이 작품은 연구를위한 인간의 조직이 사용할 수 있도록 인체 조직 및 세포 연구 재단에 의해 가능하게되었다. 그리고 Hepacult GmbH의이 작품에 대한 재정 지원은 연방 교육 연구부 (: 가상 간 네트워크, 인증 번호 0315759 부여 이름)에서 ​​받았습니다. 우리의 감사는 또한 간 관류 및 간세포 분리를 수행하기 위해 간 샘플 및 세포 격리 코어 시설의 기술 조수의 수집에 대한 Grosshadern 병원 조직 은행의 기술 조수로 이동합니다. 특히, 우리는 비디오에서이 절차를 시연에 Natalja 뢰벤에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 마지막으로, 우리는 비디오의 개략도 그림 1의 그림과 그림을 만들기위한 Natalja 뢰벤 및 Edeltraud Hanesch에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

1. 관류 및 격리 솔루션의 제조 <ol><li> 간 조각과 표 1에 따라 간세포의 분리의 관류에 필요한 솔루션을 준비합니다. 솔루션을 사용할 때까지 4 ° C에 저장할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 살균 필터 0.22 μm의 필터를 사용하는 모든 솔루션을 제공합니다. </li><li> 간장과 접촉 모든 솔루션은 멸균해야한다. </li></ol> 2. 살포 장비 및 솔루션의 준비 <ol><li> 도 1에 도시 된 바와 같이 간 매의 관류를위한 장비가 설정되어야한다. </li><li> 수욕은 각 특정 실험 장치에서 다른 적절한 온도, 설정해야 그들이 간 부분에 도달 할 때 용액이 37 ° C의 온도에 있는지 등. 이 경우, 물 욕 해법 1, 2, 3 및 재킷 유리 응축기 따뜻하게 41 °의 C로 설정된다. 해결 방법 4로 예열한다콜라게나 제 활성의 손실을 줄이기 위해 사용하기위한 별도의 물을 욕조에 37 ° C에서. </li><li> 얼마 간 관류하기 전에, 95 %, O2 / 5 % CO 2 산소 장치 (그림 1E)를 가스를 포함하는 가스 탱크의 조절기의 전원을 켭니다. </li></ol> 3. 간 관류 <ol><li> 단 1 컷 표면에 이상적으로 가능하고 많은 그대로 Glisson의 캡슐 간 조각은 관류에 대한 병리학에서 확인하셔야합니다. </li><li> 천공 필터 디스크 (그림 1B)를 포함하는 뷰 흐너 깔때기에이 간 조각을 놓습니다. </li><li> 관류 시스템 솔루션 1 프라이머해야합니다. </li><li> 낮은 유량, 올리브 팁 만곡 관개 캐 뉼러는 간 매 절단면에 큰 혈관에 삽입되어야한다. 혈액이 간에서 플러시으로, 조직은 좋은 관류와 지역에서 가벼운됩니다. 다양한 크기에 사용되는 캐 뉼러의 수간의 그림 2A에 표시됩니다. 선택 게이지 크기는 장소에 캐 뉼러를 개최한다 아늑한 적합을 초래할 것이다. 작은 혈관이 간 조각 밖으로 배출하는 관류 버퍼 개방해야한다. </li><li> 간 (그림 2B)의 크기에 따라 ㎖ / 분 110-460 사이에 연동 펌프의 유량을 증가시킨다. 이 44 ± 16의 평균 유량 ml / 분 정맥 당 (그림 2C)가 발생합니다. 선택된 속도는 간 조각에 의존하고 간 부분에 약간의 플럼 핑의 최대 발생한다. 경우에 따라서는 상기 소 플럼 핑을 달성하기 위해 미세 혈관 클램프 개방 용기의 일부를 차단 클램핑 할 필요가있다. 간 조각에 걸쳐 밝은 색 때 좋은 관류가 관찰 할 수있다. </li><li> 식염수에 적신 거즈로 덮어 관류 동안 촉촉한 간 조각을 유지합니다. </li><li> 어떤 연구를 플러시 해결 방법 1의 1 L에 Perfuse간 피스에 혈액을 emaining. </li><li> 해결 방법 2로 관류 액을 변경하고 10 분 동안 perfuse. </li><li> 해결 방법 3으로 관류 액을 전환하고 0.5 L.와 perfuse </li><li> 콜라게나 제 (표 2)의 0.1 ~ 0.15 %를 함유 솔루션 4에 관류 액을 변경합니다. </li><li> 간을 충분히 소화 될 때까지이 단계를 들어, 관류는 9-12 분 동안 순환 방식으로 수행하거나되어야한다 간 조직은 Glisson의 캡슐에서 약간 떨어져 휴식과의 무딘면을 탐색 할 때 부드럽게 느낌이 나타납니다 메스. </li></ol> 4. 간세포의 분리 <ol><li> 연동 펌프를 끄고 간 조각에서 캐 뉼러를 제거합니다. </li><li> 해결책 5의 100 ~ 200 ㎖에 들어있는 결정화 접시에 간 조각을 놓습니다. </li><li> 주의 깊게 Glisson의 캡슐을 제거하고 부드럽게 세포를 흔들어. 잘 관류하지 영역이있을 경우, 메스 극복하는데 사용될 수있다이 지역에 포함 된 세포를 분리합니다. 등의 과정에서 필요한 더 많은 해결책 5를 추가합니다. </li><li> 500 ㎖의 최종 부피에 도달 할 때까지 더 많은 해결책 5를 첨가. </li><li> 두 번 세포 현탁액을 필터, 먼저 70 μm의 나일론 메쉬 다음에 210 μm의 나일론 메쉬를 통해. 다음으로, 200 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브에 세포 현탁액을 붓는다. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 5 분 72 g에서 세포 현탁액을 원심 분리기 기음 뜨는 부드럽게 해결책 5 200 ㎖에 부드럽게에 resuspend 세포 펠렛. </li><li> 세척 단계 번호 4.6 세 번 반복합니다. 최종 원심 분리 단계에서 냉장 솔루션에 resuspend 세포 (물질의 목록 참조). 세포는 혈구 기반 트리 판 블루 배제 분석을 사용하여 수율과 생존 능력의 평가를위한 밀리리터 당 약 2-5000000 간세포해야한다. </li><li> 트리 판 블루 배제 분석을 수행하기 위해, 트리 판 블루 soluti입니다 0.5 ㎖를 포함하는의 미세 관 (≈ 2-5000000 / ml)을 적절하게 희석 세포의 0.1 ML를 추가(0.4 % 트리 판 블루는 인산 완충 식염수 (PBS)에 용해) 및 0.4 ml의 PBS. 철저 세포 현탁액을 혼합 한 후, 현탁액을 혈구로드 100X 배율로 현미경으로 조사한다. 살아있는 세포는 흠이 표시하는 동안 현미경에서 죽은 세포는 파란색 물들 일 것이다. 혈구에 표시된 1mm 2 그리드의 각에 살고있는 전체 세포의 수를 계산합니다. 생존 능력 (%), 살아있는 세포의 수율은 (ML 차가운 스토리지 솔루션 (CSS) 100 만 간세포 또는 G 간 100 만 간세포) 아래의 공식을 사용하여 계산 될 수있다. </li></ol><img alt="식 (1)" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50615/50615eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50615/50615eq1.jpg" /> 주 :이 경우에, 트리 판 블루 희석 계수는 10이며, 혈구 계수는 10000이다.

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porcine+hepatocytes+from+slaughterhouse+organs.+An+unlimited+resource+for+bioartificial+liver+devices.">Porcine hepatocytes from slaughterhouse organs. An unlimited resource for bioartificial liver devices.</a> ASAIO Journal. 41, 189-193 (1995).</li><li>Russell, W. M. S., Burch, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The principles of humane experimental technique. , (1959).</li></ol>

이 프로토콜의 최적화는 부분적으로 Hepacult GmbH의 교부금에 의해 투자되었다. 박사 볼프강 Thasler는 Hepacult GmbH의의 창시자 중 하나이며,이 회사의 이사회 멤버 중 하나 남아있다. Maresa Demmel의 고용은 Hepacult에 의해 부분적으로. 마리아 Hauner는 Hepacult GmbH에 의해 사용된다. Hepacult 동의 및 연구 목적으로 오픈 액세스와 인간의 간세포를 제공하는 대학에서 스핀 오프 생물 공학 회사입니다.

이 프로토콜은 높은 생존 능력 및 순도 인간 간세포의 분리가 발생합니다. 이러한 결과를 달성하기 위해, 간 적합한 장으로 시작하는 것이 중요하다. 간 조각은 1 절단면을 제외한 모든 표면에 그대로 Glisson의 캡슐이 있어야합니다. 또 다른 중요한 요인은 다른 배치 소화 11 후 간세포의 생존 정도에서 현저한 차이가 발생할 수 있으므로, 사용 콜라의 특정 배치입니다. 따라서, 콜라게나 제?...

A correction was made to: <a href="http://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/video/50615/isolation-human-hepatocytes-two-step-collagenase-perfusion">Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure </a>
The changes listed below have been made to Table 1.
1). In the recipe for Solution 2, the Final Concentration of EGTA has been changed from:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>EGTA&#160;</td>
			<td>0.1mM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
to:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>EGTA&#160;</td>
			<td>1mM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
2). In the recipes for Solution 3 and 4, the Final Concentration of Calcium chloride dihydrate has been changed from:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>0.5&#181;M</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
to:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>5mM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

A correction was made to: Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure.
The Final Concentration of EGTA in Solution 2 and the Final Concentration of Calcium chloride dihydrate in solutions 3 and 4 have been updated in Table 1.

Erratum: Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

간세포 현탁액을 기계적 또는 효소 적 방법에 의해 간장에서 제조 될 수있다. 전체 간 세포를 제조하는 데 사용되는 기계적인 방법은, 투박한 (2)를 통해 간을 강제 칸 통 3 유리 구슬 간 조각을 흔들면서, 수년에 걸쳐 등 느슨한 방앗 공이 4,5 유리 균질를 사용하는 등, 기계적인 방법 중 추락 인해 세포막에 손상 및 절연 6,7 간세포의 기능의 상실로 선호. 따라서, 효소 방법의 사용은 현재 간세포의 분리를위한 주요 방법입니다. 베리와 친구 8 쥐의 문맥을 통해 간을 콜라와 히알루을 관류 할 때 효소의 방법을 사용하여 간세포의 분리는 크게 향상되었다. 이것은 재관류 프로세스에 이르는, 효소는 세포의 대부분에 밀착 할 수 있도록 혈관을 살린간세포 8의 수율이 6 배 증가. 또한,이 방법은 사실상 고립 된 소포에 소포체없이 변환없이 미토콘드리아 손상 8, 구조적 무결성을 유지 세포를 얻었다. 이 방법은 간 세포 분리를위한 두 단계 관류 절차를 개척 Seglen 1에 의해 수정되었다. 이 절차에서는 쥐의 간은 칼슘 2 + 1을 포함하는 콜라게나 버퍼 관류 다음에 칼슘 2 + 무료 버퍼 관류한다. 두 번째 단계에서 칼슘 2 +의 첨가가 최적의 콜라게나 제 활성 1,9 필요하면서 제 1 단계에서 칼슘 2 +의 제거는, 데즈 모섬을 방해하도록 돕는다. 상기 게시 된 작품은 쥐에서 수행 된 점을 감안,이 문서는 콧노래에서 높은 가능성을 가진 간세포의 분리에 사용할 수있는 수정 절차를 설명하는 것을 목표로간. 인간 간세포의 사용은 translational 연구를위한 동물 모델을 사용하여 실험을 검증하기위한 중요한 남아있다. 이 연구에 사용 된 인간의 간 조각은 인간의 조직과 세포 연구 재단, 국영 비영리 재단 (10)를 통해 지배 구조에 대한 동의를 획득했다. 병리학 진단에 필요한 있었는지를 제거 한 후, 간 조각이 남아있는 조직에서 수집되었다. 병리학 자에 의해 떨어져 구분 조직 형태 학적으로 간 절제술 후 절제에서 얻은 건강한 조직이었다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bubble trap</td>
			<td>Ga&szlig;ner Glastechnik</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass jacketed condenser</td>
			<td>Ga&szlig;ner Glastechnik</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>41 &deg;C Water bath</td>
			<td>Julabo</td>
			<td>35723-H24/EG</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 &deg;C Water bath</td>
			<td>GFL</td>
			<td>1083</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressed gas cylinder (95 % O2/5 % CO2)</td>
			<td>Linde</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas permeable tubing</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>2-4440</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td>IP65</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>320010</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Omnilab</td>
			<td>5171014</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical flasks 1 L</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2121654</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical flasks 5 L</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2121673</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beakers</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2110654</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352075</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystallizing dish</td>
			<td>Omnilab</td>
			<td>5144063</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved irrigation cannulae with ball tips</td>
			<td>Ernst Kratz GmbH</td>
			<td>1464LL/ 1465LL A+B/ 1472LL</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro vascular clamps</td>
			<td>Ernst Kratz GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B&uuml;chner funnel</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>HT38.1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh 210 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>4-1413</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh 70 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>4-1419</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &mu;m sterile filters</td>
			<td>Peske</td>
			<td>99505</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 ml bottles</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2180144</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 L bottles</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2180154</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Peske</td>
			<td>06-0001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030 120,086</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice bucket</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>1508454</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td>Brand</td>
			<td>747715</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorised pipette filler (Pipette boy acu)</td>
			<td>Integra</td>
			<td>155017</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refridgerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar flow</td>
			<td>Kendro</td>
			<td>Hera safe-KS9</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator (Low-flow surgical suction pump)</td>
			<td>Atmos</td>
			<td>C361</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory Gas Burner</td>
			<td>Integra</td>
			<td>Fire Boy eco</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable laboratory coat</td>
			<td>Paperlynen GmbH</td>
			<td>MD0202414</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical mask with visor</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>48247</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical hood</td>
			<td>Barrier</td>
			<td>42072</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Latex gloves</td>
			<td>Semper Care</td>
			<td>CE0321</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase (Batch number NB 4G)</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>17465</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>2382</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9265.2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9105.3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>26868</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin</td>
			<td>Biomol</td>
			<td>01400-2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>22700</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydrogen carbonate</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>30180</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4% Trypan blue solution</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-942E</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold storage solution</td>
			<td>Hepacult GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of human hepatocytes by a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure

간, 뛰어난 재생 능력을 가진 기관은 이러한 해독, 대사 및 항상성 같은 광범위한 기능을 수행한다. 이와 같이, 간세포 연구 문제의 큰 다양성을위한 중요한 모델이다. 특히, 인간 간세포의 사용은 약물 동력학, 독성, 간 재생 및 병진 연구의 분야에서 특히 중요하다. 따라서,이 방법은 Seglen 한 바와 같이하여 간세포를 분리하는 두 단계의 콜라게나 제 관류 절차의 수정 된 버전을 나타낸다. 이전 간세포 기계적 방법에 의해 고립되었다. 그러나, 효소 방법은 간세포 분리 후 자신의 구조적 안정성과 기능을 유지하기로 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 여기에 제시된이 방법은 77 ± 10 %의 가능성을 가진 간세포의 큰 수율 인간의 간 조각과 결과 쥐의 간을 위해 이전에 설계 방법을 적응시킨다. 주이 절차의 차이는 혈관 cannulization의 과정이다. 또한, 여기에 설명 된 방법은 또한 대등 간 또는 혈관 크기를 가진 다른 종에서의 간 적용될 수있다.

관류 설치 간 관류에 필요한 장비는 그림 1에 따라 설정해야합니다. 생존과 고립 된 인간의 간세포의 수익률 고립 된 인간 간세포의 평균 생존율은 77 ± 10 % 였고, 간세포의 평균 수익률은 ± 표준 편차를 의미로 표현 값으로, 13 ± 1100 만 간세포 / g 간이었다. 간세포 아이솔레이션의 수는이 평균 648 아이솔레이션이 1999년 1월?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure at JoVE.com

Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

인간 간세포의 분리를위한 수정 된 두 단계의 콜라게나 제 관류 절차가 설명되어 있습니다. 이 방법은 다른 포유 동물의 간장에 적용될 수있다. 고립 된 간세포는 그 같은 간 재생, 약동학 및 독성 등의 분야에서 과학 연구에 적합한 모델을 만들고, 높은 수율과 생존에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

2 단계 콜라게나 제 관류 절차에 의한 인간의 간세포의 분리

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. ...

isolation-human-hepatocytes-two-step-collagenase-perfusion

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

30.9K 조회수.  Grosshadern Hospital, Munich.  인간 간세포의 분리를위한 수정 된 두 단계의 콜라게나 제 관류 절차가 설명되어 있습니다. 이 방법은 다른 포유 동물의 간장에 적용될 수있다. 고립 된 간세포는 그 같은 간 재생, 약동학 및 독성 등의 분야에서 과학 연구에 적합한 모델을 만들고, 높은 수율과 생존에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 

비디오: Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Immunosurgery에 의해 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 유도

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

연구

생물학

In vivo Liver Endocytosis Followed by Purification of Liver Cells by Liver Perfusion

The liver is the metabolic center of the mammalian body and serves as a filter for the blood. The basic architecture of the liver is illustrated in figure 1 in which more than 85% of the liver mass is composed of hepatocytes and the remaining 15% of the cellular mass is composed of Kupffer cells (KCs), stellate cells (HSCs), and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs). SECs form the blood vessel walls within the liver and contain specialized morphology called fenestrae within in the cytoplasm. Fenestration of the cytoplasm is the appearance of holes (&tilde;100 &mu;m) within the cells so that the SECs act as a sieve in which most chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants and macromolecules, but not cells, pass through to the hepatocytes and HSCs 1 (Fig. 1). Due to the lack of a basement membrane, the gap between the SECs and hepatocytes form the Space of Disse. HSCs occupy this space and play a prominent role in regulation and response to injury, storage of retinoic acid and immunoregulation of the liver 2.
SECs are among the most endocytically active cells of the body displaying an array of scavenger receptors on their cell surface 3. These include SR-A, Stabilin-1 and Stabilin-2. Generally, small colloidal particles less than 230 nm and macromolecules in buffer phase are taken up by SECs, whereas, large particles and cellular debris is endocytosed (phagocytosed) by KCs 4. Thus, the bulk clearance of extracellular material such as the glycosaminoglycans from blood is largely dependent on the health and endocytic functions of SECs 5,6. For example, an increase in blood hyaluronan levels is indicative of liver disease ranging from mild to more severe forms 7.
With the exception of one report 8, there are no immortalized SEC cell lines in existence. Even this immortalized cell line is de-differentiated in that it does not express scavenger receptors that are present on primary SECs (our data, not shown). All cell biological studies must be performed on primary cells obtained freshly from the animal. Unfortunately, SECs dedifferentiate under standard culture conditions and must be used within 1 or 2 days upon isolation from the animal. Differentiation of SECs is marked by the expression of Stabilin-2 or HARE receptor 9 , CD31, and the presence of cytoplasmic fenestration 1. Differentiation of SECs can be extended by the addition of VEGF in culture media or by culturing cells in hepatocyte conditioned medium 10,11.
In this report, we will demonstrate the endocytic activity of SECs in the intact organ using radio-labeled heparin for hyaluronan for the SEC-specific Stabilin-2 receptor. We will then purify hepatocytes and SECs from the perfused liver to measure endocytosis.

In vivo Liver Endocytosis Followed by Purification of Liver Cells by Liver Perfusion

The study of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) must be performed with primary cells obtained from the animal as no cell lines exist. This method relies on liver digestion and differential centrifugation for SEC purification for subsequent culturing and experimentation.

간 재관류에 의한 간 세포의 정화를 얹는 생체내 간 Endocytosis에서

The liver is the metabolic center of the mammalian body and serves as a filter for the blood.  The basic architecture of the liver is illustrated in ...

Isolation of Rat Portal Fibroblasts by In situ Liver Perfusion

Liver fibrosis is defined by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix by activated myofibroblasts. There are multiple precursors of hepatic myofibroblasts, including hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts and bone marrow derived fibroblasts 1. Hepatic stellate cells have been the best studied, but portal fibroblasts are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the myofibroblast pool, particularly in biliary fibrosis 2. Portal fibroblasts undergo proliferation in response to biliary epithelial injury, potentially playing a key role in the early stages of biliary scarring 3-5. A method of isolating portal fibroblasts would allow in vitro study of this cell population and lead to greater understanding of the role portal fibroblasts play in biliary fibrosis.
Portal fibroblasts have been isolated using various techniques including outgrowth 6, 7 and liver perfusion with enzymatic digestion followed by size selection 8. The advantage of the digestion and size selection technique compared to the outgrowth technique is that cells can be studied without the necessity of passage in culture. Here, we describe a modified version of the original technique described by Kruglov and Dranoff 8 for isolation of portal fibroblasts from rat liver that results in a relatively pure population of primary cells.

Isolation of Rat Portal Fibroblasts by In situ Liver Perfusion

A technique for isolating portal fibroblasts from rat liver is described. Livers are perfused and digested in situ with collagenase, followed by ex vivo digestion of the liver slurry and size selection of cells. This method provides a pure population of portal fibroblasts without the need for passage in culture.

쥐 포탈 섬유아 세포의 분리에 의한<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 간 재관류

Liver fibrosis is defined  by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix by activated  myofibroblasts. There are multiple precursors of hepatic ...

Mouse Islet of Langerhans Isolation using a Combination of Purified Collagenase and Neutral Protease

The interrogation of beta cell gene expression and function in vitro has squarely shifted over the years from the study of rodent tumorigenic cell lines to the study of isolated rodent islets. Primary islets offer the distinct advantage that they more faithfully reflect the biology of intracellular signaling pathways and secretory responses. Whereas the method of islet isolation using tissue dissociating enzyme (TDE) preparations has been well established in many laboratories1-4, variations in the consistency of islet yield and quality from any given rodent strain limit the extent and feasibility of primary islet studies. These variations often occur as a result of the crude partially purified TDEs used in the islet isolation procedure; TDEs frequently exhibit lot-to-lot variations in activity and often require adjustments to the dose of enzyme used. A small number of reports have used purified TDEs for rodent cell isolations5, 6, but the practice is not widespread despite the routine use and advantages of purified TDEs for human islet isolations. In collaboration with VitaCyte, LLC (Indianapolis, IN), we developed a modified mouse islet isolation protocol based on that described by Gotoh7, 8, in which the TDEs are perfused directly into the pancreatic duct of mice, followed by crude tissue fractionation through a Histopaque gradient9, and isolation of purified islets. A significant difference in our protocol is the use of purified collagenase (CIzyme MA) and neutral protease (CIzyme BP) combination. The collagenase was characterized by the use of a6 fluorescence collagen degrading activity (CDA) assay that utilized fluorescently labeled soluble calf skin fibrils as substrate6. This substrate is more predictive of the kinetics of collagen degradation in the tissue matrix because it relies on native collagen as the substrate. The protease was characterized with a sensitive fluorescent kinetic assay10. Utilizing these improved assays along with more traditional biochemical analysis enable the TDE to be manufactured more consistently, leading to improved performance consistency between lots. The protocol described in here was optimized for maximal islet yield and optimal islet morphology using C57BL/6 mice. During the development of this protocol, several combinations of collagenase and neutral proteases were evaluated at different concentrations, and the final ratio of collagenase:neutral protease of 35:10 represents enzyme performance comparable to Sigma Type XI. Because significant variability in average islet yields from different strains of rats and mice have been reported, additional modifications of the TDE composition should be made to improve the yield and quality of islets recovered from different species and strains.

A detailed description of mouse islet isolation is described using the technique of in situ pancreatic ductal cannulation and perfusion of a combination of purified collagenase and neutral protease.

Langerhans 절연의 마우스 작은 섬은 정화의 Collagenase와 중성 단백 분해 효소의 조합을 사용하여

The interrogation of beta cell gene expression and function in vitro has squarely shifted over the years from the study of rodent tumorigenic cell lines ...

GST-His purification: A Two-step Affinity Purification Protocol Yielding Full-length Purified Proteins

Key assays in enzymology for the biochemical characterization of proteins in vitro necessitate high concentrations of the purified protein of interest. Protein purification protocols should combine efficiency, simplicity and cost effectiveness1. Here, we describe the GST-His method as a new small-scale affinity purification system for recombinant proteins, based on a N-terminal Glutathione Sepharose Tag (GST)2,3 and a C-terminal 10xHis tag4, which are both fused to the protein of interest. The latter construct is used to generate baculoviruses, for infection of Sf9 infected cells for protein expression5. GST is a rather long tag (29 kDa) which serves to ensure purification efficiency. However, it might influence physiological properties of the protein. Hence, it is subsequently cleaved off the protein using the PreScission enzyme6. In order to ensure maximum purity and to remove the cleaved GST, we added a second affinity purification step based on the comparatively small His-Tag. Importantly, our technique is based on two different tags flanking the two ends of the protein, which is an efficient tool to remove degraded proteins and, therefore, enriches full-length proteins. The method presented here does not require an expensive instrumental setup, such as FPLC. Additionally, we incorporated MgCl2 and ATP washes to remove heat shock protein impurities and nuclease treatment to abolish contaminating nucleic acids. In summary, the combination of two different tags flanking the N- and the C-terminal and the capability to cleave off one of the tags, guaranties the recovery of a highly purified and full-length protein of interest.

In the present protocol, we demonstrate a highly efficient and cost-effective small-scale protein purification method, which allows purification of recombinant proteins by uniquely combining a cleavable GST-tag and a small His-tag.

GST - 그의 정화 : 전체 길이 정제 된 단백질을 항복 2 단계 친화력 정화 프로토콜

Key assays in enzymology for the biochemical characterization of proteins in vitro necessitate high concentrations of the purified protein of interest. ...

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific shapes. Drosophila tracheal terminal cells have become a powerful genetic model to identify and elucidate the roles of genes required for generating cellular morphologies. Terminal cells are a component of a branched tubular network, the tracheal system that functions to supply oxygen to internal tissues. Terminal cells are an excellent model for investigating questions of cell shape as they possess two distinct cellular architectures. First, terminal cells have an elaborate branched morphology, similar to complex neurons; second, terminal cell branches are formed as thin tubes and contain a membrane-bound intracellular lumen. Quantitative analysis of terminal cell branch number, branch organization and individual branch shape, can be used to provide information about the role of specific genetic mechanisms in the making of a branched cell. Analysis of tube formation in these cells can reveal conserved mechanisms of tubulogenesis common to other tubular networks, such as the vertebrate vasculature. Here we describe techniques that can be used to rapidly fix, image, and analyze both branching patterns and tube formation in terminal cells within Drosophila larvae. These techniques can be used to analyze terminal cells in wild-type and mutant animals, or genetic mosaics. Because of the high efficiency of this protocol, it is also well suited for genetic, RNAi-based, or drug screens in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Here, we present a method for light microscopy analysis of tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila larvae. This method allows for quick examination of branch and lumen morphology in whole animals and would be useful for analysis of individual mutants or screens for mutations affecting terminal cell development.

의 검사<em&gt; 초파리</em가벼운 현미경으로&gt; 애벌레 기관 내 터미널 셀

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific ...

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

마우스와 인간의 대장 조직에서 주요 근육 섬유 모세포의 분리

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

Protocol for Isolation of Primary Human Hepatocytes and Corresponding Major Populations of Non-parenchymal Liver Cells

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic Stellate cells (HSC). Two-dimensional (2D) culture of primary human hepatocyte (PHH) is still considered as the &#34;gold standard&#34; for in vitro testing of drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. It is well-known that the 2D monoculture of PHH suffers from dedifferentiation and loss of function. Recently it was shown that hepatic NPC play a central role in liver (patho-) physiology and the maintenance of PHH functions. Current research focuses on the reconstruction of in vivo tissue architecture by 3D- and co-culture models to overcome the limitations of 2D monocultures. Previously we published a method to isolate human liver cells and investigated the suitability of these cells for their use in cell cultures in Experimental Biology and Medicine1. Based on the broad interest in this technique the aim of this article was to provide a more detailed protocol for the liver cell isolation process including a video, which will allow an easy reproduction of this technique.
Human liver cells were isolated from human liver tissue samples of surgical interventions by a two-step EGTA/collagenase P perfusion technique. PHH were separated from the NPC by an initial centrifugation at 50 x g. Density gradient centrifugation steps were used for removal of dead cells. Individual liver cell populations were isolated from the enriched NPC fraction using specific cell properties and cell sorting procedures. Beside the PHH isolation we were able to separate KC, LEC and HSC for further cultivation.
Taken together, the presented protocol allows the isolation of PHH and NPC in high quality and quantity from one donor tissue sample. The access to purified liver cell populations could allow the creation of in vivo like human liver models.

A technique to isolate human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells from the same donor is described. The different liver cell types build the basis for functional liver models and tissue engineering. This new method aims to isolate liver cells in a high yield and viability.

차 인간 간세포의 분리 및 비 실질 간 세포의 주요 집단 대응을위한 프로토콜

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic ...

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the immune system. Perturbation of the healthy gut microbiome has been suggested to play a role in the development of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Environmental and genetic factors can influence the composition of the microbiome; therefore, identification of microbial communities linked with a disease phenotype has become the first step towards defining the microbiome&#8217;s role in health and disease. Use of 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing for profiling bacterial community has helped in advancing microbiome research. Despite its wide use, there is no uniform protocol for 16S rRNA-based taxonomic profiling analysis. Another limitation is the low resolution of taxonomic assignment due to technical difficulties such as smaller sequencing reads, as well as use of only forward (R1) reads in the final analysis due to low quality of reverse (R2) reads. There is need for a simplified method with high resolution to characterize bacterial diversity in a given biospecimen. Advancements in sequencing technology with the ability to sequence longer reads at high resolution have helped to overcome some of these challenges. Present sequencing technology combined with a publicly available metagenomic analysis pipeline such as R-based Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm-2 (DADA2) has helped advance microbial profiling at high resolution, as DADA2 can assign sequence at the genus and species levels. Described here is a guide for performing bacterial profiling using two-step amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by analysis using freely available analysis tools (i.e., DADA2, Phyloseq, and METAGENassist). It is believed that this simple and complete workflow will serve as an excellent tool for researchers interested in performing microbiome profiling studies.

Described here is a simplified standard operating procedure for microbiome profiling using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing and analysis using freely available tools. This protocol will help researchers who are new to the microbiome field as well as those requiring updates on methods to achieve bacterial profiling at a higher resolution.

2단계 PCR 및 차세대 16S rRNA 유전자 시퀀싱을 사용한 미생물 분석

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the ...

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe a new strategy that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues, to generate mammalian pluripotent cells. Two main steps are required. In the first step, adult mature (terminally differentiated) cells are exposed to the epigenetic eraser 5-aza-cytidine to drive them into a pluripotent state. This part of the protocol was developed, based on the increasing understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell fate and differentiation, and involves the use of the epigenetic modifier to erase cell differentiated state and then drive into a transient high plasticity window.
In the second step, erased cells are encapsulated in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micro-bioreactors, also known as Liquid Marbles, to promote 3D cell rearrangement to extend and stably maintain the acquired high plasticity. PTFE is a non-reactive hydrophobic synthetic compound and its use permits the creation of a cellular microenvironment, which cannot be achieved in traditional 2D culture systems. This system encourages and boosts the maintenance of pluripotency though bio-mechanosensing-related cues.
The technical procedures described here are simple strategies to allow for the induction and maintenance of a high plasticity state in adult somatic cells. The protocol allowed the derivation of high plasticity cells in all mammalian species tested. Since it does not involve the use of gene transfection and is free of viral vectors, it may represent a notable technological advance for translational medicine applications. Furthermore, the micro-bioreactor system provides a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology by in vitro re-creating a specific micro-environment that allows for the long-term culture of high plasticity cells, namely as ESCs, iPSCs, epigenetically erased cells and MSCs.

We here present a method that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues to efficiently generate mammalian pluripotent cells, without the need of gene transfection or retroviral vectors. This strategy is, therefore, promising for translational medicine and represents a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology.

후성유전학적 변형과 생체역학적 단서를 결합하여 포유류 다능성 세포를 생성하는 두 단계 전략

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe ...

2 단계 콜라게나 제 관류 절차에 의한 인간의 간세포의 분리

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