The authors sincerely thank the Canadian Institutes of Health Research MOP 130258 and the Star Foundation for Children&#8217;s Health Research, along with the Molly Towell Foundation, for the provision of the research facility and financial support. The authors also sincerely thank Dr. Kinkead Richard for manuscript proofreading and advice.

이 방법은 라발 대학 동물 윤리위원회 (프로토콜 # 2,012에서 170 사이)에 의해 허용되는 동물 환자의 사용을 요구했다. 1. 설치 및 준비 <ol><li> 솔루션 <ol><li> 다음과 같은 조리법 7,17에 따라 ACSF 재고 솔루션을 준비합니다. 농도 변화와 다른 조리법은 문학에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 최대 1 개월 4 ℃에서 보관 재고 솔루션을 제공합니다. <ol><li> 염 용액 : 염화나트륨 75.39 g의 (129 mM의 최종)를 추가; 의 KCl 2.5 g (3.35 mM의 최종); NaH2PO4의 0.81 G (0.58 mM의 최종) 의 MgCl2의 2.33 G (1.15 mM의 최종) CaCl2를 1.85 g (1.26 mm)이다. 다음 증류수 1 L에 기입 증류수 800 ㎖에 용해. </li><li> 중탄산염 용액 :의 NaHCO3 (21 mM의 최종)의 17.65 g을 추가합니다. 증류수 1 L에 기입 증류수 900 mL에 녹인다. 중탄산염 농도의 변화는 산도의 변화가 발생합니다. </li><li> 포도당 용액 : 54.06 추가포도당의 G (30 mM의 최종). 다음 증류수 500㎖의 증류수로 채워 400 ml의 용해. </li></ol></li><li> 염 용액 100 ㎖, 중탄산 용액 100 ㎖, 증류수 1 L의 글루코스 용액 50 mL로 희석하여 준비 ACSF. 사용까지 4 ℃에서 보관. </li><li> 가온하고 휴식까지 유리관을 연신하여 유리 전극을 준비한다. 사용하기 전에 팁 아래로 모래. 전극은 오랫동안 청결 유지로 많은 시간을 재사용 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 실험 설정 참고 : 설정 세부 사항은 그림 2에 제시되어있다. <ol><li> 평균 기, 데이터 수집 시스템, 온도 컨트롤러와 펌프를 이동, 앰프의 전원을 켭니다. 및 원시 신호 (2.5 kHz로)의 아날로그 디지털 변환의 샘플링 속도는 신호 증폭 (이득 = 10,000), 여과 (높은 문턱 값, 5 kHz의 낮은 임계 값, 10 Hz로)를 확인한다. </li><li> ACSF과 carbogen (95 % O 2와 거품을 가진 병 채우기 </suB&gt;, 5 % CO 2). / 분에서 4 ml의 기록 챔버 (부피 5 ㎖) 및 가온 bubbled--ACSF 흐름을 유도한다. 26 ° C에서 기록 챔버 내 온도 (± 1)을 잡아. pH는이 표준 조건에서 7.4이어야한다. </li><li> 해부 실 근처 50 ML의 주사기에 RT와 carbogen - 버블 ACSF 50 ㎖를 유지합니다. </li><li> 컴퓨터를 켜고 레코딩 소프트웨어를 시작합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 해부 <ol><li> 무게를 시각적으로 동물의 성별을 결정 (여성 짧은 항문 생식기의 거리를 반면 남성, 긴 항문 생식기의 거리를 가지고, 여성 성기 핑크 동안 성기 종종 어두운 수컷). </li><li> 다음 옵션 중 하나를 사용하여 신생아 쥐를 마취 : cryoanesthesia을 (완전히 4 얼음 동물을 담그지 - 5 분 18) (4 ㎖ / ㎏에서 equitensine), 주입 휘발성 마취제 (이소 플루 란 (20) 또는 에테르 21)의 19 또는 흡입을. 눌러 확인RM 발 철수 반사의 부재에 의한 마취의 적절한 비행기. </li><li> 아래 벤치에 동물, 복부 얼굴을 놓습니다. 제 (피부와 두개골을 통해 볼 수) 브레 그마 수준에서 메스와 coronally 머리의 주동이의 부분. 동물이 마취 후 즉시이 단계를 수행합니다. </li><li> 제 몸 coronally 전방 회원에서 메스와. </li><li> 수술 얇은 가위와 집게와 피부, 근육, 지방 조직 및 viscus를 제거합니다. 뼈가이 나이에 부드러운 때문에, 신경 시스템에 아무런 영향을 미치지에주의. 벤치에서이 단계를 수행합니다. </li><li> 해부 실의 준비를 놓습니다. 준비 산소를 위해 주사기에 저장된 ACSF를 사용합니다. 기록의 끝이 시점에서 현미경을 사용합니다. </li><li> 준비 등의면에서 수술 얇은 가위와 집게와 매체 축을 따라 꼬리 부분에 주동이의 두개골과는 척추를 잘라. 절단 된 두개골을 열고그리고 순서는 척추가 신경 조직을 노출. 준비 산소를 위해 주사기에 strored ACSF를 사용합니다. </li><li> 펜치로, 거미 막, 신경 조직의 표면을 덮는 얇은 조직을 제거합니다. 신경 조직에 대한 피아 교인과 혈관을 유지. 준비 산소를 위해 주사기에 저장된 ACSF를 사용합니다. </li><li> 지느러미와 준비가 아래로 향하게 조심스럽게 자리에 준비를 잡고 가위로 신경과 결합 조직을 절단하여 뇌간과 척수를 가져 놓습니다. 등의 방법도 가능합니다. 가능한 한 오랫동안 뿌리 신경을 유지합니다. 뇌간과 척수를 분리하기 위해 뼈를 제거합니다. 준비 산소를 위해 주사기에 저장된 ACSF를 사용합니다. </li><li> 소뇌를 제거하고 메스를 절편으로 주동이의 구조를 나머지. 준비 산소를하기 위해 바늘에 저장된 ACSF를 사용합니다. </li><li> 선택적 experimen에 따라탈 디자인은 열등한 소뇌 동맥 (22)에 관상 부 전방에 의해 메스와 뇌교를 제거합니다. 전체 뇌교를 유지하는 것은 쥐의 리듬을 느리게하고 완벽하게 쥐를 억제하는 것에주의. 뇌교의 꼬리 부분을 포함 할 준비가 C4 루트에서 안정적인 주파수의 호흡과 같은 활동을 표시합니다. </li></ol> 3. 녹음 <ol><li> 기록 챔버, 복부 얼굴까지의 준비를 놓습니다. 척수와 뇌간의 주동이 - 대부분의 가장 낮은 부분에 핀 준비를 수정합니다. </li><li> 부분적 ACSF으로 전극을 채우기 위해, 주사기 피스톤 당겨서 - (225 μm의 150 유리 팁 직경)의 바늘 전극에 연결된 주사기를 이용하여, 전극의 함몰을 유도한다. </li><li> 미세 조작기를 사용하여 조심스럽게 네 번째 복부 뿌리 중 하나에 가까운 전극을 배치합니다. 기타 복부 뿌리는 호흡과 같은 활동 (예를 들어 제시 할 수있다.G., XII 뇌신경, C1 복부 루트). </li><li> 부드럽게 신경 어린 뿌리를 흡인하기 위하여 피스톤을 잡아 당겨 주사기를 통해 전극 탱크 내 우울증을 유도한다. 조심스럽게 척수에 적용하기 위해 전극을 이동합니다. 주의 : 이상적으로 어린 뿌리의 크기가, 전극 개구의 크기와 일치하고, 따라서 전극의 내부 및 외부 사이의 시일 구획을 생성한다. 차동 증폭기는 일반적으로 이러한 기록을 위해 사용되기 때문에, 전극의 내부 챔버와 기록 사이에 개구 된 신호의 품질을 감소시키고 어려운 배경 잡음을 제거 할 수있다. </li><li> 녹화를 시작합니다. </li><li> 정상 산소의 조건 하에서 제조 제조 리듬을 기록 (즉, ACSF carbogen 버블은 95 % O 2를, 5 % CO 2) 적어도 20 분의 제조 기준 파라미터를 결정하기 위해. </li><li> 에 carbogen - 버블 ACSF에서 관류 전환자극 ACSF (즉, 95 % N 2와 5 %의 저산소증 자극에 대한 CO 2와 버블) 15 분. 실험 프로토콜의 따라 노출 시간을 변경합니다. 기록과 동물 시트에 노출 지속 시간을 기록한다. ACSF 병 및 튜브의 외부로의 가스의 확산을 피하기 위해 가능한 챔버 사이에 스테인레스 스틸 튜브를 사용한다. </li><li> 복구 기록을 위해 적어도 15 분 동안 표준 carbogen - 버블 ACSF로 다시 관류를 전환합니다. 기록과 동물의 데이터 시트에서이를 기록한다. </li><li> 녹음을 종료합니다. </li></ol> 4. 통계 분석 <ol><li> 통합 된 신호로부터, (버스트 / 분으로 표현) 분당 버스트들의 개수와 주파수, 기준선 및 (MV 표현됨) 버스트의 피크 사이의 차이와 같은 진폭으로부터 통화 시간, 버스트 지속 시간을 계산 (S 표현됨) 버스트의 끝부터 시작하여 아래 CUR 지역 버스트 영역(MV 표현 · S) 통합 신호 (그림 3)에 버스트했습니다. </li><li> 각 조건에 대한 기록의 마지막 5 분의 평균과 주파수, 진폭, 버스트 기간 및 버스트 영역 정상 산소에서 (베이스 라인), 저산소 (자극)과 후 저산소 (포스트 자극) 복구 조건을 계산합니다. 기록 챔버 내에서 관류 ACSF 균질화 스위칭 사이에 지연이 있기 때문에, 각 상태의 제 1 부분을 분석하지 않는다. </li><li> 해당 기록 용 기준 값의 백분율로 자극 후 (즉, 저산소증) 및 후 자극 (즉, 포스트 - 저산소) 복구 값을 표현한다. SD ± 수단으로서 결과를 표현 </li></ol>

<ol>
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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perinatal+hyperoxic+exposure+reconfigures+the+central+respiratory+network+contributing+to+intolerance+to+anoxia+in+newborn+rat+pups.">Perinatal hyperoxic exposure reconfigures the central respiratory network contributing to intolerance to anoxia in newborn rat pups.</a> J App Physiol. 116, 47-53 (2014).</li><li>Umezawa, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orexin-B+antagonized+respiratory+depression+induced+by+sevoflurane,+propofol,+and+remifentanil+in+isolated+brainstem-spinal+cords+of+neonatal+rats.">Orexin-B antagonized respiratory depression induced by sevoflurane, propofol, and remifentanil in isolated brainstem-spinal cords of neonatal rats.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 205, 61-65 (2015).</li><li>Ruangkittisakul, A., Secchia, L., Bornes, T. D., Palathinkal, D. M., Ballanyi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dependence+on+extracellular+Ca2+/K++antagonism+of+inspiratory+centre+rhythms+in+slices+and+en+bloc+preparations+of+newborn+rat+brainstem.">Dependence on extracellular Ca2+/K+ antagonism of inspiratory centre rhythms in slices and en bloc preparations of newborn rat brainstem.</a> J Physiol. 584, 489-508 (2007).</li><li>Cayetanot, F., Bodineau, L., Frugiere, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-HT+acting+on+5-HT(1/2)+receptors+does+not+participate+in+the+in+vitro+hypoxic+respiratory+depression.">5-HT acting on 5-HT(1/2) receptors does not participate in the in vitro hypoxic respiratory depression.</a> Neurosci Res. 41, 71-78 (2001).</li><li>Onimaru, H., Homma, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+cell+recordings+from+respiratory+neurons+in+the+medulla+of+brainstem-spinal+cord+preparations+isolated+from+newborn+rats.">Whole cell recordings from respiratory neurons in the medulla of brainstem-spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats.</a> Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology. 420, 399-406 (1992).</li><li>Paton, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhythmic+bursting+of+pre-+and+post-inspiratory+neurones+during+central+apnoea+in+mature+mice.">Rhythmic bursting of pre- and post-inspiratory neurones during central apnoea in mature mice.</a> J Physiol. 502 (Pt 3), 623-639 (1997).</li><li>Morin-Surun, M. P., Boudinot, E., Kato, F., Foutz, A. S., Denavit-Saubie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+NMDA+receptors+in+the+respiratory+phase+transition+is+different+in+the+adult+guinea+pig+in+vivo+and+in+the+isolated+brain+stem+preparation.">Involvement of NMDA receptors in the respiratory phase transition is different in the adult guinea pig in vivo and in the isolated brain stem preparation.</a> J Neurophysiol. 74, 770-778 (1995).</li><li>Otsuka, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+volatile+anesthetics+on+respiratory+activity+and+chemosensitivity+in+the+isolated+brainstem-spinal+cord+of+the+newborn+rat.">Effects of volatile anesthetics on respiratory activity and chemosensitivity in the isolated brainstem-spinal cord of the newborn rat.</a> Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi. 73, 117-136 (1998).</li><li>Gestreau, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task2+potassium+channels+set+central+respiratory+CO2+and+O2+sensitivity.">Task2 potassium channels set central respiratory CO2 and O2 sensitivity.</a> PNAS. 107, 2325-2330 (2010).</li><li>Caravagna, C., Soliz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PI3K+and+MEK+molecular+pathways+are+involved+in+the+erythropoietin-mediated+regulation+of+the+central+respiratory+command.">PI3K and MEK molecular pathways are involved in the erythropoietin-mediated regulation of the central respiratory command.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 206C, 36-40 (2014).</li><li>Tree, K., Caravagna, C., Hilaire, G., Peyronnet, J., Cayetanot, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anandamide+centrally+depresses+the+respiratory+rhythm+generator+of+neonatal+mice.">Anandamide centrally depresses the respiratory rhythm generator of neonatal mice.</a> Neuroscience. 170, 1098-1109 (2010).</li><li>Arata, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+activity+of+the+neonatal+dorsolateral+pons+in+vitro.">Respiratory activity of the neonatal dorsolateral pons in vitro.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 168, 144-152 (2009).</li><li>Onimaru, H., Homma, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+functional+neuron+group+for+respiratory+rhythm+generation+in+the+ventral+medulla.">A novel functional neuron group for respiratory rhythm generation in the ventral medulla.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 1478-1486 (2003).</li><li>St-John, W. M., Paton, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizations+of+eupnea,+apneusis+and+gasping+in+a+perfused+rat+preparation.">Characterizations of eupnea, apneusis and gasping in a perfused rat preparation.</a> Respir Physiol. 123, 201-213 (2000).</li></ol>

The authors have no competing financial interests or conflicts of interests to disclose.

호흡 활동의 정확한 정량화가 어려울 수 있습니다. 실제로, 호흡 자동 자발적 모두 일 수 함수이며, 즉, 환경, 인체의 요구, 감정 상태와 행동에 따라 변조된다. 이 기술의 장점은 호흡기 명령을 생성 할 책임 신경 요소의 분리이다. 따라서, 뇌간, 척수 - 제제와 혈량 측정법의 전기 생리 학적 기록은 각각 시험 관내 및 생체 내에서 신경 세포 호흡 전체 네트워크를 연구하는 상보적인 기술이?...

호흡 옥시젠 (O 2) 흡수 및 이산화탄소 (CO 2)를 제거 가능하게 뇌에 의해 제어 복잡하고 생명 활동이다. 중앙 호흡기 드라이브는 모두 포유류 1 뇌간에있는 복잡한 네트워크, 양서류 2, 파충류 3, 조류 4 물고기 (5)에 의해 생성된다. 호흡의 연구는 생체 내에서 처리 할 수없는 경우에도, 정확한 역학적 조사 호흡 제어 네트워크에 직접 액세스를 필요로한다. 이를 위해, 아드리안과 Buytendijk는 뇌간 표면 레코드 아가미 환기 5와 연관된 리듬을 생성하는 전극을 배치 감소 금붕어 제제를 개발 하였다. 이 방법은이어서 신생아 설치류에서 사용하기 위해 1984 년 6 Suzue 의해 채택되었다. 이 제제의 출현은 호흡 신경 생물학에서 중요한 발전을 주도하고있다. 그것은 상대적으로 간단하기 때문에,이 기술은 H를 제시감수 리듬 모터 행동과 신생아 설치류 기원의 기본 조사의 넓은 범위에 의무입니다. 이 방법의 전체 목표는 흡기 신경 활동의 상관 관계를 기록하는 것, 호흡기 같은 호흡 리듬 네트워크에 의해 생성 된 가상의 호흡을했다. 이 방법은 모두 야생형 7 및 8 트랜스 제닉 동물의 호흡 변화 또는 약리학에 흡기 응답들을 타겟팅, 연구 목적의 넓은 범위에서 사용할 수있다. 기록 된 신호의 생리 학적 관련성에 관한 실험 구 심성 감각없이 낮은 온도에서 수행되며, ACSF 내 글루코스와 O 2의 농도가 높은 조건 하에서, 문제가 발생되었음을 주어진다. 생체 내 및 시험 관내 조건 사이의 명확한 차이가 있지만 (예., 흡기 버스트의 주파수는) 사실이 존재한다는 남아호흡 네트워크 (6)의 핵심 요소는 가능한 중요 기능 항상성 9,10- 연결된 강력한 리듬을 연구 할 수 있도록. 이러한 기술 개발의 사용 배후의 이론적 근거는 신생아에서 특히, 생체 내에서 거의 액세스 네트워크의 호흡 뇌간 요소에 직접 액세스를 용이하게하는 것이다. 뇌간은 엄격하게 통제 된 조건 아래에 배치되어 기록 된 리듬이 폐 또는 경동맥의 몸에서 말초 구 심성 입력에 의해 변조되지 않은, 연구 중심 호흡 드라이브 자체 11 일에 집중할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 이러한 액세스는 자극을 적용하고 출력 신호를 기록하기 위해 이용된다. 녹음 혈량 측정법 달리 호흡 리듬 체내 모든 구성 요소에 의해 변조된다 (예., 폐 팽만, 주변 화학 센서)를 어렵게 정확한 자극을 적용 할 수있다. 에서ewborn 쥐, 프로토콜은 인공 뇌 - 척수 (ACSF) 유지 고립 뇌간에 네 번째 복부 루트 신호와 절단 된 척수를 기록으로 구성되어 있습니다. 뇌간 - 척수 제제에 의해 생성 된 리듬 흡기 신호 (9)에 연결되어 각각의 느린 버스트들로 구성된다. 7 - 고립 된 뇌간 - 척수 준비 쉽게 4 (P4 P0)에 산후 일 0에서 쥐에서 촬영 가능한된다. 이 방법은 일반적으로 네트워크의 호흡 저산소 반응하고, 또한 탄산 혈증, 산증 또는 약물에 대한 반응을 평가하는 데 사용된다. 급성 저산소증 프로토콜은 여기에 표시됩니다. 이 자극은 ACSF의 O 2의 인출에 의해 얻어진다; 이 방법은 일반적으로 저산소증 욕설 공차 및 응답 성을 평가하는 데 사용된다. 프로토콜은 저산소증 노출 단부 (도 1)까지 12 분부터 제 리듬 우울증을 유도한다. 이 우울증은 반전후 저산소 복구 12시. 실험 설계에 관하여, 그것은 뇌간의 주동이의 부분에있는 뇌교는, 리듬 발생기 (8)에 억제 작용을 가지고주의하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서, 전체 뇌간과 주동이의 척수의 준비는 낮은 리듬을 표시합니다. 기록 용 절연 샘플 뇌교의 포함은 실험 (13)의 목표에 따라 결정된다; 연수 나 네트워크에 뇌교 영향의 연구 결과 (14)를 비교하는 뇌교와없이 녹음을 필요로한다. 또한,이 기술의 이점 중 하나는, 중뇌 및 / 또는 diencephalic 영역 (15, 16)를 포함하는 제제의 입쪽 부분을 연장하는 것이 가능 본토 수질 호흡 네트워크에 이들 영역의 효과를 평가하기 위해 제조하는 가능성이다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>761036-5EA</td>
			<td>Use under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SOD002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>POC888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>CCL444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>MAG510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SOB999</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SPM306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLU501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbogen</td>
			<td>Linde</td>
			<td>343-02-0006&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT, USA</td>
			<td>TC-324B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction electrode</td>
			<td>A-M Systems, Everett, WA, USA</td>
			<td>model 573000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Differential AC amplifier</td>
			<td>A-M Systems, Everett, WA, USA</td>
			<td>model 1700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moving averager</td>
			<td>CWE, Ardmore, PA, USA</td>
			<td>model MA-821</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition system</td>
			<td>Dataq Instruments, Akron, OH, USA</td>
			<td>model DI-720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart software</td>
			<td>ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism sofware</td>
			<td>Graphpad, La Jolla, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection chamber</td>
			<td>Plastic box (e.g. petri box) will do</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording chamber</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Base</td>
			<td>Kanetec, Bensenville, IL, USA</td>
			<td>MB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>World Precision Instrument Inc, Sarasota, FL, USA</td>
			<td>KITE-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Base</td>
			<td>Kanetec, Bensenville, IL, USA</td>
			<td>MB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Gilson, Middleton, WI, USA</td>
			<td>MINIPULS 3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday Cage</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrophysiology on isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations from newborn rodents allows neural respiratory network output recording

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to stimuli remain to be fully understood. To overcome the difficulty of accessing the brainstem in the whole animal, isolation of the brainstem and part of the spinal cord is performed. This preparation is maintained in artificial cerebro-spinal fluid where gases, concentrations, and temperature are controlled and monitored. The output signal from the respiratory network is recorded by a suction electrode placed on the fourth ventral root. In this manner, stimuli can be directly applied onto the brainstem, and the effect can be recorded directly. The signal recorded is linked to the inspiratory signal sent to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve, and can be described as bursts (around 8 bursts per minute). Analysis of these bursts (frequency, amplitude, length, and area under the curve) allows precise characterization of the stimulus effect on the respiratory network. The main limitation of this method is the viability of the preparation beyond the early post-natal stages. Thus, this method greatly focuses on the study of the whole network without the peripheral inputs in the newborn rat.

서두에서 언급 한 바와 같이,이 기술의 중요한 장점 중 하나는 뇌간에 직접 액세스 다양한 자극을 적용하는 것이다. 예를 들어, 저산소증 여기에 적용 하였다. 그림 1. AB 두 정상 산소와 저산소 조건, 전체 프로토콜 기록을 표시합니다. 그림 1.CE 즉 정상 산소 조건 (기록 리듬을 표시 ACSF는 95 % O 2 5 %로 버블 26 ° C에서 CO 2). 이전에이 정확한 제제 (1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording at JoVE.com

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

The central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem. Spontaneous respiratory motor output from an isolated brainstem-spinal cord is recorded by placing an electrode on the fourth ventral root. This experimental approach is valuable for pharmacological investigations or the assessment of respiratory challenges and genetic manipulations on rhythmic motor behavior.

신생아 설치류에서 분리 뇌간 - 척수 준비에 전기 생리학은 신경 호흡 네트워크 출력 녹화를 할 수 있습니다

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to ...

electrophysiology-on-isolated-brainstem-spinal-cord-preparations-from

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.5K 조회수.  Laval University. The central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem. Spontaneous respiratory motor output from an isolated brainstem-spinal cord is recorded by placing an electrode on the fourth ventral root. This experimental approach is valuable for pharmacological investigations or the assessment of respiratory challenges and genetic manipulations on rhythmic motor behavior.

비디오: Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

배아 척수에서 뉴런의 Commissural 해부와 문화

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

연구

신경과학

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

척수 전기 생리학 II : 세포 흡입 전극 제작

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Cortical layers are ubiquitous structures throughout neocortex1-4 that consist of highly recurrent local networks. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of differences in response properties of neurons in different cortical layers5-8, yet there is still a great deal left to learn about whether and how neuronal populations encode information in a laminar-specific manner.
Existing multi-electrode array techniques, although informative for measuring responses across many millimeters of cortical space along the cortical surface, are unsuitable to approach the issue of laminar cortical circuits. Here, we present our method for setting up and recording individual neurons and local field potentials (LFPs) across cortical layers of primary visual cortex (V1) utilizing multi-contact laminar electrodes (Figure 1; Plextrode U-Probe, Plexon Inc).
The methods included are recording device construction, identification of cortical layers, and identification of receptive fields of individual neurons. To identify cortical layers, we measure the evoked response potentials (ERPs) of the LFP time-series using full-field flashed stimuli. We then perform current-source density (CSD) analysis to identify the polarity inversion accompanied by the sink-source configuration at the base of layer 4 (the sink is inside layer 4, subsequently referred to as granular layer9-12). Current-source density is useful because it provides an index of the location, direction, and density of transmembrane current flow, allowing us to accurately position electrodes to record from all layers in a single penetration6, 11, 12.

A fundamental issue in our understanding of cortical circuitry is how networks in different cortical layers encode sensory information. Here we describe electrophysiological techniques utilizing multi-contact laminar electrodes to record single-units and local field potentials and present analyses to identify cortical layers.

사용하는 로컬 네트워크 처리를 검토 멀티 연락처 판상 전극 기록

Cortical layers are ubiquitous structures throughout neocortex1-4 that consist of highly recurrent local networks. In recent years, significant progress ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

설치류를 행동에 이동 가능한 실리콘 프로브에 의한 뉴런의 대규모 녹화

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

역행 형광 라벨이 확인 된 신경 세포의 표적 세포 외 단일 단위 기록을 허용<em&gt; 생체 내</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety of brain disorders1,2. To better understand the mechanisms by which brain circuits react to an animal's experience requires the ability to monitor the experience-dependent molecular changes in a given set of neurons, over a prolonged period of time, in the live animal. While experience and associated neural activity is known to trigger gene expression changes in neurons1,2, most of the methods to detect such changes do not allow repeated observation of the same neurons over multiple days or do not have sufficient resolution to observe individual neurons3,4. Here, we describe a method that combines in vivo two-photon microscopy with a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter to track experience-dependent gene expression changes in individual cortical neurons over the course of day-to-day experience. 
One of the well-established experience-dependent genes is Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc)5,6. The transcription of Arc is rapidly and highly induced by intensified neuronal activity3, and its protein product regulates the endocytosis of glutamate receptors and long-term synaptic plasticity7. The expression of Arc has been widely used as a molecular marker to map neuronal circuits involved in specific behaviors3. In most of those studies, Arc expression was detected by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry in fixed brain sections. Although those methods revealed that the expression of Arc was localized to a subset of excitatory neurons after behavioral experience, how the cellular patterns of Arc expression might change with multiple episodes of repeated or distinctive experiences over days was not investigated. 
In vivo two-photon microscopy offers a powerful way to examine experience-dependent cellular changes in the living brain8,9. To enable the examination of Arc expression in live neurons by two-photon microscopy, we previously generated a knock-in mouse line in which a GFP reporter is placed under the control of the endogenous Arc promoter10. This protocol describes the surgical preparations and imaging procedures for tracking experience-dependent Arc-GFP expression patterns in neuronal ensembles in the live animal. In this method, chronic cranial windows were first implanted in Arc-GFP mice over the cortical regions of interest. Those animals were then repeatedly imaged by two-photon microscopy after desired behavioral paradigms over the course of several days. This method may be generally applicable to animals carrying other fluorescent reporters of experience-dependent molecular changes4.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Experience-dependent molecular changes in neurons are essential for the brain's ability to adapt in response to behavioral challenges. An in vivo two-photon imaging method is described here that allows the tracking of such molecular changes in individual cortical neurons through genetically encoded reporters.

두피 뉴런에서 생체 내 두 - 광자의 영상은 경험에 의존 분자 변경

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety ...

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological effects of insecticides. This article describes the scope of cockroach sensory modalities that can be used to assay how an insect nervous system responds to environmental perturbations. Emphasis here is on the escape behavior mediated by cerci to giant fiber transmission in Periplaneta americana. This in situ preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of neuronal activity. Peptides or other chemical reagents can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline. Insecticides could also be administered prior to dissection and the escape circuit can serve as a proxy for the excitable state of the central nervous system. In this context the assays described herein would also be useful to researchers interested in limb regeneration and the evolution of nervous system development for which P. americana is an established model organism.

This article describes the cockroach ventral nerve cord dissection and extracellular recordings from the cercal nerve and connectives. Evoked responses are generated by electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve or direct mechanical stimulation of the cerci.

신경 회로 녹화 본래대로 바퀴벌레 신경계에서

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in regulating the intracellular calcium concentration. Changing environmental conditions, such as the light-dark cycle, can modify neuronal and neural network activity and the expression of a family of circadian clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the location of the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain. Excitatory synaptic transmission leads to an increase in the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration that is believed to activate the signaling pathways that shifts the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. Hypothalamic slices containing the SCN were patch clamped using microelectrodes filled with an internal solution containing the calcium indicator bis-fura-2. After a seal was formed between the microelectrode and the SCN neuronal membrane, the membrane was ruptured using gentle suction and the calcium probe diffused into the neuron filling both the soma and dendrites. Quantitative ratiometric measurements of the intracellular calcium concentration were recorded simultaneously with membrane potential or current. Using these methods it is possible to study the role of changes of the intracellular calcium concentration produced by synaptic activity and action potential firing of individual neurons. In this presentation we demonstrate the methods to simultaneously record electrophysiological activity along with intracellular calcium from individual SCN neurons maintained in brain slices.

Procedures are described to perform simultaneous recordings of membrane potential or current and changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are filled with the calcium indicator bis-fura-2 using a patch clamp electrode in the whole cell patch clamp configuration.

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

미세 전극 배열에서 신경 세포 배양의 자극에 대한 네트워크 반응의 시간 의존적 증가

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1를 사용 하 여 기본 Somatosensory 피 질에서 신경 활동을 이미징-GCaMP6s 유전자 변형 쥐

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...