우리는 워렐 워터 테크놀로지, LLC에서 제공하는 재정 지원을 감사드립니다. 상표 또는 독점적 인 제품에 대한 언급은 식별하고 미국 농무부의 보증 또는 제품의 보증을 의미하지는 않습니다.

닫힌 상공 회의소의 헤드 스페이스에서 기체 C10의 2 1. 측정 <ol><li> 물질을 구 C10의 2 파우치 (그 방출 속도에 대해 선택된 중합체 필름의 C10의 2 슬러리 (9.5 % AI) 0.5 g (6cm 미터)의 총 표면적, 정확한 성분 독점) 유리 챔버 (19.14을 L) 및 스위칭 가능한 가스 유입구와 유출구를 갖는 뚜껑. </li><li> 양면 테이프를 사용하여 뚜껑에 C10의 2 파우치를 부착합니다. </li><li> 석유 젤리 뚜껑을 밀봉하여 챔버를 닫습니다. </li><li> 상기 챔버에 대한 C10의 가스 검출기의 입구와 출구를 연결한다. 참고 :이 가스 순환 시스템, 그리고 측정을하는 경우에는 가스의 손실이 발생하지 않았다. </li><li> 배양 한 후, 입구 및 출구의 가스 흐름을 전환하여 챔버 내의 C10의 2 농도 측정은 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 26, 28, 및 48 시간. </li><li> 성질과 챔버의 온도와 상대 습도 (RH)를 모니터ature 및 RH 데이터 로거. </li></ol> 2. 과일 제조 및 보관 <ol><li> 현지 판매점에서 신선한 포도 토마토 (까 lycopersicum VAR. cerasiforme)의 15kg를 얻습니다. 과일이 건강하고 시각적 결함이 없는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 균액의 제조 <ol><li> 접종 감귤 류의 과일 표면 (27)에서 대장균 (야생형)와 A.의 alternata의 균주를 사용합니다. </li><li> 배양 후 대장균 일일 27 ~ 35 ° C에서 대장균 한천 (ECA)에 대장균과 1 일 동안 새로운 플레이트에 다시 배양 미생물. 하는 BAC 루프와 ECA 플레이트 샘플링 메틸렌 블루 (EMB) 한천 에오신 레빈에 박테리아 줄무늬, 35 ° C에서 24 시간 동안 배양하여 미생물을 확인; 반사, 금속 녹색을 켜 문화 대장균에 긍정적이다. </li><li> 감자 덱 스트로스 한천에 문화 A.의 alternata (PDA) 25 °에서; C는 포자가 나타날 때까지. </li><li> 상기 추정 된 농도 맥팔랜드 등가 탁도 표준과 비교하여 9 로그 CFU / ㎖에 도달 할 때까지 멸균 증류수 50 ㎖로 한천 접시에서 대장균 세포를 긁어. 0.1 %를 함유하는 멸균 물 1,950 mL를 넣고 트윈 -20 최종 접종 물 2 L의 합계를 만들기 위해. </li><li> EC 아가 플레이트에 플레이 팅 희석하여 세포 농도를 확인한다. 배양액에서의 A. alternata 포자 긁어 0.1 % 트윈 20을 함유하는 멸균 증류수 2 L로 중단. 참고 : 최종 대장균 인구는 7.5 로그 CFU / g이었고, A.의 alternata 인구는 5.5 로그 CFU / g이었다. </li></ol></li><li> 완전히 멸균 봉지에 포함 된 10 L의 스테인레스 스틸 팬에 토마토 7kg을 놓는다. 안전 후드에서 가방과 팬을 놓습니다. 부드럽게 교반하면서 상부에서인가되는 트리거 분사기를 사용하는 열매 접종 용액 (2 L)를 적용장갑을 낀 손으로 과일. <ol><li> 5 분 후, 멸균 시트상의 단일 층에서 토마토를 배치하고 2 시간 동안 공기 건조 할 수있다. twent 1 개의 LB (~ 1.14 L)에 천공 된 클램 쉘 과일 각각 약 200g을 넣어. </li></ol></li><li> 조심스럽게 오염 된 호일을 접어 강철 팬에 배치합니다. 장갑을 제거하고 팬에 넣어. 멸균 봉지 감싸 25 분 동안 121 ° C에서 오염 된 물품을 오토 클레이브. </li><li> (12) 조개 껍질의 뚜껑에 C10의 2 개 파우치를 부착합니다. 컨트롤과 같은 다른 (12) 조개 껍질을 사용합니다. 각 전체 대합 조개 껍질의 무게. 14 일 동안 20 ° C에서 과일을 보관합니다. </li><li> 하루에 처리 당 3 개 복제를 나타내는, 일 3, 7, 10에서 샘플을 채취하고, 14 샘플 세 개의 조가비. </li></ol> 조가에서 C10의 2 농도의 3. 모니터링 <ol><li> 클램 쉘의 중앙에 C10의 가스 검출기의 입구 및 출구 관을 삽입 WI양단 사이 2cm 거리 번째 및 3 일, 7, 10, 14의 C10의 2 측정을 수행. </li></ol> 미생물 인구와 과일 품질 특성 4. 결정 <ol><li> 각 5 개 과일 (약 60 g)을 교반 오비탈 진탕 멸균 인산 칼륨 완충액 99 mL를 따라 샘플링 멸균 봉지에 1 시간 (0.01 M, pH를 7.2), 100 rpm으로 복제. <ol><li> 버퍼 세정 접시 연속 희석 (1, 10, 100 배), 50 μL 각각 ECA에 나선 도금 공을 사용하고 (A. alternata의 경우) PDA (E. 콜라이의 경우). </li><li> 3 일간 25 ℃에서 24 시간 동안 35 ° C에서 ECA 판과 PDA 플레이트를 인큐베이션. 광 플레이트 판독기를 사용하여 미생물의 콜로니 수를 읽는다. 사용 후 오염 된 과일과 접촉하는 모든 장비를 소독합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 제조업체의 프로토콜을 사용하여 과일의 경도 시험기 과일의 경도를 측정한다. 전에 테스터를 보정각각의 사용. 각 복제 20 과일을 측정 1mm로 열매를 압축하는 데 필요한 가압력 뉴턴 (N)과 같은 결과를 표현 (N · m으로 변환 - 1). </li><li> 의 시작과 저장 동안 과일 전체 대합 조개 껍질의 무게를 측정하고 초기 체중에 비해 체중 감량을 계산합니다. </li></ol> 5. 통계 분석 <ol><li> 세중의 모든 실험을 복제합니다. 변동 (ANOVA) 분석을 사용하여 데이터를 분석한다. 던컨의 다중 범위 시험에 의한 평균 분리를 결정; 중요성은 P &lt;0.05로 정의된다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Van Duyn, M. S., Pivonka, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+the+health+benefits+of+fruit+and+vegetable+consumption+for+the+dietetics+professional:+Selected+literature.">Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: Selected literature.</a> J Am Diet Assoc. 100 (12), 1511-1521 (2000).</li><li>Beuchat, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological+factors+influencing+survival+and+growth+of+human+pathogens+on+raw+fruits+and+vegetables.">Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables.</a> Microbes Infect. 4 (4), 413-423 (2002).</li><li>Mahmoud, B. S. M., Bhagat, A. R., Linton, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+kinetics+of+inoculated+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7,+Listeria+monocytogenes+and+Salmonella+enterica+on+strawberries+by+chlorine+dioxide+gas.">Inactivation kinetics of inoculated Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on strawberries by chlorine dioxide gas.</a> Food Microbiol. 24 (7-8), 736-744 (2007).</li><li>Bean, N. H., Griffin, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foodborne+disease+outbreaks+in+the+United-States,+1973-1987+-+pathogens,+vehicles,+and+trends.">Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United-States, 1973-1987 - pathogens, vehicles, and trends.</a> J Food Protect. 53 (9), 804-817 (1990).</li><li>Calder, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+outbreak+of+hepatitis+A+associated+with+consumption+of+raw+blueberries.">An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw blueberries.</a> Epidemiol Infect. 131 (1), 745-751 (2003).</li><li>Chen, Z., Zhu, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effects+of+aqueous+chlorine+dioxide+and+ultrasonic+treatments+on+postharvest+storage+quality+of+plum+fruit+(Prunus+salicina+L.).">Combined effects of aqueous chlorine dioxide and ultrasonic treatments on postharvest storage quality of plum fruit (Prunus salicina L.).</a> Postharvest Biol Technol. 61 (2-3), 117-123 (2011).</li><li>Mmbaga, M. T., Shi, A. N., Kim, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Alternaria+alternata+as+a+causal+agent+for+leaf+blight+in+syringa+species.">Identification of Alternaria alternata as a causal agent for leaf blight in syringa species.</a> Plant Pathology J. 27 (2), 120-127 (2011).</li><li>Fagundes, C., Palou, L., Monteiro, A. R., Perez-Gago, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydroxypropyl+methylcellulose-beeswax+edible+coatings+formulated+with+antifungal+food+additives+to+reduce+alternaria+black+spot+and+maintain+postharvest+quality+of+cold-stored+cherry+tomatoes.">Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-beeswax edible coatings formulated with antifungal food additives to reduce alternaria black spot and maintain postharvest quality of cold-stored cherry tomatoes.</a> Sci Hortic-Amsterdam. 193, 249-257 (2015).</li><li>Akhtar, K. P., Saleem, M. Y., Asghar, M., Haq, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+report+of+Alternaria+alternata+causing+leaf+blight+of+tomato+in+Pakistan.">New report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of tomato in Pakistan.</a> Plant Pathol. 53 (6), 816 (2004).</li><li>Spalding, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ozone+on+appearance+and+decay+of+strawberries+peaches+and+lettuce.">Effect of ozone on appearance and decay of strawberries peaches and lettuce.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 586 (1966).</li><li>Bialka, K. L., Demirci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decontamination+of+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7+and+Salmonella+enterica+on+blueberries+using+ozone+and+pulsed+UV-Light.">Decontamination of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella enterica on blueberries using ozone and pulsed UV-Light.</a> J Food Sci. 72 (9), M391-M396 (2007).</li><li>Kim, J. G., Yousef, A. E., Dave, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+ozone+for+enhancing+the+microbiological+safety+and+quality+of+foods:+A+review.">Application of ozone for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of foods: A review.</a> J Food Protect. 62 (9), 1071-1087 (1999).</li><li>Crowe, K. M., Bushway, A., Davis-Dentici, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+postharvest+treatments,+chlorine+and+ozone,+coupled+with+low-temperature+frozen+storage+on+the+antimicrobial+quality+of+lowbush+blueberries+(Vaccinium+angustifolium).">Impact of postharvest treatments, chlorine and ozone, coupled with low-temperature frozen storage on the antimicrobial quality of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium).</a> LWT-Food Sci Technol. 47 (1), 213-215 (2012).</li><li>Richardson, S. D., Plewa, M. J., Wagner, E. D., Schoeny, R., DeMarini, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence,+genotoxicity,+and+carcinogenicity+of+regulated+and+emerging+disinfection+by-products+in+drinking+water:+A+review+and+roadmap+for+research.">Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research.</a> Mutat Res-Rev Mutat. 636 (1-3), 178-242 (2007).</li><li>Soliva-Fortuny, R. C., Martin-Belloso, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+advances+in+extending+the+shelf-life+of+fresh-cut+fruits:+a+review.">New advances in extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut fruits: a review.</a> Trends Food Sci Tech. 14 (9), 341-353 (2003).</li><li>Zhu, C. H., Chen, Z., Yu, G. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungicidal+mechanism+of+chlorine+dioxide+on+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Fungicidal mechanism of chlorine dioxide on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Ann Microbiol. 63 (2), 495-502 (2013).</li><li>Han, Y., Sherman, D. M., Linton, R. H., Nielsen, S. S., Nelson, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+washing+and+chlorine+dioxide+gas+on+survival+and+attachment+of+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7+to+green+pepper+surfaces.">The effects of washing and chlorine dioxide gas on survival and attachment of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 to green pepper surfaces.</a> Food Microbiol. 17 (5), 521-533 (2000).</li><li>Chen, Z., Zhu, C. H., Han, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+aqueous+chlorine+dioxide+treatment+on+nutritional+components+and+shelf-life+of+mulberry+fruit+(Morus+alba+L).">Effects of aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment on nutritional components and shelf-life of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L).</a> J Biosci Bioeng. 111 (6), 675-681 (2011).</li><li>Gordon, G., Rosenblatt, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlorine+dioxide:+The+current+state+of+the+art.">Chlorine dioxide: The current state of the art.</a> Ozone-Sci Eng. 27 (3), 203-207 (2005).</li><li>Park, S. H., Kang, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+effect+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+against+foodborne+pathogens+under+differing+conditions+of+relative+humidity.">Antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas against foodborne pathogens under differing conditions of relative humidity.</a> LWT-Food Sci Technol. 60 (1), 186-191 (2015).</li><li>Wu, V. C. H., Kim, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+a+simple+chlorine+dioxide+method+for+controlling+five+foodborne+pathogens,+yeasts+and+molds+on+blueberries.">Effect of a simple chlorine dioxide method for controlling five foodborne pathogens, yeasts and molds on blueberries.</a> Food Microbiol. 24 (7-8), 794-800 (2007).</li><li>Mahmoud, B. S., Bhagat, A. R., Linton, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+kinetics+of+inoculated+Escherichia+coli+O157:H7,+Listeria+monocytogenes+and+Salmonella+enterica+on+strawberries+by+chlorine+dioxide+gas.">Inactivation kinetics of inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on strawberries by chlorine dioxide gas.</a> Food Microbiol. 24 (7-8), 736-744 (2007).</li><li>Popa, I., Hanson, E. J., Todd, E. C., Schilder, A. C., Ryser, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+sachets+for+enhancing+the+microbiological+quality+and+safety+of+blueberries.">Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas sachets for enhancing the microbiological quality and safety of blueberries.</a> J Food Protect. 70 (9), 2084-2088 (2007).</li><li>Jin, Y. Y., Kim, Y. J., Chung, K. S., Won, M., Bin Song, ., K, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+aqueous+chlorine+dioxide+treatment+on+the+microbial+growth+and+qualities+of+strawberries+during+storage.">Effect of aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment on the microbial growth and qualities of strawberries during storage.</a> Food Sci Biotechnol. 16 (6), 1018-1022 (2007).</li><li>Sun, X. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+activity+of+controlled-release+chlorine+dioxide+gas+on+fresh+blueberries.">Antimicrobial activity of controlled-release chlorine dioxide gas on fresh blueberries.</a> J Food Protect. 77 (7), 1127-1132 (2014).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+storability+of+fresh+strawberries+with+controlled+release+chlorine+dioxide+in+perforated+clamshell+packaging.">Improving storability of fresh strawberries with controlled release chlorine dioxide in perforated clamshell packaging.</a> Food Bioprocess Technol. 7 (12), 3516-3524 (2014).</li><li>Narciso, J. A., Ference, C. M., Ritenour, M. A., Widmer, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+copper+hydroxide+sprays+for+citrus+canker+control+on+wild-type+Escherichia+coli.">Effect of copper hydroxide sprays for citrus canker control on wild-type Escherichia coli.</a> Lett Appl Microbiol. 54 (2), 108-111 (2012).</li><li>Lee, S. Y., Costello, M., Kang, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+as+a+sanitizer+of+lettuce+leaves.">Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a sanitizer of lettuce leaves.</a> J Food Protect. 67 (7), 1371-1376 (2004).</li><li>Shinb, H. S., Jung, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+chlorine+dioxide+in+water+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Determination of chlorine dioxide in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr A. 1123, 92-97 (2006).</li><li>Tzanavaras, P. D., Themelis, D. G., Kika, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+analytical+methods+for+the+determination+of+chlorine+dioxide.">Review of analytical methods for the determination of chlorine dioxide.</a> Cent Eur J Chem. 5 (1), 1-12 (2007).</li><li>Sy, K. V., Murray, M. B., Harrison, M. D., Beuchat, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+gaseous+chlorine+dioxide+as+a+sanitizer+for+killing+Salmonella,+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7,+Listeria+monocytogenes,+and+Yeasts+and+molds+on+fresh+and+fresh-cut+produce.">Evaluation of gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut produce.</a> J Food Protect. 68 (6), 1176-1187 (2005).</li><li>Du, J., Han, Y., Linton, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+in+reducing+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7+on+apple+surfaces.">Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas in reducing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on apple surfaces.</a> Food Microbiol. 20 (5), 583-591 (2003).</li><li>Wang, Y. Z., Wu, J., Ma, D. W., Ding, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+a+cross-linked+gelatin/bacteriorhodopsin+film+and+its+photochromic+properties.">Preparation of a cross-linked gelatin/bacteriorhodopsin film and its photochromic properties.</a> Sci China Chem. 54 (2), 405-409 (2011).</li><li>Guo, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlorine+dioxide+treatment+decreases+respiration+and+ethylene+synthesis+in+fresh-cut+'Hami'+melon+fruit.">Chlorine dioxide treatment decreases respiration and ethylene synthesis in fresh-cut 'Hami' melon fruit.</a> Int J Food Sci Tech. 48 (9), 1775-1782 (2013).</li><li>Aday, M. S., Caner, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+applications+of+'active+packaging+and+chlorine+dioxide'+for+extended+shelf+life+of+fresh+strawberries.">The applications of 'active packaging and chlorine dioxide' for extended shelf life of fresh strawberries.</a> Packag Technol Sci. 24 (3), 123-136 (2011).</li><li>Paniagua, A. C., East, A. R., Hindmarsh, J. P., Heyes, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moisture+loss+is+the+major+cause+of+firmness+change+during+postharvest+storage+of+blueberry.">Moisture loss is the major cause of firmness change during postharvest storage of blueberry.</a> Postharvest Biol Technol. 79, 13-19 (2013).</li><li>Gomez-Lopez, V. M., Ragaert, P., Jeyachchandran, V., Debevere, J., Devlieghere, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shelf-life+of+minimally+processed+lettuce+and+cabbage+treated+with+gaseous+chlorine+dioxide+and+cysteine.">Shelf-life of minimally processed lettuce and cabbage treated with gaseous chlorine dioxide and cysteine.</a> Int J Food Microbiol. 121 (1), 74-83 (2008).</li><li>Mahovic, M. J., Tenney, J. D., Bartz, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+for+control+of+bacterial+soft+rot+in+tomatoes.">Applications of chlorine dioxide gas for control of bacterial soft rot in tomatoes.</a> Plant Dis. 91 (10), 1316-1320 (2007).</li><li>Tan, H. K., Wheeler, W. B., Wei, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+of+chlorine+dioxide+with+amino-acids+and+peptides+-+kinetics+and+mutagenicity+studies.">Reaction of chlorine dioxide with amino-acids and peptides - kinetics and mutagenicity studies.</a> Mutat Res. 188 (4), 259-266 (1987).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

이산화 염소는 음식의 부패를 방지 할 수있는 이상적인 살 생물이다. 그러나, 비싼 발전기 또는 비효율적 인 두 부분으로 혼합 분말을 필요 고농도 비 수송에서 불안정하다. 이 연구는 식품의 부패 및 식품 매개 질환의 발생을 줄이기 위해 이산화 염소의 안정, 즉시 사용 가능한 형태의 응용 프로그램을 조사했다. 현재 사용중인 다른 이산화 염소의 응용 기술과는 대조적으로, 여기에 사용되는 상?...

신선한 과일과 야채가 풍부한 식단은 관상 동맥 심장 질환과 암 (1)의 특정 유형을 포함하여 많은 질병의 위험을 줄이기 위해 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 그러나 농산물이 오염 먹는 소비자들 사이에서 질병이나 사망을 일으킬 수있는 신선한 과일과 야채의 섭취로 인한 대장균, 살모넬라 엔테 리스테리아 균 등 식중독 미생물 병원균의 숫자가 있습니다. 예를 들어, 대장균 O157 : H7의 발생은 포도, 토마토, 딸기 3, 4와 관련이 있고, A 형 간염의 발생은 신선한 블루 베리 (5)와 관련되어있다. 또한, 미생물 오염은 수확 후 부패 6을 통해 실질적인 제품의 손실이 발생할 수 있습니다. 알터 alternata 중요한 식물 병원성 곰팡이 t이다<html> 모자는 식물 (7) (380)를 통해 호스트 종에서 잎 반점 및 기타 질병을 일으키는 것으로 알려져있다. 는 알터 검은 점 8, 줄기 구강 질환과 토마토 (9)의 잎 마름병의 원인이 될 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 안전하고 효과적인 수확 후 오염 제거 처리는 모두 제어 인성 병원균에 필요하고 신선한 농산물의 수확 후 부패를 방지 할 수 있습니다. 저와 비 잔류 기술은 다른 살균제에 대한 새로운 트렌드입니다. 수확 살균제의 다양한 부패 미생물을 줄이고 식중독을 방지하기 위해 사용되어왔다. 오존, 강한 항균제는, 딸기, 블루 베리 (10), (11)의 품질과 신선도를 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 오존은 과일 표면 조직의 산화를 유발할 수 있고 변색 맛 품질이 저하 될 수있다S = &quot;외부 참조&quot;&gt; 12. 염소는 같은 블루 베리, 사과 (13)로, 신선한 농산물을 소독하는 데 사용되었습니다. 효과적인 반면, 염소 신선한 과일 (15)의 살균을 위해 사용될 때, 특히 발암 부산물 (14)의 결과로, 질소 함유 화합물이나 암모니아와 반응 할 수있다. 이산화 염소 (C10의 2), 소독제 대안은 과일과 야채 (16)의 수확 후 치료를 위해 중국과 미국 모두에 의해 승인되었다. C10의 2 자유 염소 (17)의 그것보다 2.5 배 더 큰 산화 용량 수용성 산화제이다. C10의 2 저농도 및 단시간 접촉 (18)이 매우 효과적이다. C10의 2 소독에 사용되는 농도에서 독성이 최소한 부식성을 가지며, 그것은 가장 효과적인 살균제로 인식되고설정 및 19, 20, 21의 다양한 용도 진균 제제. 많은 연구 결과 C10의 2가 인성 병원균 및 수확 후 붕괴 (16)를 제어 할 수 있음을 보여 주었다. H7 딸기, 블루 베리 및 부패 (22) (23)을 방지하기 위해 예를 들어, C10의 가스는 리스테리아 모노 사이토 겐, 살모넬라, 대장균 O157을 비활성화하기 위해 사용되었다. 신선한 과일의 특성을 유지하면서 C10의 2 가스가 미생물 오염의 위험을 감소하고, 딸기 (24)의 수확 후 부패를 제어에 효과적이었다. 그러나 역사적 사이트 또는 비효율적 인 두 부분 분말 혼합에 필요한 비싼 발전기 고농도 비 수송 불안정하다. 그러나, 새로운 C10의기성품, 제어 방출 형 제제 (예, 그것은 발전기 또는 성분의 예비 혼합을 필요로하지 않습니다) 2 제품은 예비 실험 25에서 식품 부패 미생물과 병원균을 제어에 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 그것은 환경에 어떤 부작용, C10의 2의 안전하고 비용 효율적, 비 부식성, 쉽게 수송 및 제어 방출 형태이다. 이전 실험 여과 재료에 싸여 대합 조개 껍질 포장에 배치이 서방 C10의 2 분말은 크게, 신선한 블루 베리와 딸기의 부패를 감소 베리의 수분 손실을 감소하고, 수확 후 저장 25 일 26시 과일 탄력을 유지하고 있음을 증명하고있다. 최근, 제어 방출 C10의 2 패킷은 반투과성 폴리머 필름 C10의 2 슬러리 형태로 밀봉하여 개발되었다. 이 연구의 목적이었다: 1)로 모두 밀폐 용기 C10의 가스 방출 특성을 모니터링하고 천공 클램 쉘에, 2) C10의 2 파우치 인성 병원균에 용기 포도 토마토의 붕괴로 묶여 제어 방출의 효과를 조사하고, 3) 포도 토마토의 저장 품질에 서방 C10의 2의 효과를 평가한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Curoxin&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#174;&lt;/sup&gt; chlorine dioxide pouch</td><td>Worrell Water Technologies</td><td></td><td>Slurry, a.i. 9.5% in sealed semi-permeable polymer film</td></tr><tr><td>Grape tomato</td><td>Santa Sweets, Inc</td><td></td><td>Santa Sweets Authentic&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>ClO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gas detector</td><td>Analytical Technology, Inc., Collegeville, PA</td><td></td><td>PortaSens II&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Perforated clamshell</td><td>Packaging Plus LLC, Yakima, WA</td><td></td><td>OSU #1, 1 lb</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Wild Type (WT) from fruit surface</td></tr><tr><td>Alternaria alternata</td><td></td><td></td><td>from fruit surface</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; agar&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EC Broth, Oxoid, UK</td><td></td><td>EC Broth with 1.5% agar</td></tr><tr><td>Potato dextrose agar&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Levine eosin methylene blue agar</td><td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trigger spray bottle&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Impact Products, LLC., Toledo, OH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterilized sampling bag&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orbit shaker&amp;nbsp;</td><td>New Brunswick Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ</td><td></td><td>Innova 2100</td></tr><tr><td>IUL Instruments Neutec Eddy jet spiral plater inoculation plating system</td><td>Neutec Group Inc., Farmingdale, NY</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EZ micro optical plate reader&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Synoptics, Ltd., Cambridge, UK</td><td></td><td>ProtoCOL</td></tr><tr><td>Fruit firmness tester&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bioworks Inc, Wamego, KS</td><td></td><td>FirmTech 2&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Tinytag temperature and RH data logger</td><td>Gemini Data Loggers, West Sussex, UK</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>McFarland equivalence turbidity standard</td><td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

controlled-release of chlorine dioxide in a perforated packaging system to extend the storage life and improve the safety of grape tomatoes

파우치 반투과성 폴리머 필름으로 C10의 2 슬러리 형태로 밀봉하여 개발 된 제어 방출 이산화 염소 (C10의 2); 주머니의 방출 특성 또는 과실이없는 용기에 관찰 하였다. 파우치는 포도, 토마토를 포함하는 천공 된 클램 쉘의 내부 및 미생물 군, 경도에 미치는 영향에 부착하고, 중량 손실은 20 ° C에서 14 일의 저장 기간을 평가 하였다. 3 일 이내에는 클램 쉘의 C10의 2 농도 / 3.5 PPM에 도달 한 후, 날 (10), 그것은 3.08 로그 CFU 의해 대장균 개체수를 감소 2 파우치 강한 항균 활성을 나타내 일 14 C10의 약 2 ppm으로 감소 될 때까지 일정하게 유지 저장 14 일 후 2.85 로그 CFU / g에 의해 g 및 알터 alternata 집단. C10의 2 처리는 연화 중량 손실 감소 및 토마토의 전체 수명을 연장. 우리의 결과C10의 2 치료가 수명을 연장하고 품질을 손상시키지 않고 저장하는 동안 토마토의 미생물 안전성을 향상하는 데 유용하는 것이 좋습니다.

C10의 2 릴리스 처음 몇 시간에 걸쳐 선형 패턴을 나타내었다. 농도는 상기 제 4 시간에 걸쳐 약 2.38 PPM / h로 증가 하였다. 방출 속도는 24 시간 배양 한 후 감속 및 C10의 2 농도는 25.4 ppm의 이르렀다. 그러나, 농도는 24 시간 배양 (도 1) 후 안정한 경향이 있었다. 포도 토마토 클램 쉘의 상부 공간 C10의 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes at JoVE.com

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

천공 포장 시스템에서 이산화 염소의 제어 릴리스는 저장 수명을 연장하고 포도 토마토의 안전을 개선하기 위해

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

controlled-release-chlorine-dioxide-perforated-packaging-system-to

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.9K 조회수.  USDA, ARS, USHRL. Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

비디오: Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ripening. Exogenous ethylene applied during early plant development triggers the triple response phenotype; a shorter and thicker hypocotyl with an exaggerated apical hook. Despite the intimate relationship between plants and bacteria, the effect of exogenous ethylene on bacteria has been greatly overlooked. This is partly due to the difficulty of controlling gaseous ethylene within the laboratory without specialized equipment. 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) is a compound that decomposes into ethylene, chlorine, and phosphate in a 1:1:1:1 molar ratio when dissolved in an aqueous medium of pH 3.5 or greater. Here we describe the use of CEPA to produce in situ ethylene for the investigation of ethylene response in bacteria using the fruit-associated, cellulose-producing bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus as a model organism. The protocols described herein include both the verification of ethylene production from CEPA via the Arabidopsis thaliana triple response assay and the effects of exogenous ethylene on K. xylinus cellulose production, pellicle properties and colonial morphology. These protocols can be adapted to examine the effect of ethylene on other microbes using appropriate growth media and phenotype analyses. The use of CEPA provides researchers with a simple and efficient alternative to pure ethylene gas for the routine determination of bacterial ethylene response.

The protocols outlined herein facilitate the convenient investigation of bacterial ethylene responses by utilizing 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA). Ethylene is produced in situ through the decomposition of CEPA in an aqueous bacterial growth medium, circumventing the requirement for pure ethylene gas.

도구로 에틸렌 방출 화합물, 2- 클로로 에틸 산을 활용하여 박테리아의 에틸렌 응답을 공부하기

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ...

연구

생화학

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS), D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

There is a stated Army need for a field-portable, non-steam sterilizer technology that can be used by Forward Surgical Teams, Dental Companies, Veterinary Service Support Detachments, Combat Support Hospitals, and Area Medical Laboratories to sterilize surgical instruments and to sterilize pathological specimens prior to disposal in operating rooms, emergency treatment areas, and intensive care units. The following ensemble of novel, &#8216;clean and green&#8217; chlorine dioxide technologies are versatile and flexible to adapt to meet a number of critical military needs for decontamination6,15. Specifically, the Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS) was invented to meet urgent battlefield needs and close critical capability gaps for energy-independence, lightweight portability, rapid mobility, and rugged durability in high intensity forward deployments3. As a revolutionary technological breakthrough in surgical sterilization technology, the PCS is a Modern Field Autoclave that relies on on-site, point-of-use, at-will generation of chlorine dioxide instead of steam. Two (2) PCS units sterilize 4 surgical trays in 1 hr, which is the equivalent throughput of one large steam autoclave (nicknamed &#8220;Bertha&#8221; in deployments because of its cumbersome size, bulky dimensions, and weight). However, the PCS operates using 100% less electricity (0 vs. 9 kW) and 98% less water (10 vs. 640 oz.), significantly reduces weight by 95% (20 vs. 450 lbs, a 4-man lift) and cube by 96% (2.1 vs. 60.2 ft3), and virtually eliminates the difficult challenges in forward deployments of repairs and maintaining reliable operation, lifting and transporting, and electrical power required for steam autoclaves.

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS) is a revolutionary, energy-independent, almost waterless sterilization technology for Army medical units. The PCS generates chlorine dioxide from dry reagents mixed with water on-site, at-will, and at point-of-use (PoU) in a plastic suitcase. The Disinfectant-sprayer for Foods and ENvironmentally-friendly Sanitation (D-FENS) and the Disinfectant for ENvironmentally-friendly Decontamination, All-purpose (D-FEND ALL) produce aqueous chlorine dioxide in a collapsible spray bottle and other potential embodiments. These versatile decontamination technologies kill microbes in myriad diverse Dual-use applications for military and civilian consumers.

휴대용 화학 살균제 (PCS), D-펜즈 및 D-FEND는 ALL : 군사에 대한 새로운 이산화 염소 오염 제거 기술

There is a stated Army need for a field-portable, non-steam sterilizer technology that can be used by Forward Surgical Teams, Dental Companies, Veterinary ...

생체공학

Procedures of Laboratory Fumigation for Pest Control with Nitric Oxide Gas

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on fresh products and procedures for residue analysis and product quality evaluation. An airtight fumigation chamber containing fresh fruit and vegetables is first flushed with nitrogen (N2) to establish an ultralow oxygen (ULO) environment followed by injection of NO. The fumigation chamber is then kept at a low temperature of 2 - 5 &#176;C for a specified time period necessary to kill a target pest to complete a fumigation treatment. At the end of a fumigation treatment, the fumigation chamber is flushed with N2 to dilute NO prior to opening the chamber to ambient air to prevent the reaction between NO and O2, which produces NO2 and may damage delicate fresh products. At different times after NO fumigation, NO2 in headspace and nitrate and nitrite in liquid samples were measured as residues. Product quality was evaluated after 2 weeks of post-treatment cold storage to determine effects of NO fumigation on product quality. Keeping&#160;O2 from reacting with NO is critical to NO fumigation and is an important part of the protocols. Measuring NO levels is challenging and a practical solution is provided. Possible protocol modifications are also suggested for measuring NO levels in the fumigation chambers as well as residues. NO fumigation has the potential to be a practical alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for postharvest pest control on fresh and stored products. This publication is intended to assist other researchers in conducting NO fumigation research for postharvest pest control and accelerating the development of NO fumigation for practical applications.

This paper describes nitric oxide (NO) fumigation protocols for postharvest pest control. Fumigation chambers are flushed with nitrogen (N2) to establish ultralow oxygen conditions before NO is injected. At the end, chambers are flushed with N2 to dilute NO before exposing products to ambient air to prevent exposure to NO2.

산화 질소 가스와 해충에 대 한 훈 증 실험실의 절차

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on ...

환경과학

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is a significant nosocomial pathogen. C. difficile is notoriously difficult to isolate and cultivate and is extremely sensitive to even low levels of oxygen in the environment. Here, methods for isolating C. difficile from fecal samples and subsequently culturing C. difficile for preparation of glycerol stocks for long-term storage are presented. Techniques for preparing and enumerating spore stocks in the laboratory for a variety of downstream applications including microscopy and animal studies are also described. These techniques necessitate an anaerobic chamber, which maintains a consistent anaerobic environment to ensure proper conditions for optimal C. difficile growth. We provide protocols for transferring materials in and out of the chamber without causing significant oxygen contamination along with suggestions for regular maintenance required to sustain the appropriate anaerobic environment for efficient and consistent C. difficile cultivation.

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Clostridium difficile is a pathogenic bacterium that is a strict anaerobe and causes antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD). Here, methods for isolating, culturing and maintaining C. difficile vegetative cells and spores are described. These techniques necessitate an anaerobic chamber, which requires regular maintenance to ensure proper conditions for optimal C. difficile cultivation.

배양 및 유지<em&gt; 클로 스트 리듐 디피</em&gt; 혐기성 환경에서

Clostridium  difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium  that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is ...

면역학 및 감염병학

An Efficient Clearing Protocol for the Study of Seed Development in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major cash crops worldwide. The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental biology during plant reproduction. Visualization of finer embryonic structure within a tomato seed is often hampered by seed coat mucilage, multi-cell-layered integument, and a thick-walled endosperm, which needs to be resolved by laborious embedding-sectioning. A simpler alternative is to employ tissue clearing techniques that turn the seed almost transparent using chemical agents. Although conventional clearing procedures allow deep insight into smaller seeds with a thinner seed coat, clearing tomato seeds continues to be technically challenging, especially in the late developmental stages.
Presented here is a rapid and labor-saving clearing protocol to observe tomato seed development from 3 to 23 days after flowering when embryonic morphology is nearly complete. This method combines chloral hydrate-based clearing solution widely used in Arabidopsis with other modifications, including the omission of Formalin-Aceto-Alcohol (FAA) fixation, the addition of sodium hypochlorite treatment of seeds, removal of the softened seed coat mucilage, and washing and vacuum treatment. This method can be applied for efficient clearing of tomato seeds at different developmental stages and is useful in full monitoring of the developmental process of mutant seeds with good spatial resolution. This clearing protocol may also be applied to deep imaging of other commercially important species in the Solanaceae.

An Efficient Clearing Protocol for the Study of Seed Development in Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.

The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental biology during plant reproduction. This protocol is useful for clearing tomato seeds at different developmental stages to observe the finer embryonic structure.

토마토의 종자 개발 연구를위한 효율적인 청산 프로토콜 (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major cash crops worldwide. The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental ...

발생학

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. The tomato-P. syringae pv. tomato pathosystem is widely used to dissect the genetic basis of plant innate responses and disease resistance. While disease was successfully managed for many decades through the introduction of the Pto/Prf gene cluster from Solanum pimpinellifolium into cultivated tomato, race 1 strains of P. syringae have evolved to overcome resistance conferred by the Pto/Prf gene cluster and occur worldwide.
Wild tomato species are important reservoirs of natural diversity in pathogen recognition, because they evolved in diverse environments with different pathogen pressures. In typical screens for disease resistance in wild tomato, adult plants are used, which can limit the number of plants that can be screened due to their extended growth time and greater growth space requirements. We developed a method to screen 10-day-old tomato seedlings for resistance, which minimizes plant growth time and growth chamber space, allows a rapid turnover of plants, and allows large sample sizes to be tested. Seedling outcomes of survival or death can be treated as discrete phenotypes or on a resistance scale defined by amount of new growth in surviving seedlings after flooding. This method has been optimized to screen 10-day-old tomato seedlings for resistance to two P. syringae strains and can easily be adapted to other P. syringae strains.

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

The seedling flood assay facilitates rapid screening of wild tomato accessions for the resistance to the Pseudomonas syringae bacterium. This assay, used in conjunction with the seedling bacterial growth assay, can assist in further characterizing the underlying resistance to the bacterium, and can be used to screen mapping populations to determine the genetic basis of resistance.

슈도모나스 주사기 pv에 대한 저항의 높은 처리량 식별. 모종 홍수 분석을 사용하여 토마토토마토

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. ...

Isolation of Native Soil Microorganisms with Potential for Breaking Down Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Films Used in Agriculture

Fungi native to agricultural soils that colonized commercially available biodegradable mulch (BDM) films were isolated and assessed for potential to degrade plastics. Typically, when formulations of plastics are known and a source of the feedstock is available, powdered plastic can be suspended in agar-based media and degradation determined by visualization of clearing zones. However, this approach poorly mimics in situ degradation of BDMs. First, BDMs are not dispersed as small particles throughout the soil matrix. Secondly, BDMs are not sold commercially as pure polymers, but rather as films containing additives (e.g. fillers, plasticizers and dyes) that may affect microbial growth. The procedures described herein were used for isolates acquired from soil-buried mulch films. Fungal isolates acquired from excavated BDMs were tested individually for growth on pieces of new, disinfested BDMs laid atop defined medium containing no carbon source except agar. Isolates that grew on BDMs were further tested in liquid medium where BDMs were the sole added carbon source. After approximately ten weeks, fungal colonization and BDM degradation were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Isolates were identified via analysis of ribosomal RNA gene sequences. This report describes methods for fungal isolation, but bacteria also were isolated using these methods by substituting media appropriate for bacteria. Our methodology should prove useful for studies investigating breakdown of intact plastic films or products for which plastic feedstocks are either unknown or not available. However our approach does not provide a quantitative method for comparing rates of BDM degradation.

Plastic films labeled "biodegradable" are commercially available for agricultural use as mulches. Tillage represents an attractive disposal method, but degradation under field conditions is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to develop methods for isolating native soil fungi and bacteria that colonize plastic mulch films after field burial.

생분해 성 플라스틱 뿌리 덮개 필름을 부셔 가능성이있는 기본 토양 미생물의 분리가 농업에 사용

Fungi native to agricultural soils that colonized commercially available biodegradable mulch (BDM) films were isolated and assessed for potential to ...

생물학

Standardized Method for High-throughput Sterilization of Arabidopsis Seeds

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings often need to be grown on sterile media. This requires prior seed sterilization to prevent the growth of microbial contaminants present on the seed surface. Currently, Arabidopsis seeds are sterilized using two distinct sterilization techniques in conditions that differ slightly between labs and have not been standardized, often resulting in only partially effective sterilization or in excessive seed mortality. Most of these methods are also not easily scalable to a large number of seed lines of diverse genotypes. As technologies for high-throughput analysis of Arabidopsis continue to proliferate, standardized techniques for sterilizing large numbers of seeds of different genotypes are becoming essential for conducting these types of experiments. The response of a number of Arabidopsis lines to two different sterilization techniques was evaluated based on seed germination rate and the level of seed contamination with microbes and other pathogens. The treatments included different concentrations of sterilizing agents and times of exposure, combined to determine optimal conditions for Arabidopsis seed sterilization. Optimized protocols have been developed for two different sterilization methods: bleach (liquid-phase) and chlorine (Cl2) gas (vapor-phase), both resulting in high seed germination rates and minimal microbial contamination. The utility of these protocols was illustrated through the testing of both wild type and mutant seeds with a range of germination potentials. Our results show that seeds can be effectively sterilized using either method without excessive seed mortality, although detrimental effects of sterilization were observed for seeds with lower than optimal germination potential. In addition, an equation was developed to enable researchers to apply the standardized chlorine gas sterilization conditions to airtight containers of different sizes. The protocols described here allow easy, efficient, and inexpensive seed sterilization for a large number of Arabidopsis lines.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of bleach and chlorine gas sterilization on seed germination of a range of Arabidopsis genotypes grown on sterile media. Optimized sterilization protocols have been developed to prevent the growth of microbial contaminants while providing satisfactory seed survival.

애기 씨의 높은 처리 살 균에 대 한 표준화 된 방법

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings often need to be grown on sterile media. This requires prior seed sterilization to prevent the growth of ...

Direct Infusion Device를 사용한 식물의 분자 전달

Direct Infusion Device for Molecule Delivery in Plants

Testing the function of therapeutic compounds in plants is an important component of agricultural research. Foliar and soil-drench methods are routine but have drawbacks, including variable uptake and the environmental breakdown of tested molecules. Trunk injection of trees is well-established, but most methods for this require expensive, proprietary equipment. To screen various treatments for Huanglongbing, a simple, low-cost method to deliver these compounds to the vascular tissue of small greenhouse-grown citrus trees infected with the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) or infested with the phloem-feeding CLas insect vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (D. citri) is needed.
To meet these screening requirements, a direct plant infusion (DPI) device was designed that connects to the plant&#39;s trunk. The device is made using a nylon-based 3D-printing system and easily obtainable auxiliary components. The compound uptake efficacy of this device was tested in citrus plants using the fluorescent marker 5,6-carboxyfluorescein-diacetate. Uniform compound distribution of the marker throughout the plants was routinely observed.
Furthermore, this device was used to deliver antimicrobial and insecticidal molecules to determine their effects on CLas and D. citri respectively. The aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin was delivered into CLas-infected citrus plants using the device, which resulted in a reduction in the CLas titer from 2 weeks to 4 weeks post treatment. Delivering the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid into D. citri-infested citrus plants resulted in a significant increase in psyllid mortality after 7 days. These results suggest that this DPI device represents a useful system for delivering molecules into plants for&#160;testing and facilitate research and screening purposes.

저자 스포트라이트: 식물의 분자 전달을 위한 직접 주입 장치  

This manuscript describes a novel direct plant infusion device for screening the effectiveness of molecules against the bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) or its insect vector (Diaphorina citri, Kuwayama) that, in combination, are associated with Huanglongbing citrus disease.

식물의 분자 전달을 위한 직접 주입 장치

Testing the function of therapeutic compounds in plants is an important component of agricultural research. Foliar and soil-drench methods are routine but ...

천공 포장 시스템에서 이산화 염소의 제어 릴리스는 저장 수명을 연장하고 포도 토마토의 안전을 개선하기 위해

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

도구로 에틸렌 방출 화합물, 2- 클로로 에틸 산을 활용하여 박테리아의 에틸렌 응답을 공부하기

휴대용 화학 살균제 (PCS), D-펜즈 및 D-FEND는 ALL : 군사에 대한 새로운 이산화 염소 오염 제거 기술

산화 질소 가스와 해충에 대 한 훈 증 실험실의 절차

배양 및 유지

토마토의 종자 개발 연구를위한 효율적인 청산 프로토콜 (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

슈도모나스 주사기 pv에 대한 저항의 높은 처리량 식별. 모종 홍수 분석을 사용하여 토마토토마토

생분해 성 플라스틱 뿌리 덮개 필름을 부셔 가능성이있는 기본 토양 미생물의 분리가 농업에 사용

애기 씨의 높은 처리 살 균에 대 한 표준화 된 방법

식물의 분자 전달을 위한 직접 주입 장치

식물의 분자 전달을 위한 직접 주입 장치