Research reported in this publication was supported by The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory&#8217;s Research and Exploratory Development Department, Office of Technology Transfer, and Stuart S. Janney Fellowship Program, in addition to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R21HL127355.

SLNs 1. 처리 <ol><li> SLNs의 합성 참고 : 하위 20 나노 SLNs 1을 제조 피트 방법 1,17,20을 사용합니다. <ol><li> 무균 기술, bioreagents 또는 세포 배양 등급 시약 및 살균 물질 (즉, 피펫, 주걱, 유리 병 등)를 사용합니다. </li><li> SLNs의 합성 (그림 2)에 대한 바이오 안전성 캐비닛을 사용합니다. </li><li> 형광 염료의 0.6 ㎎을 결합하고 바이알 (15 mL)에 Heneicosane (지질, 5 중량 / 중량 % 지질 농도) 0.10 g에서 공동 용융 (나일 레드 (NIR)을, NIR 농도는 약 0.3 ㎎ / ㎖ 임) 90 ° C 및 교반. </li><li> 0.11 g의 폴리 옥시 에틸렌 (10) 올레 일 에테르 (계면 활성제, 5.5 중량 / 중량 % 계면 활성제 농도)를 추가합니다. 90 ℃에서 교반하고, 생성 된 혼합물을 동시 - 용융. </li><li> 90 ° C의 혼합물, 열 멸균 물 1.79 g을 넣고, 투명 나노 에멀젼이 형성 될 때까지 저어. 참고 : 계속 교반 및 제어 냉각, SL에서NS 생성됩니다. 이러한 조건은 중유 에멀젼 유 중수 에멀젼의 반전을 일으킨다. 이러한 지질 방울에 NIR 파티션으로 친 유성 분자. </li><li> 대조군 샘플로서 기능하기 위해서는, 형광 색소를 첨가하지 않고 평행 나노 에멀젼을 제조. 90 ° C, 및 바이알에서 교반 (15 mL)을 공동으로 용융물 Heneicosane 0.10 g 및 0.11 g의 폴리 옥시 에틸렌 (10) 올레 일 에테르 결합. <ol><li> 90 ° C의 혼합물, 열 멸균 물 1.79 g을 넣고, 투명 나노 에멀젼이 형성 될 때까지 저어. </li></ol></li><li> 또한 멸균 0.2 μm의 필터를 사용하여 각각의 나노 에멀젼을 살균. </li></ol><img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig2.jpg" /> 그림 SLNs의 합성 2. 도식. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> </li><li> 입자 크기와 폴ydispersity <ol><li> 입자 크기 및 분산도 유리 큐벳을 사용 SLNs 1 및 입자 크기를 측정하기위한기구를 측정하기 위해 동적 광산란 (DLS)을 사용한다. </li><li> 시료의 측정에 앞서, 표준 제제와 측정을위한 제조사의 프로토콜은 다음 두 가지 알려진 표준 입자 크기를 측정한다. </li><li> 표준 용액 1.5 ㎖의 유리 큐벳을 채우고 샘플과 같은 측정 조건을 사용하여 표준 용액을 측정한다. 주 : 이전 단계는 각 표준에 대해 반복 하였다. </li><li> 제조 된 샘플을 측정합니다. 각각에 대해,하기 실험 파라미터들을 사용하여 100 초, 물의 굴절율 (1.33), 물의 점도의 실행 시간을 20 ° C (1.002 MPA · 초)에서. 주 :이 기술은 주파수가 나노 입자의 크기를 측정하기 위해 광을 시프트 이용한다. </li><li> 이상적 상대의 평균 입자 직경 및 분산도를보고CLE 크기 분포. </li></ol></li><li> 녹는 점과 녹는 잠열 <ol><li> SLNs (1)의 열적 거동을 조사하기 위해 자동 샘플러 및 액체 질소 냉각 소스를 구비 시차 주사 열량계 (DSC)를 사용한다. </li><li> 약 25 밀리그램의 질량과 40 μL의 알루미늄 팬에 AS-준비 SLNs를 피펫 및 기밀 DSC 스캔 중에 수분 손실을 최소화하기 위해 보편적 크림 퍼 프레스를 사용하여 팬을 밀봉. </li><li> 5 ~ 80 ° C에서의 각 나노 에멀젼을 측정한다. </li><li> 융점 계곡 융점 물질의 양으로 나눈 DSC 플롯에서 곡선 아래 면적의 적분을 나타내는 DSC 플롯에서 용융 잠열이 융해 잠열을 나타내는보고한다. </li></ol></li></ol> 섬유 아 세포와 수지상 세포 2. SLNs 상호 작용 <ol><li> 기본 인간 섬유 아세포의 문화 <ol><li> 문화 차 인간 Fi를broblasts 낮은 혈청 성장 보충 (LSGS) 키트 보충 (106 중) 인간 피부 섬유 아세포의 배양 액체 배지에서 제조업체의 지침에 따라. 80 % 합류에 도달시, 37 ℃, 5 % CO 2에서 배양 가습 분위기에서 세포를 유지한다. </li><li> MTT 및 이미징 웰 당 2 × 104 세포의 밀도로 분석 96 웰 플레이트에 시드 세포, 및 37 ° CO / N 종래 SLN 노광에서 평형을 허용 모두. </li><li> 지질 농도에 대하여, (도 4)에 표시하고, 각 웰 당 10 μL를 추가로 타임 제로에서, 완전 배지로 희석 SLNs 96 웰 플레이트에 웰 복제. </li><li> 인큐베이션 기간 동안, 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2에서 세포를 유지한다. </li></ol></li><li> MTT 독성 분석 <ol><li> SLNs으로 배양 24 시간 후에, 제조자의 프로토콜에 따라 MTT 분석을 이용하여 세포 생존력을 결정한다. &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> 한 번 세포를 세척하고 각 웰 (100 μL / 웰)에 새로운 배지를 추가합니다. 새로운 배지로 교체하기 전에 10 분 동안 70 % 메탄올 용액에 배양에 의해 제어 우물을 죽여. </li><li> 마이크로의 각 웰에 MTT 시약 (물론 당 10 μL)를 첨가하고, 37 ℃에서 O / N을 품어. </li><li> O / N 배양 한 후, 제조 업체의 프로토콜에 따라 제공되는 세제와 세포 내 formazin 결정을 (물론 당 100 μL) 용해. </li><li> RT에서 3 시간 배양 한 후, 마이크로 플레이트 리더를 사용하여 570 nm의 파장에서 측정 된 흡광도 값을 얻었다. 참고 : 3- (4,5- dimethylthiazolyl-2) -2,5- 디 페닐 테트라 졸륨 브로마이드 (V / W)은 1 % 미만이어야 사용 MTT 시약. </li></ol></li><li> 형광 현미경 <ol><li> SLN와 섬유 아세포의 투여 후 특정 시점에서, 멸균 인산 완충 식염수 (PBS)로 두 번 씻어 섬유 아세포를 차가운 70 % 메탄올로 10 분 동안 고정한다. </li><li> 10 분 후, 대역 통과 (BP) 50분의 690 nm의 필터 세트를 사용하여, 거꾸로 현미경을 사용하여 PBS 캡처 이미지와 메탄올을 대체합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 마우스 골수 수지상 세포의 문화 <ol><li> 유도 마우스 골수 유래의 수상 세포 (BMDC)는 앞서 설명한 23,24. 간략히, 재조합 쥐 과립구 - 대 식세포 콜로니 - 자극 인자 (GM-CSF, 300 U / ml) 및 재조합 뮤린 IL-4와 2 × 6 / 플레이트에서 100mm 배양 접시에서 C57BL / 10 골수 플레이트 단일 세포 현탁액 (B 세포 인자는, 200 U / ㎖의 자극). 3 일마다 미디어를 변경합니다. </li><li> 7 일째, 37 ° C에서 세포를 0.5 μg의 5.0 / ㎖ 지질의 최종 농도로 요리 근적외선 SLNs로드를 추가하고 유지, 노출, 원하는 길이의 5 % CO 2 인큐베이터. </li><li> 판의 철저한 세척 한 다음, 50 ㎖ 튜브에 수집, 판에있는 모든 미디어를 흡입하여 요리에서 세포를 수집 (느슨하게 광고를 꺼 내려4 mM의 에틸렌 디아민 테트라 아세트산 (EDTA)을 함유하는 인산염 완충 생리 식염수 5 ㎖ (PBS)와 내재 세포). 동일한 50 ㎖ 튜브에서 얻은 세포 현탁액을 수집한다. </li></ol></li><li> 유동 세포 계측법을 통해 SLNs 법인의 평가 <ol><li> 2.4.3 점에서 얻어진 세포 현탁액의 농도를 결정하고 12mm X 75mm의 둥근 바닥 FACS 튜브에 3 × 105 세포를 분산. </li><li> PBS 1 ㎖를 첨가 한 후 4 ℃의 온도에서, 400 XG에서 5 분 동안 튜브를 원심 분리하여 세포를 세척한다. </li><li> 상층 액을 제거하고 방지하는 CD11c-FITC 모노클로 날 항체 (0.25 μg의 / ㎖ 최종)를 함유하는 PBS / 2 mM의 EDTA / 0.1 % 소 혈청 알부민 100 ㎕ (BSA) (염색 완충액)으로 펠렛을 재현 탁. 어둠 속에서 얼음에 30 분 동안 품어. </li><li> PBS 1 ㎖로 세포를 씻어 준 후 4 ℃의 온도에서, 400 XG에서 5 분 동안 원심 분리 튜브. </li><li> 뜨는을 취소하고 각을 재현 탁염색 버퍼 400 μL로 펠렛. 셀은 유동 세포 계수기 (아마도 파란색과 빨간색 레이저가 장착)와 샘플 수집을위한 준비가되어 있습니다. </li><li> 분석 소프트웨어 유세포를 사용하는 CD11c + 세포 (FITC 양성)의 모집단에 게이팅 및 (를 PerCP-Cy5.5 또는 APC 채널에서 측정) SLNs 관련 형광의 세기를 비교하여 DC에 의한 SLNs 혼입 수준을 평가. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

본 연구에서는 SLNs의 합성과 세포 내 표적 응용 프로그램에 대한 적용 가능성은 탐구했다. 이러한 생체 적합성 나노 입자는 약물 전달, 유전자 침묵, 그리고 백신 기술을 25 ~ 30 등의 여러 응용 프로그램에 대한 배송 차량 등의 약속을 보여 주었다. 초소형 SLNs가 용이 한 공정으로 합성하고, 주요 피부 세포 및 주요 면역 세포와의 상호 작용을 탐색 하였다. SLNs는 모델 치료화물을 역임 형광 ?...

나노 입자 기반 전달 비히클은 특히 셀룰러 시그널링 및 유전자 발현을 변경하는기구를 제공하고, 세포 내 표적 애플리케이션을위한 큰 약속을 보여 주었다. 이들 차량은 약물, 단백질 및 세포 반응에 영향과 표적 조직에서 원하는 효과를 달성하도록 설계된 핵산으로 로딩 될 수있다. nanocarriers 여러 유형의 지질, 폴리머, 실리콘, 및 자성 물질을 포함하여 치료 및 진단을 위해 유익 탐구되어왔다. 이러한 시스템으로 인해 치료 목표 조직에서 농도 및 독성의 감소를 증가 지역화 된 약물 전달에 대한 자신의 잠재력에 매력적이다. 고형분 지질 나노 입자 (SLNs)는 최근 유망한 약물 전달 비히클로 떠오르고있다 나노 입자 전달 시스템의 잘 연구 된 예이다. SLNs 용이 바이오 센싱 (1), (2) 화장품 및 t를 포함하여 다수의 애플리케이션 용으로 제형 화 될 수있다herapeutic 배달 3-7. 효용성은 향상된 생체 적합성 결과, 재 흡수성, 독성 지질 전적으로 구성되어 있다는 사실로부터 유래한다. 합성 과정에서, 친 유성 약물함으로써 비경 구 투여 용 약물 용해도 및 적합성을 증가 SLN 차량에 통합 될 수있다. SLN 차량은 또한 그 분해 및 클리어런스를 감소 및 치료 작용을 극대화 캡슐화 치료학을 안정하는 것을 돕는다. 이러한 차량으로 인해 체온 3,4,8,9에서 안정성에 특히 긴 연기, 제어 방출 제제에 적합하다. 중요한 지질 나노 입자의 약물의 캡슐화는 약물 분자의 극한 약동학 프로파일을 변경. 이것은 좁은 치료 지수를 가진 약물의 제어 방출을 허용함으로써 잠재적 이점을 제공한다. SLN-혼입 치료제의 방출 속도는 조정 지질 분해 속도 또는 약물의 확산 속도에 기초 할 수있다지질 매트릭스. SLNs는 종종 특정 표적 조직에 축적하도록 설계되었습니다. 예를 들어, 크기 (전형적으로는 10 nm 이상)는 종양 조직의 새는 혈관은 증착을 용이하게 순환의 유지를 증강시켜. 또한, 입자 투여 경로는 예컨대 림프절 10,11 특정 생리 학적 구조를 대상으로 잠재적으로 생체 분포를 변경하는 것으로 나타났다. 표적 조직에 침착, 적당한 세포 상호 작용을 달성하고 궁극적으로 나노 입자의 내재화에 의한 선택적으로 셀 (12)의 밖으로 이온 및 분자의 흐름을 제어하는 세포막의 능력에 도전. 세포 흡수를 용이하게하기 위해, 펩타이드, 작은 분자 및 모노클로 날 항체 (13, 14)을 포함하여 특정 리간드 nanocarriers을 수정하는 것이 가능하다. 수동 침투 및 나노 입자의 능동 수송을 모두 포함하는 여러 메커니즘세포막 이전 3,12,15을 설명 하였다. 일반적으로, 이것은 세포 - 나노 입자의 상호 작용은 이러한 세포 형태 또는 세포주기 단계 (12)와 같은 셀 - 특정 매개 변수 외에, 크기, 형상, 표면 전하 및 표면 화학을 포함하는 나노 입자의 물리 화학적 특성에 의해 영향을받는 것으로 입증되었다. 이전의 조사는 상전이 온도 (PIT)을 사용하는 방법 (17) (16) 및 국소 바이오 마커 검출 애플리케이션 1 서브 10 나노 SLNs의 합성을 증명했다. 이것은 온도가 서서히 변화시키면서 조성물은 일정하게 유지 2 부드러운 합성법이다. 가열 된 용액의 연속 교반,로는 나노 에멀젼의 RT 결과를 냉각시킨다. 보다 작은 입자 크기를 가진 1 SLNs의 합성 과정이 결과는 이전의 NaN 지질 합성을위한 다양한 방법을 이용하여보고oparticles 17 ~ 22. 얻어진 크기 규모는, 20nm 이하는, 증가 된 표면적과 상호 작용을위한 향상된 셀룰러 전위 세포 표적화 애플리케이션을위한 이점을 제공한다. 형광 염료 또는 치료를 제공하도록 설계 SLNs의 개략은,도 1에 도시된다. SLNs는 지질 내부 (예를 들면, 선형 알칸) 친 유성 화합물 (예를 들면, 염료 또는 치료제)의 결합을 허용하고, 계면 활성제의 외관의 구성 물에 둘러싸여 (예를 들어, 선형 비이 온성 계면 활성제). 본 연구에서는 SLNs는 형광 염료로드 된 입자 세포 상호 작용을 조사하기 위해 모델로 사용. 차 인간 피부 섬유 아세포 및 마우스 수지상 세포 독성 및 흡수 입자에 대하여 상호 작용을 특성화하기 위해 시간에 걸쳐 SLN 로딩 염료를 노출시켰다. 3- (4,5- 디메틸 티아 졸 -2- 일) -2,5- diphenylphenyltetrazolium 브로마이드 (MTT) 분석은 utili이었다적당한 투여 수준을 설정하기 위해 평탄화. 형광 현미경 및 유동 세포 계측법은 시험관 내에서 입자의 흡수를 검사하기 위해 사용하는 두 가지 방법이었다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig1.jpg" /> 주요 성분을 표시 SLN의 그림 1. 도식. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Nile Red (NiR)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>19123</td><td>BioReagent, suitable for fluorescence, &amp;ge;98.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Heneicosane</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>286052</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><td>Brij O10</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6136</td><td>Brij 97, C18-1E10, Polyoxyethylene (10) oleyl ether</td></tr><tr><td>Water</td><td>Sigma</td><td>W3500</td><td>Sterile-filtered, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe Filter 0.2 &amp;micro;m Supor Membrane Low Protein Binding</td><td>Life Sciences</td><td>PN4612</td><td>Non-Pyrogenic</td></tr><tr><td>Nanotrac Ultra&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Microtrac</td><td>serial number U1985IS</td><td>Instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Differential Scanning Calorimeter</td><td>Mettlet-Toledo</td><td></td><td>Instument</td></tr><tr><td>Primary human fibroblasts&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C-004-5C</td><td>Neonatal (HDFn)</td></tr><tr><td>Medium 106</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>M-106-500</td><td>A sterile, liquid medium for the culture of human dermal fibroblasts.</td></tr><tr><td>Low Serum Growth Supplement Kit (LSGS Kit)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>S-003-K</td><td>All the components of complete LSGS</td></tr><tr><td>MTT Cell Proliferation Assay Kit</td><td>Trevigen</td><td>4890-025-K</td><td>Sensitive kit for the measurement of cell proliferation based upon the reduction of the tetrazolium salt, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT)</td></tr><tr><td>Safire2 microplate reader</td><td>Tecan</td><td>----</td><td>Instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5493</td><td>For molecular biology</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant murine GM-CSF&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>315-03</td><td>&gt;97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant murine IL-4&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>214-14</td><td>&gt;97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.</td></tr></tbody></table>

solid lipid nanoparticles (slns) for intracellular targeting applications

Nanoparticle-based delivery vehicles have shown great promise for intracellular targeting applications, providing a mechanism to specifically alter cellular signaling and gene expression. In a previous investigation, the synthesis of ultra-small solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical drug delivery and biomarker detection applications was demonstrated. SLNs are a well-studied example of a nanoparticle delivery system that has emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle. In this study, SLNs were loaded with a fluorescent dye and used as a model to investigate particle-cell interactions. The phase inversion temperature (PIT) method was used for the synthesis of ultra-small populations of biocompatible nanoparticles. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was utilized in order to establish appropriate dosing levels prior to the nanoparticle-cell interaction studies. Furthermore, primary human dermal fibroblasts and mouse dendritic cells were exposed to dye-loaded SLN over time and the interactions with respect to toxicity and particle uptake were characterized using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. This study demonstrated that ultra-small SLNs, as a nanoparticle delivery system, are suitable for intracellular targeting of different cell types.

PIT 방법은 SLNs를 합성하는 데 사용하고, 상전이 온도 수조를 이용하여 측정 하였다. 샘플을 서서히 가열하여 맑은 용액이 등장 할 때까지 온화하게 교반한다. heneicosane 지질을 사용하여 제조 SLNs위한 상전이 온도는 45 ° C. 표 1은 입자 크기, 분산도, 융점 SLNs 위해 용융 잠열을 요약 한 것이다. 전술 한 공정 조건을 사용하여 합성 SLNs은 18.59 및 16.87 nm의 평균 입자 직경 및 5.83 및 4.47의 다 ...

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications

In this study, a method for synthesizing ultra-small populations of biocompatible nanoparticles was described, as well as several in vitro methods by which to assess their cellular interactions.

고체 지질 나노 입자 (SLNs) 세포 내 타겟팅을위한 응용 프로그램

Nanoparticle-based delivery vehicles have shown great promise for intracellular targeting applications, providing a mechanism to specifically alter ...

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Intracellular Targeting Applications

16.9K 조회수.  The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. In this study, a method for synthesizing ultra-small populations of biocompatible nanoparticles was described, as well as several in vitro methods by which to assess their cellular interactions. 

비디오: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications

Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by Carbon Nanotubes

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion. During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G&#39; bands of CNTs observed in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy.

We report on a smart application of carbon nanotubes for kinetic stabilization of lipid particles that contain self-assembled nanostructures in their cores. The preparation of lipid particles requires rather low concentrations of carbon nanotubes permitting their use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

탄소 나노 튜브에 의해 안정화 내부 자기 조립 된 지질 입자의 용이 한 제조

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled ...

연구

화학

Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA to the CNS Using Cationic and Anionic Liposomes

Prion diseases result from the misfolding of the normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal protease resistant isomer called PrPRes. The emergence of prion diseases in wildlife populations and their increasing threat to human health has led to increased efforts to find a treatment for these diseases. Recent studies have found numerous anti-prion compounds that can either inhibit the infectious PrPRes isomer or down regulate the normal cellular prion protein. However, most of these compounds do not cross the blood brain barrier to effectively inhibit PrPRes formation in brain tissue, do not specifically target neuronal PrPC, and are often too toxic to use in animal or human subjects. 
We investigated whether siRNA delivered intravascularly and targeted towards neuronal PrPC is a safer and more effective anti-prion compound. This report outlines a protocol to produce two siRNA liposomal delivery vehicles, and to package and deliver PrP siRNA to neuronal cells. The two liposomal delivery vehicles are 1) complexed-siRNA liposome formulation using cationic liposomes (LSPCs), and 2) encapsulated-siRNA liposome formulation using cationic or anionic liposomes (PALETS). For the LSPCs, negatively charged siRNA is electrostatically bound to the cationic liposome. A positively charged peptide (RVG-9r [rabies virus glycoprotein]) is added to the complex, which specifically targets the liposome-siRNA-peptide complexes (LSPCs) across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to acetylcholine expressing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). For the PALETS (peptide addressed liposome encapsulated therapeutic siRNA), the cationic and anionic lipids were rehydrated by the PrP siRNA. This procedure results in encapsulation of the siRNA within the cationic or anionic liposomes. Again, the RVG-9r neuropeptide was bound to the liposomes to target the siRNA/liposome complexes to the CNS. Using these formulations, we have successfully delivered PrP siRNA to AchR-expressing neurons, and decreased the PrPC expression of neurons in the CNS.

The goal of this protocol is to use cationic/anionic liposomes with a neuro-targeting peptide as a CNS delivery system to enable siRNA to cross the BBB. The optimization of a delivery system for treatments, like siRNA, would allow for more treatment options for prion and other neurodegenerative diseases.

양이온과 음이온 리포좀을 사용 CNS에 치료의 siRNA 배달

Prion diseases result from the misfolding of the normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal protease resistant isomer called PrPRes.  The ...

생체공학

Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier

The controlled delivery of drug/imaging agents to cells is critical for the development of therapeutics and for the study of cellular signaling processes. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have shown significant promise in the development of such delivery systems. Here, a liquid crystal NP (LCNP)-based delivery system has been employed for the controlled delivery of a water-insoluble dye, 3,3&#8242;-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), from within the NP core to the hydrophobic region of a plasma membrane bilayer. During the synthesis of the NPs, the dye was efficiently incorporated into the hydrophobic LCNP core, as confirmed by multiple spectroscopic analyses. Conjugation of a PEGylated cholesterol derivative to the NP surface (DiO-LCNP-PEG-Chol) enabled the binding of the dye-loaded NPs to the plasma membrane in HEK 293T/17 cells. Time-resolved laser scanning confocal microscopy and F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging confirmed the passive efflux of DiO from the LCNP core and its insertion into the plasma membrane bilayer. Finally, the delivery of DiO as a LCNP-PEG-Chol attenuated the cytotoxicity of DiO; the NP form of DiO exhibited ~30-40% less toxicity compared to DiOfree delivered from bulk solution. This approach demonstrates the utility of the LCNP platform as an efficient modality for the membrane-specific delivery and modulation of hydrophobic molecular cargos.

A liquid crystal nanoparticle (LCNP) nanocarrier is exploited as a vehicle for the controlled delivery of a hydrophobic cargo to the plasma membrane of living cells.

액정 나노 입자 캐리어의 소수성화물 캡슐화의 대상 플라즈마 멤브레인 배달

The controlled delivery of drug/imaging agents to cells is critical for the development of therapeutics and for the study of cellular signaling processes. ...

Formulation and Characterization of Bioactive Agent Containing Nanodisks

The term nanodisk refers to a discrete type of nanoparticle comprised of a bilayer forming lipid, a scaffold protein, and an integrated bioactive agent. Nanodisks are organized as a disk-shaped lipid bilayer whose perimeter is circumscribed by the scaffold protein, usually a member of the exchangeable apolipoprotein family. Numerous hydrophobic bioactive agents have been efficiently solubilized in nanodisks by their integration into the hydrophobic milieu of the particle&#39;s lipid bilayer, yielding a largely homogenous population of particles in the range of 10-20 nm in diameter. The formulation of nanodisks requires a precise ratio of individual components, an appropriate sequential addition of each component, followed by bath sonication of the formulation mixture. The amphipathic scaffold protein spontaneously contacts and reorganizes the dispersed bilayer forming lipid/bioactive agent mixture to form a discrete, homogeneous population of nanodisk&#160;particles. During this process, the reaction mixture transitions from an opaque, turbid appearance to a clarified sample that, when fully optimized, yields no precipitate upon centrifugation. Characterization studies involve the determination of bioactive agent solubilization efficiency, electron microscopy, gel filtration chromatography, ultraviolet visible (UV/Vis) absorbance spectroscopy, and/or fluorescence spectroscopy. This is normally followed by an investigation of biological activity using cultured cells or mice. In the case of nanodisks harboring an antibiotic (i.e., the macrolide polyene antibiotic amphotericin B), their ability to inhibit the growth of yeast or fungi as a function of concentration or time can be measured. The relative ease of formulation, versatility with respect to component parts, nanoscale particle size, inherent stability, and aqueous solubility permits myriad in vitro and in vivo applications of nanodisk technology. In the present article, we describe a general methodology to formulate and characterize nanodisks containing amphotericin&#160;B as the hydrophobic bioactive agent.

Here, we describe the production and characterization of bioactive agents containing nanodisks. Amphotericin B nanodisks are taken as an example to describe the protocol in a stepwise manner.

나노디스크를 함유하는 생리활성제의 제형 및 특성화

The term nanodisk refers to a discrete type of nanoparticle comprised of a bilayer forming lipid, a scaffold protein, and an integrated bioactive agent. ...

생화학

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive properties of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA. With the help of IVT mRNA, the de novo synthesis of a desired protein can be induced without changing the physiological state of the target cell. Moreover, protein biosynthesis can be precisely controlled due to the transient effect of IVT mRNA.
For the efficient transfection of cells, nanoliposomes (NLps) may represent a safe and efficient delivery vehicle for therapeutic mRNA. This study describes a protocol to generate safe and efficient cationic NLps consisting of DC-cholesterol and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as a delivery vector for IVT mRNA. NLps having a defined size, a homogeneous distribution, and a high complexation capacity, and can be produced using the dry-film method. Moreover, we present different test systems to analyze their complexation and transfection efficacies using synthetic enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mRNA, as well as their effect on cell viability. Overall, the presented protocol provides an effective and safe approach for mRNA complexation, which may advance and improve the administration of therapeutic mRNA.

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Here we describe a protocol for the generation of cationic nanoliposomes, which is based on the dry-film method and can be used for the safe and efficient delivery of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA.

체 외에서 의 효율적인 배달 양이온 Nanoliposomes의 세대 문자 메신저 RNA

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive ...

Uptake of New Lipid-coated Nanoparticles Containing Falcarindiol by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and size by low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) because cancer cells have an increased need for cholesterol to proliferate, and this has been exploited as a mechanism for delivering anticancer drugs to cancer cells. Moreover, depending on drug chemistry, encapsulating the drug can be advantageous to avoid degradation of the drug during circulation in vivo. Therefore, in this&#160;study, this design is used to fabricate lipid-coated nanoparticles of the anticancer drug falcarindiol, providing a potential new delivery system of falcarindiol in order to stabilize its chemical structure against degradation and improve its uptake by tumors. Falcarindiol nanoparticles, with a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer encapsulating the purified drug core of the particle, were designed. The lipid monolayer coating consists of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol (Chol), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE PEG 2000) along with the fluorescent label DiI (molar ratios of 43:50:5:2). The nanoparticles are fabricated using the rapid injection method, which is a fast and simple technique to precipitate nanoparticles by good-solvent for anti-solvent exchange. It consists of a rapid injection of an ethanol solution containing the nanoparticle components into an aqueous phase. The size of the fluorescent nanoparticles is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 74.1 &#177; 6.7 nm. The uptake of the nanoparticles is tested in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and imaged using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The uptake of the nanoparticles is observed in hMSCs, suggesting the potential for such a stable drug delivery system for falcarindiol.

This article describes the encapsulation of falcarindiol in lipid-coated 74 nm nanoparticles. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles&#160;by human stem cells into lipid droplets is monitored by fluorescent and confocal imaging. Nanoparticles are fabricated by the rapid injection method of solvent shifting, and their size is measured with the dynamic light scattering technique.

Falcarindiol 인간 중간 엽 줄기 세포에 의해 포함 된 새로운 지질 코팅 나노 입자의

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and ...

Preparation of Neutrally-charged, pH-responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cytosolic siRNA Delivery

The success of siRNA as a targeted molecular medicine is dependent upon its efficient cytosolic delivery to cells within the tissue of pathology. Clinical success for treating previously &#8216;undruggable&#8217; hepatic disease targets with siRNA has been achieved. However, efficient tumor siRNA delivery necessitates additional pharmacokinetic design considerations, including long circulation time, evasion of clearance organs (e.g., liver and kidneys), and tumor penetration and retention. Here, we describe the preparation and in vitro physicochemical/biological characterization of polymeric nanoparticles designed for efficient siRNA delivery, particularly to non-hepatic tissues such as tumors. The siRNA nanoparticles are prepared by electrostatic complexation of siRNA and the diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol-b-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate]) (PEG-DB) to form polyion complexes (polyplexes) where siRNA is sequestered within the polyplex core and PEG forms a hydrophilic, neutrally-charged corona. Moreover, the DB block becomes membrane-lytic as vesicles of the endolysosomal pathway acidify (&#60; pH 6.8), triggering endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery of siRNA. Methods to characterize the physicochemical characteristics of siRNA nanoparticles such as size, surface charge, particle morphology, and siRNA loading are described. Bioactivity of siRNA nanoparticles is measured using luciferase as a model gene in a rapid and high-throughput gene silencing assay. Designs which pass these initial tests (such as PEG-DB-based polyplexes) are considered appropriate for translation to preclinical animal studies assessing the delivery of siRNA to tumors or other sites of pathology.

Methods to prepare and characterize the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of neutrally-charged, pH-responsive siRNA nanoparticles are presented. Criteria for successful siRNA nanomedicines such as size, morphology, surface charge, siRNA loading, and gene silencing are discussed.

사이토 솔 릭 siRNA 전달을 위한 중성 충전, pH 반응 형 고분자 나노 입자의 제조

The success of siRNA as a targeted molecular medicine is dependent upon its efficient cytosolic delivery to cells within the tissue of pathology. Clinical ...

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins

Liposome nanocapsules have been applied for many purposes in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Attributes of liposomes include their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and ability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. The classical hydration of thin lipid films in an organic solvent is applied herein as a technique to encapsulate tarin, a plant lectin, in nanoliposomes. Nanoliposome size, stability, entrapment efficiency, and morphological characterization are described in detail. The nanoliposomes are prepared using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (ammonium salt; DSPE-MPEG 2000), and cholesterylhemisuccinate (CHEMS) as the main constituents. Lipids are first dissolved in chloroform to obtain a thin lipid film that is subsequently rehydrated in ammonium sulfate solution containing the protein to be entrapped and incubated overnight. Then, sonication and extrusion techniques are applied to generate nanosized unilamellar vesicles. The size and polydispersity index of the nanovesicles are determined by dynamic light scattering, while nanovesicle morphology is assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Entrapment efficiency is determined by the ratio of the amount of unencapsulated protein to original amount of initially loaded protein. Homogeneous liposomes are obtained with an average size of 155 nm and polydispersity index value of 0.168. A high entrapment efficiency of 83% is achieved.

This study describes classical hydration using the thin lipid film method for nanoliposome preparation followed by nanoparticle characterization. A 47 kDa-hydrophilic and globular protein, tarin, is successfully encapsulated as a strategy to improve stability, avoid fast clearance, and promote controlled release. The method can be adapted to hydrophobic molecules encapsulation.

생리 활성 친수성 구형 단백질의 함정에 대한 나노 리포좀의 준비 및 특성화

Liposome nanocapsules have been applied for many purposes in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Attributes of liposomes include their ...

Formulating and Characterizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery using a Microfluidic Mixing Platform

Lipid-based drug carriers have been used for clinically and commercially available delivery systems due to their small size, biocompatibility, and high encapsulation efficiency. Use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to encapsulate nucleic acids is advantageous to protect the RNA or DNA from degradation, while also promoting cellular uptake. LNPs often contain multiple lipid components including an ionizable lipid, helper lipid, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipid. LNPs can readily encapsulate nucleic acids due to the ionizable lipid presence, which at low pH is cationic and allows for complexation with negatively charged RNA or DNA. Here LNPs are formed by encapsulating messenger RNA (mRNA) or plasmid DNA (pDNA) using rapid mixing of the lipid components in an organic phase and the nucleic acid component in an aqueous phase. This mixing is performed using a precise microfluidic mixing platform, allowing for nanoparticle self-assembly while maintaining laminar flow. The hydrodynamic size and polydispersity are measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effective surface charge on the LNP is determined by measuring the zeta potential. The encapsulation efficiency is characterized using a fluorescent dye to quantify entrapped nucleic acid. Representative results demonstrate the reproducibility of this method and the influence that different formulation and process parameters have on the developed LNPs.

Lipid nanoparticles are developed using a microfluidic mixing platform approach for mRNA and DNA encapsulation.

미세 유체 혼합 플랫폼을 사용하여 유전자 전달을 위한 지질 나노 입자 제조 및 특성화

Lipid-based drug carriers have been used for clinically and commercially available delivery systems due to their small size, biocompatibility, and high ...

Long-term Silencing of Intersectin-1s in Mouse Lungs by Repeated Delivery of a Specific siRNA via Cationic Liposomes. Evaluation of Knockdown Effects by Electron Microscopy

Previous studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, induced apoptotic cell death, a major obstacle in developing a cell culture system with prolonged ITSN-1s inhibition1. Using cationic liposomes as carriers, we explored the silencing of ITSN-1s gene in mouse lungs by systemic administration of siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Cationic liposomes offer several advantages for siRNA delivery: safe with repeated dosing, nonimmunogenic, nontoxic, and easy to produce2. Liposomes performance and biological activity depend on their size, charge, lipid composition, stability, dose and route of administration3Here, efficient and specific KDITSN in mouse lungs has been obtained using a cholesterol and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide combination. Intravenous delivery of siRNAITSN/cationic liposome complexes transiently knocked down ITSN-1s protein and mRNA in mouse lungs at day 3, which recovered after additional 3 days. Taking advantage of the cationic liposomes as a repeatable safe carrier, the study extended for 24 days. Thus, retro-orbital treatment with freshly generated complexes was administered every 3rd day, inducing sustained KDITSN throughout the study4. Mouse tissues collected at several time points post-siRNAITSN were subjected to electron microscopy (EM) analyses to evaluate the effects of chronic KDITSN, in lung endothelium. High-resolution EM imaging allowed us to evaluate the morphological changes caused by KDITSN in the lung vascular bed (i.e. disruption of the endothelial barrier, decreased number of caveolae and upregulation of alternative transport pathways), characteristics non-detectable by light microscopy. Overall these findings established an important role of ITSN-1s in the ECs function and lung homeostasis, while illustrating the effectiveness of siRNA-liposomes delivery in vivo.

Repeated retro-orbital injections of cationic liposomes/siRNA/ITSN-1s complexes in mice, every 72 hours for 24 days, efficiently deliver the siRNA duplex to the mouse lung microvasculature reducing ITSN-1s mRNA and protein expression by 75%. This technique is highly reproducible in an animal model, has no adverse effects and avoids fatalities.

양이온 성 리포좀을 통해 특정의 siRNA 반복 전달하여 마우스 폐 Intersectin-1의 장기 침묵. 전자 현미경에 의한 넉다운 효과의 평가

Previous  studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic  protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells ...