 추적은 Dr. Fabrice Cordelières가 개발했습니다. 자세한 서면 지침은 온라인에서 확인할 수 있습니다 20 . 분석을 위해, 이미징 데이터의 품질은 충분한 수의 이미지로 개선됩니다. 20 장 이상의 이미지를 사용하는 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> 연속 이미지를 결합하려면 &lt;이미지&gt; → &lt;스택&gt; → &lt;스택 할 이미지&gt;를 선택하십시오. &lt;확인&gt;을 클릭하십시오. </li><li> &lt;Plugins&gt; → &lt;Manual Tracking&gt;을 선택하십시오. 추적 창이 열립니다. </li><li> &lt;Show Parameters?&gt; 체크 박스를 클릭하고 매개 변수 섹션에서 추적 매개 변수를 정의하십시오. 참고 : 시간 간격, x / y 보정, z 보정, 중심에 대한 정사각형 크기 검색 등 여러 매개 변수를 설정할 수 있습니다도트 크기, 선 너비 및 글꼴 크기가 포함됩니다. 이 단순화 된 분석에서, 시간 간격 및 x / y 보정 모두가 정의되었다. 다른 실험 환경에서는 다른 매개 변수도 정의해야 할 수 있습니다. 여기에 사용 된 매개 변수는 다음과 같습니다 : 40X Plan Apo 0.95NA 대물 렌즈의 경우 &lt;Time interval&gt;이 5 초이고 &lt;x / y calibration&gt;이 0.26642 μm이거나 100X Plan Apo VC NA1.4의 경우 0.10657 μm입니다. 대물 렌즈. </li><li> 매개 변수가 정의 된 후 &lt;트랙 추가&gt;를 클릭하여 새 트랙을 시작하십시오. </li><li> 관심있는 소낭 ( 예 : 그림 1A (오른쪽 패널)의 파란색과 빨간색 화살촉으로 표시된 소낭)을 결정한 후 순차 이미지에서 신호의 중심을 클릭하여 xy 좌표를 기록합니다. 기록 된 xy 좌표, 거리 및 속도의 결과가 새 창에 표시됩니다. 참고 : 리소좀의 경우, 큰 밝은 형광 신호 ( 예 : Figure 1A (오른쪽 패널), 주황색 화살촉)은 종종 뉴런에서 관찰됩니다. 이 신호들은 때때로 누적 된 소낭이나 병적 정맥류를 나타 내기 때문에 운동성을 정량화하기 위해 이러한 신호를 피해야합니다. </li><li> 모든 순차 이미지에서 vesicles의 xy 좌표를 수집하려면 3.6 단계를 반복하십시오. 각 이미지는 참조 점이 선택된 후 자동으로 연속 이미지로 진행됩니다. </li><li> 이 데이터를 새 테이블 ( 예 : 스프레드 시트)로 내 보냅니다. 적절한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 적절한 그래프를 만듭니다 ( 재료 표 참조). 참고 : 데이터를 분석하려면 &lt;거리&gt; 열을 선택하고이 열의 모든 값을 합한 다음 그림 1B 와 같이 운동 거리를 막대 그래프로 표시합니다. 또한이 단계를 반복하고 전체 운동 거리의 평균을 계산하고 막대 그래프로 표시합니다 ( 그림 1C) . 막대 그래프와 파형 데이터를 생성하는 소프트웨어는자료 표. </li></ol>

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Manual Tracking, a plug-in for ImageJ software [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/track/track.html">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/track/track.html</a> (2017)</li><li>Hu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exopolysaccharide-independent+social+motility+of+Myxococcus+xanthus.">Exopolysaccharide-independent social motility of Myxococcus xanthus.</a> PLoS One. 6 (1), e16102 (2011).</li><li>Tan, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+four+type+IV+pilin+homologues+in+Stigmatella+aurantiaca+DSM17044+by+heterologous+expression+in+Myxococcus+xanthus.">Characterization of four type IV pilin homologues in Stigmatella aurantiaca DSM17044 by heterologous expression in Myxococcus xanthus.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), e75105 (2013).</li><li>Choi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+variant+of+cortactin+linked+to+acute+lung+injury+impairs+lamellipodia+dynamics+and+endothelial+wound+healing.">A genetic variant of cortactin linked to acute lung injury impairs lamellipodia dynamics and endothelial wound healing.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 309 (9), L983-L994 (2015).</li><li>Dahirel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+propensity+and+ability+correlate+with+ecological+specialization+in+European+land+snails:+comparative+analysis+of+a+dispersal+syndrome.">Movement propensity and ability correlate with ecological specialization in European land snails: comparative analysis of a dispersal syndrome.</a> J Anim Ecol. 84 (1), 228-238 (2015).</li><li>Hu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+type+IV+pili+activity+and+exopolysaccharides+secretion+controls+motility+patterns+in+single+cells+of+Myxococcus+xanthus.">Interplay between type IV pili activity and exopolysaccharides secretion controls motility patterns in single cells of Myxococcus xanthus.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 17790 (2016).</li><li>. Manual Tracking [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/track/Manual">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/track/Manual</a> (2017)</li><li>. ImageJ Tracking plug-in [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.net/Category:Tracking">https://imagej.net/Category:Tracking</a> (2017)</li><li>Tinevez, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TrackMate:+An+open+and+extensible+platform+for+single-particle+tracking.">TrackMate: An open and extensible platform for single-particle tracking.</a> Methods. , (2016).</li><li>Ekvall, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+tracking+of+small+aquatic+organisms+using+fluorescent+nanoparticles.">Three-dimensional tracking of small aquatic organisms using fluorescent nanoparticles.</a> PLoS One. 8 (11), e78498 (2013).</li><li>Jeyakumar, M., Dwek, R. A., Butters, T. D., Platt, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Storage+solutions:+treating+lysosomal+disorders+of+the+brain.">Storage solutions: treating lysosomal disorders of the brain.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 6 (9), 713-725 (2005).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

이 프로토콜은 소포 운동성을 정량화하는 절차를 소개합니다. 일차 뉴런에서 엔도 좀과 리소좀은 젊은 뉴런에서 높은 운동성을 나타내는 경향이 있습니다 (4-6 DIV). 뉴런은 신경 프로세스를 길게하기 위해 리딩 에지에 몇 가지 구성 요소를 제공해야한다는 것을 감안할 때 멤브레인 트래 피킹은이 단계에서 동적으로 발생해야합니다. 따라서, 신경 dendrites의 동적 운동을 관찰하기 위해 젊은 뉴런을 ...

Endosome-lysosome trafficking의 정확한 조절은 신경 기능 조절에 필수 불가결합니다. 주목할 만하게,이 vesicles의 동적 인 운동은 신경질 형태학, 발달 및 생존의 규칙의 기초가되는 중요한 요인이다. 이 시스템의 결함은 심한 신경 장애를 유발합니다 1 , 2 . 소포 인신 매매를 신경 질환과 연결시키는 분자 메커니즘은 복잡하다고 여겨지며, 몇몇 그룹에서는이 관련성을 조사하려고 시도해 왔습니다. 예를 들어, 늦은 엔도 솜 운동성을 교란 시키면 리소좀 결함으로 인해 유전되는 신경 퇴행성 질환 인 Niemann-Pick C 질병 3 과 유의 한 연관성이있는 것으로보고되었습니다. 다른 예는 리소좀 운동성을 손상시키는 리소좀 성 Ca 2+ 채널 trpml 1의 돌연변이로 리소좀 성 저장 질환 4 , 5 , </6 . 우리 그룹은 PtdIns (3,5) P 2 turnover의 조절 장애가 뉴런의 엔도 좀과 리소좀 운동성을 억제하여 스트레스 반응에 대한 취약성이 증가한다고보고했다. PtdIns (3,5) P 2의 대사 조절은 후기 엔도 좀과 리소좀에 주로 국한되며, 소포 수송과 융합 분열 과정을 포함한 다양한 세포 기능에 중요한 역할을한다. 손상된 PtdIns (3,5) P 2 turnover가 심한 신경 퇴화를 유발하기 때문에 11,12 endosome-lysosome 운동성의 비정상적인 조절은 신경 퇴행의 발병 기전을 이해하는 중요한 요소가 될 수 있습니다. 소포 운동성의 기초가되는 분자 메커니즘에 대한 연구는 우리의 unde를 깊게 할 수있는 유망한 단서를 제공 할 수 있습니다몇 가지 신경 장애의 견해. 이 논문에서는 수동 추적이라는 무료 소프트웨어 패키지를 사용하여 뉴런의 소포 운동성을 정량화하는 유용한 방법을 소개합니다. 목표는 소포 운동성을 분석하는 빠른 정량화 방법을 개발하는 것이 었습니다. 이 양화는 저속 영화의 각 프레임에서 기준점을 클릭하는 표준 방식을 통해 이루어집니다. 수동 추적 소프트웨어를 사용하면이 방법을 다른 응용 프로그램과 달리 매우 간단하고 폭넓게 사용할 수 있습니다. 또한, 이러한 접근법은 신경 교세포와 같은 다른 세포에도 적용 가능하다. 이 방법은 원시적이지만 세포 운동성 및 형태 학적 변화를 비롯한 다양한 분석에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 일련의 이미지에서 참조 점을 정의한 후 데이터 분석 및 이미지 처리 소프트를 사용하여 순차 이미지에서 참조 지점의 위치 및 각 위치에서의 시간에 대한 정보를 추출 할 수 있습니다제품. 이 방법은 간단하면서도 강력하며, 엔도 좀 - 리소좀 기능을 검사하는 것과 같은 멤브레인 트래 피킹을 기반으로 한 연구의 효율성 향상에 기여합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Neurobasal medium</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>21103-049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s modified eagle medium (DMEM)</td><td>Wako</td><td>044-29765</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>31985070</td><td>Serum free medium</td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s balanced salt solution (HBSS)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>14170112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicilin Streptmycin</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>25030081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B-27 Supplements</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>17504044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.5% Trypsine</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>15090046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-Lysine hydrobromide (PDL)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P7280</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4957</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nylon cell strainer</td><td>Corning</td><td>431750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>11668027</td><td>Transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethyleneimine &quot;Max&quot; (PEI)</td><td>polysciences</td><td>24765</td><td>Transfection reagent. As an alternative to Lipofectamine2000, 0.1mg/mL Polyethyleneimine dissolved in sterilized water is available. But it is low efficiency and high toxicity.</td></tr><tr><td>BIOREVO BZ-9000</td><td>Keyence</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubation system INUG2-K13</td><td>Tokay Hit</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism version 6.0</td><td>GraphPad Software</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excel version 15</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ verion 1.47</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

quantification of endosome and lysosome motilities in cultured neurons using fluorescent probes

뇌에서 멤브레인 트래 피킹 시스템은 연결 형태, 시냅스 가소성, 생존 및 신경 교종과 같은 신경 기능을 조절하는 데 중요한 역할을합니다. 지금까지 수많은 연구에서 이러한 시스템의 결함이 다양한 신경 질환을 일으킨다 고보고했습니다. 따라서, 소포 역학의 기저를 이해하는 메커니즘은 여러 가지 신경 질환의 치료에 도움이 될 수있는 영향력있는 단서를 제공 할 수 있습니다. 여기에서는 ImageJ 플랫폼 용 소프트웨어 플러그인을 사용하여 운동 거리 및 이동 속도와 같은 소포 운동을 정량화하는 방법을 설명합니다. 정량화를위한 ​​이미지를 얻기 위해, 우리는 EGFP - 태그 소낭 마커 단백질과 연결 endosome - 리소좀 구조를 표시하고 시간 경과 현미경을 사용하여 소포의 움직임을 관찰했다. 이 방법은 매우 유용하고 축삭 및 수상 돌기와 같은 신경 돌기뿐만 아니라 뉴런 및 신경아 교세포의 소마에서 소포 운동성 측정을 단순화합니다. 추가이 방법은 섬유 아세포 및 내피 세포와 같은 다른 세포주에도 적용될 수있다. 이 접근법은 막 밀매에 대한 우리의 이해를 진전시키는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다.

이 분석은 체외 배양 에서 소포 역학을 측정하기 위해 고안되었습니다. 이 분석은의 연결 형태 및 생존과 관련된 소포 운동성을 결정하는 데 활용되었습니다. 그림 1A 및 B 는 뉴런의 리소좀 운동성을 보여주는 대표적인 데이터를 표시합니다. 피질 뉴런은 리소좀 마커, LAMP-EGFP로 형질 감염되었고, 표준 형광 현미경을 사용하여 관찰되...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Endosome and Lysosome Motilities in Cultured Neurons Using Fluorescent Probes at JoVE.com

Quantification of Endosome and Lysosome Motilities in Cultured Neurons Using Fluorescent Probes

막 인신 매매에 대한 조사는 신경 기능을 이해하는 데 중요합니다. 여기서는 뉴런에서 소포 운동성을 정량화하는 방법을 소개합니다. 이것은 신경계에서 막 인신 매매의 정량화에 적용 할 수있는 편리한 방법입니다.

형광 프로브를 이용한 배양 된 뉴런의 엔도 좀과 리소좀 기능의 정량화

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, ...

quantification-endosome-lysosome-motilities-cultured-neurons-using

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.0K 조회수.  University of Tsukuba.  막 인신 매매에 대한 조사는 신경 기능을 이해하는 데 중요합니다. 여기서는 뉴런에서 소포 운동성을 정량화하는 방법을 소개합니다. 이것은 신경계에서 막 인신 매매의 정량화에 적용 할 수있는 편리한 방법입니다. 

비디오: Quantification of Endosome and Lysosome Motilities in Cultured Neurons Using Fluorescent Probes

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis. Retrieved SVs are then refilled with neurotransmitter and rejoin the recycling pool, defined as SVs that are available for exocytosis1,2. The recycling pool can generally be subdivided into two distinct pools - the readily releasable pool (RRP) and the reserve pool (RP). As their names imply, the RRP consists of SVs that are immediately available for fusion while RP SVs are released only during intense stimulation1,2. It is important to have a reliable assay that reports the differential replenishment of these SV pools in order to understand 1) how SVs traffic after different modes of endocytosis (such as clathrin-dependent endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis) and 2) the mechanisms controlling the mobilisation of both the RRP and RP in response to different stimuli.
FM dyes are routinely employed to quantitatively report SV turnover in central nerve terminals3-8. They have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that allows reversible partitioning in the lipid bilayer, and a hydrophilic head group that blocks passage across membranes. The dyes have little fluorescence in aqueous solution, but their quantum yield increases dramatically when partitioned in membrane9. Thus FM dyes are ideal fluorescent probes for tracking actively recycling SVs. The standard protocol for use of FM dye is as follows. First they are applied to neurons and are taken up during endocytosis (Figure 1). After non-internalised dye is washed away from the plasma membrane, recycled SVs redistribute within the recycling pool. These SVs are then depleted using unloading stimuli (Figure 1). Since FM dye labelling of SVs is quantal10, the resulting fluorescence drop is proportional to the amount of vesicles released. Thus, the recycling and fusion of SVs generated from the previous round of endocytosis can be reliably quantified.
Here, we present a protocol that has been modified to obtain two additional elements of information. Firstly, sequential unloading stimuli are used to differentially unload the RRP and the RP, to allow quantification of the replenishment of specific SV pools. Secondly, each nerve terminal undergoes the protocol twice. Thus, the response of the same nerve terminal at S1 can be compared against the presence of a test substance at phase S2 (Figure 2), providing an internal control. This is important, since the extent of SV recycling across different nerve terminals is highly variable11.
Any adherent primary neuronal cultures may be used for this protocol, however the plating density, solutions and stimulation conditions are optimised for cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)12,13.

A live fluorescence imaging technique to quantify the replenishment and mobilisation of specific synaptic vesicle (SV) pools in central nerve terminals is described. Two rounds of SV recycling are monitored in the same nerve terminals providing an internal control.

FM 염료를 사용하여 양식 소뇌 과립 뉴런에서 시냅틱 소포 풀 보충의 정량 분석

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

연구

신경과학

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This directed trafficking is of fundamental importance to deliver, maintain or remove synaptic proteins.
Super-ecliptic pHluorin (SEP) is a pH-sensitive derivative of eGFP that has been extensively used for live cell imaging of plasma membrane proteins1-2. At low pH, protonation of SEP decreases photon absorption and eliminates fluorescence emission. As most intracellular trafficking events occur in compartments with low pH, where SEP fluorescence is eclipsed, the fluorescence signal from SEP-tagged proteins is predominantly from the plasma membrane where the SEP is exposed to a neutral pH extracellular environment. When illuminated at high intensity SEP, like every fluorescent dye, is irreversibly photodamaged (photobleached)3-5. Importantly, because low pH quenches photon absorption, only surface expressed SEP can be photobleached whereas intracellular SEP is unaffected by the high intensity illumination6-10. 
FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) of SEP-tagged proteins is a convenient and powerful technique for assessing protein dynamics at the plasma membrane. When fluorescently tagged proteins are photobleached in a region of interest (ROI) the recovery in fluorescence occurs due to the movement of unbleached SEP-tagged proteins into the bleached region. This can occur via lateral diffusion and/or from exocytosis of non-photobleached receptors supplied either by de novo synthesis or recycling (see Fig. 1). The fraction of immobile and mobile protein can be determined and the mobility and kinetics of the diffusible fraction can be interrogated under basal and stimulated conditions such as agonist application or neuronal activation stimuli such as NMDA or KCl application8,10. 
We describe photobleaching techniques designed to selectively visualize the recovery of fluorescence attributable to exocytosis. Briefly, an ROI is photobleached once as with standard FRAP protocols, followed, after a brief recovery, by repetitive bleaching of the flanking regions. This 'FRAP-FLIP' protocol, developed in our lab, has been used to characterize AMPA receptor trafficking at dendritic spines10, and is applicable to a wide range of trafficking studies to evaluate the intracellular trafficking and exocytosis.

This report describes the use of live cell imaging and photobleach techniques to determine the surface expression, transport pathways and trafficking kinetics of exogenously expressed, pH-sensitive GFP-tagged proteins at the plasma membrane of neurons.

교양 뉴런의 막 단백질의 측면 보급과 Exocytosis은 형광 복구 및 형광 손실 Photobleaching를 사용하여 평가

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This ...

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall neural circuit function. Synapse strength critically depends on the abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synaptic sites on the postsynaptic membrane. Receptor levels are established developmentally, and can be altered by receptor trafficking between surface-localized, subsynaptic, and intracellular pools, representing important mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation. Rigorous methods to quantify synaptically-localized neurotransmitter receptor abundance are essential to study synaptic development and plasticity. Fluorescence microscopy is an optimal approach because it preserves spatial information, distinguishing synaptic from non-synaptic pools, and discriminating among receptor populations localized to different types of synapses. The genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is particularly well suited for these studies due to the small size and relative simplicity of its nervous system, its transparency, and the availability of powerful genetic techniques, allowing examination of native synapses in intact animals.
Here we present a method for quantifying fluorescently-labeled synaptic neurotransmitter receptors in C. elegans. Its key feature is the automated identification and analysis of individual synapses in three dimensions in multi-plane confocal microscope output files, tabulating position, volume, fluorescence intensity, and total fluorescence for each synapse. This approach has two principal advantages over manual analysis of z-plane projections of confocal data. First, because every plane of the confocal data set is included, no data are lost through z-plane projection, typically based on pixel intensity averages or maxima. Second, identification of synapses is automated, but can be inspected by the experimenter as the data analysis proceeds, allowing fast and accurate extraction of data from large numbers of synapses. Hundreds to thousands of synapses per sample can easily be obtained, producing large data sets to maximize statistical power. Considerations for preparing C. elegans for analysis, and performing confocal imaging to minimize variability between animals within treatment groups are also discussed. Although developed to analyze C. elegans postsynaptic receptors, this method is generally useful for any type of synaptically-localized protein, or indeed, any fluorescence signal that is localized to discrete clusters, puncta, or organelles.
The procedure is performed in three steps: 1) preparation of samples, 2) confocal imaging, and 3) image analysis. Steps 1 and 2 are specific to C. elegans, while step 3 is generally applicable to any punctate fluorescence signal in confocal micrographs.

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

The abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synapses strongly influences synaptic strength. This method quantifies fluorescently-labeled neurotransmitter receptors in three dimensions with single-synapse resolution in C. elegans, allowing hundreds of synapses to be rapidly characterized within a single sample without distortions introduced by z-plane projection.

에서 시냅틱 형광의 자동 부량<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall ...

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

Understanding the mechanisms by which molecular motors coordinate their activities to transport vesicular cargoes within neurons requires the quantitative analysis of motor/cargo associations at the single vesicle level. The goal of this protocol is to use quantitative fluorescence microscopy to correlate (&#8220;map&#8221;) the position and directionality of movement of live cargo to the composition and relative amounts of motors associated with the same cargo. &#8220;Cargo mapping&#8221; consists of live imaging of fluorescently labeled cargoes moving in axons cultured on microfluidic devices, followed by chemical fixation during recording of live movement, and subsequent immunofluorescence (IF) staining of the exact same axonal regions with antibodies against motors. Colocalization between cargoes and their associated motors is assessed by assigning sub-pixel position coordinates to motor and cargo channels, by fitting Gaussian functions to the diffraction-limited point spread functions representing individual fluorescent point sources. Fixed cargo and motor images are subsequently superimposed to plots of cargo movement, to &#8220;map&#8221; them to their tracked trajectories. The strength of this protocol is the combination of live and IF data to record both the transport of vesicular cargoes in live cells and to determine the motors associated to these exact same vesicles. This technique overcomes previous challenges that use biochemical methods to determine the average motor composition of purified heterogeneous bulk vesicle populations, as these methods do not reveal compositions on single moving cargoes. Furthermore, this protocol can be adapted for the analysis of other transport and/or trafficking pathways in other cell types to correlate the movement of individual intracellular structures with their protein composition. Limitations of this protocol are the relatively low throughput due to low transfection efficiencies of cultured primary neurons and a limited field of view available for high-resolution imaging. Future applications could include methods to increase the number of neurons expressing fluorescently labeled cargoes.

Intracellular transport of cargoes, such as vesicles or organelles, is carried out by molecular motor proteins that track on polarized microtubules. This protocol describes the correlation of the directionality of transport of individual cargo particles moving inside neurons, to the relative amount and type of associated motor proteins.

사용 축삭화물을 이동하는 분자 모터의 구성을 특성화 &quot;화물 매핑&quot;분석

Understanding the mechanisms by which molecular motors coordinate their activities to transport vesicular cargoes within neurons requires the quantitative ...

TIRFM and pH-sensitive GFP-probes to Evaluate Neurotransmitter Vesicle Dynamics in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells: Cell Imaging and Data Analysis

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through a dynamic cycle of fusion and retrieval. Monitoring synaptic activity in real time and dissecting the different steps of exo-endocytosis at the single-vesicle level are crucial for understanding synaptic functions in health and disease.
Genetically-encoded pH-sensitive probes directly targeted to synaptic vesicles and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) provide the spatio-temporal resolution necessary to follow vesicle dynamics. The evanescent field generated by total internal reflection can only excite fluorophores placed in a thin layer (&#60;150 nm) above the glass cover on which cells adhere, exactly where the processes of exo-endocytosis take place. The resulting high-contrast images are ideally suited for vesicles tracking and quantitative analysis of fusion events.
In this protocol, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells are proposed as a valuable model for studying neurotransmitter release at the single-vesicle level by TIRFM, because of their flat surface and the presence of dispersed vesicles. The methods for growing SH-SY5Y as adherent cells and for transfecting them with synapto-pHluorin are provided, as well as the technique&#160;to perform TIRFM and imaging. Finally, a strategy aiming to select, count, and analyze fusion events at whole-cell and single-vesicle levels is presented.
To validate the imaging procedure and data analysis approach, the dynamics of pHluorin-tagged vesicles are&#160;analyzed under resting and stimulated (depolarizing potassium concentrations) conditions. Membrane depolarization increases the frequency of fusion events and causes a parallel raise of the net fluorescence signal recorded in whole cell. Single-vesicle analysis reveals modifications of fusion-event behavior (increased peak height and width). These data suggest that potassium depolarization not only induces a massive neurotransmitter release but also modifies the mechanism of vesicle fusion and recycling.
With the appropriate fluorescent probe, this technique can be employed in different cellular systems to dissect the mechanisms of constitutive and stimulated secretion.

This paper provides a method for investigating neurotransmitter vesicle dynamics in neuroblastoma cells, using a synaptobrevin2-pHluorin construct and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy. The strategy developed for image processing and data analysis is also reported.

TIRFM과 pH 민감성 GFP - 프로브는 SH-SY5Y 신경 모세포종 세포에서 신경 전달 물질 소포 역학을 평가하기 : 세포 이미징 및 데이터 분석

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through a dynamic cycle of fusion and retrieval. Monitoring synaptic activity in real ...

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

During endocytosis, fused synaptic vesicles are retrieved at nerve terminals, allowing for vesicle recycling and thus the maintenance of synaptic transmission during repetitive nerve firing. Impaired endocytosis in pathological conditions leads to decreases in synaptic strength and brain functions. Here, we describe methods used to measure synaptic vesicle endocytosis at the mammalian hippocampal synapse in neuronal culture. We monitored synaptic vesicle protein endocytosis by fusing a synaptic vesicular membrane protein, including synaptophysin and VAMP2/synaptobrevin, at the vesicular lumenal side, with pHluorin, a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein that increases its fluorescence intensity as the pH increases. During exocytosis, vesicular lumen pH increases, whereas during endocytosis vesicular lumen pH is re-acidified. Thus, an increase of pHluorin fluorescence intensity indicates fusion, whereas a decrease indicates endocytosis of the labelled synaptic vesicle protein. In addition to using the pHluorin imaging method to record endocytosis, we monitored vesicular membrane endocytosis by electron microscopy (EM) measurements of Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake by vesicles. Finally, we monitored the formation of nerve terminal membrane pits at various times after high potassium-induced depolarization. The time course of HRP uptake and membrane pit formation indicates the time course of endocytosis.

Synaptic vesicle endocytosis is detected by light microscopy of pHluorin fused with synaptic vesicle protein and by electron microscopy of vesicle uptake.

교양된 Hippocampal 신경에 시 냅 스 소포 Endocytosis를 측정

During endocytosis, fused synaptic vesicles are retrieved at nerve terminals, allowing for vesicle recycling and thus the maintenance of synaptic ...

Organelle Transport in Cultured Drosophila Cells: S2 Cell Line and Primary Neurons.

Drosophila S2 cells plated on a coverslip in the presence of any actin-depolymerizing drug form long unbranched processes filled with uniformly polarized microtubules. Organelles move along these processes by microtubule motors. Easy maintenance, high sensitivity to RNAi-mediated protein knock-down and efficient procedure for creating stable cell lines make Drosophila S2 cells an ideal model system to study cargo transport by live imaging. The results obtained with S2 cells can be further applied to a more physiologically relevant system: axonal transport in primary neurons cultured from dissociated Drosophila embryos. Cultured neurons grow long neurites filled with bundled microtubules, very similar to S2 processes. Like in S2 cells, organelles in cultured neurons can be visualized by either organelle-specific fluorescent dyes or by using fluorescent organelle markers encoded by DNA injected into early embryos or expressed in transgenic flies. Therefore, organelle transport can be easily recorded in neurons cultured on glass coverslips using living imaging. Here we describe procedures for culturing and visualizing cargo transport in Drosophila S2 cells and primary neurons. We believe that these protocols make both systems accessible for labs studying cargo transport.

Organelle Transport in Cultured Drosophila Cells: S2 Cell Line and Primary Neurons.

Drosophila S2 cells and cultured neurons are great systems for imaging of motor-driven organelle transport in vivo. Here we describe detailed protocols for culturing both cell types, their imaging and analysis of transport.

교양있는 세포 기관 전송<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 셀 : S2 세포주 및 기본 뉴런.

Drosophila S2 cells plated on a coverslip in the presence of any actin-depolymerizing drug form long unbranched processes filled with uniformly polarized ...

생물학

Real-Time Fluorescent Measurement of Synaptic Functions in Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD) is dysfunction of communication between neurons and motor neurons and muscle. The underlying process of synaptic transmission involves membrane depolarization-dependent synaptic vesicle fusion and the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. This process occurs through localized calcium influx into the presynaptic terminals where synaptic vesicles reside. Here, the protocol describes fluorescence-based live-imaging methodologies that reliably report depolarization-mediated synaptic vesicle exocytosis and presynaptic terminal calcium influx dynamics in cultured neurons.
Using a styryl dye that is incorporated into synaptic vesicle membranes, the synaptic vesicle release is elucidated. On the other hand, to study calcium entry, Gcamp6m is used, a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter. We employ high potassium chloride-mediated depolarization to mimic neuronal activity. To quantify synaptic vesicle exocytosis unambiguously, we measure the loss of normalized styryl dye fluorescence as a function of time. Under similar stimulation conditions, in the case of calcium influx, Gcamp6m fluorescence increases. Normalization and quantification of this fluorescence change are performed in a similar manner to the styryl dye protocol. These methods can be multiplexed with transfection-based overexpression of fluorescently tagged mutant proteins. These protocols have been extensively used to study synaptic dysfunction in models of FUS-ALS and C9ORF72-ALS, utilizing primary rodent cortical and motor neurons. These protocols easily allow for rapid screening of compounds that may improve neuronal communication. As such, these methods are valuable not only for the study of ALS but for all areas of neurodegenerative and developmental neuroscience research.

Two related methods are described to visualize subcellular events required for synaptic transmission. These protocols enable the real-time monitoring of the dynamics of presynaptic calcium influx and synaptic vesicle membrane fusion using live-cell imaging of in vitro cultured neurons.

근위축성 측삭 경화증 모델에서 시냅스 기능의 실시간 형광 측정

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe ...

Measuring Axonal Cargo Transport in Mouse Primary Cortical Cultured Neurons

Neuronal cells are highly polarized cells that stereotypically harbor several dendrites and an axon. The length of an axon necessitates efficient bidirectional transport by motor proteins. Various reports have suggested that defects in axonal transport are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Also, the mechanism of the coordination of multiple motor proteins has been an attractive topic. Since the axon has uni-directional microtubules, it is easier to determine which motor proteins are involved in the movement. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the transport of axonal cargo is crucial for uncovering the molecular mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and the regulation of motor proteins. Here, we introduce the entire process of axonal transport analysis, including the culturing of mouse primary cortical neurons, transfection of plasmids encoding cargo proteins, and directional and velocity analyses without the effect of pauses. Furthermore, the open-access software "KYMOMAKER" is introduced, which enables the generation of a kymograph to highlight transport traces according to their direction and allow easier visualization of axonal transport.

The present protocol describes the whole procedure of analysis for axonal transport. In particular, the calculation of transport velocity, not including the pausing, and the visualization method using open-access software "KYMOMAKER" are shown here.

Neuronal cells are highly polarized cells that stereotypically harbor several dendrites and an axon. The length of an axon necessitates efficient ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>GFP-Tagged RAB-3를 사용하여 살아있는 예쁜꼬마선충(C. elegans)의 축삭 수송 분석 향상

Optimizing Visualization of Axonal Transport of Endogenous Cargo by Fluorescence Microscopy in Living Caenorhabditis elegans

Axonal transport is a prerequisite to deliver axonal proteins from their site of synthesis in the neuronal cell body to their destination in the axon. Consequently, loss of axonal transport impairs neuronal growth and function. Studying axonal transport therefore improves our understanding of neuronal cell biology. With recent improvements in CRISPR Cas9 genome editing, endogenous labeling of axonal cargos has become accessible, enabling to move beyond ectopic expression-based visualization of transport. However, endogenous labeling often comes at the cost of low signal intensity and necessitates optimization strategies to obtain robust data. Here, we describe a protocol to optimize the visualization of axonal transport by discussing acquisition parameters and a bleaching approach to improve the signal of endogenous labeled cargo over diffuse cytoplasmic background. We apply our protocol to optimize the visualization of synaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs) labeled by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged RAB-3 to highlight how fine-tuning acquisition parameters can improve the analysis of endogenously labeled axonal cargo in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans).

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: Advanced Techniques for Visualizing Endogenous Axonal Transport Dynamics

The paper describes the optimization of fluorescence microscopy acquisition parameters to visualize the axonal transport of endogenous labeled cargos at single-neuron resolution in a living nematode.

Optimizing Visualization of Axonal Transport of Endogenous Cargo(내인성 화물의 축삭 수송 시각화 최적화)는 Living Caenorhabditis elegans에서 형광 현미경을 이용합니다.

Axonal transport is a prerequisite to deliver axonal proteins from their site of synthesis in the neuronal cell body to their destination in the axon. ...

형광 프로브를 이용한 배양 된 뉴런의 엔도 좀과 리소좀 기능의 정량화

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