이 작품은 PC에 NIH 부여 DK080351에 의해 지원되었다.

실험 프로토콜 이 실험 프로토콜의 첫 번째 단계는 마우스 뇌하수체의 땀샘의 다수를 수집하는 것입니다. 두 번째 단계는 단백질 추출물을 준비하기 위해 분비를 균질하는 것입니다. 세 번째 단계는 기름 혼합 이러한 단백질을 유상으로 만들다하는 것입니다. 1 단계 : 마우스 뇌하수체 분비의 수집과 저장 마우스 뇌하수체는 시신경 chiasm하여 삼차 신경 및 anteriorly로 옆으로 둘러싸인 쐐기 꼴의 뼈 셀라라는 turcica의 우울증에서 두개골 바닥에 앉아있다. 선은 큰 앞쪽에 엽과 작은 후부와 중간 엽 (叶)으로 구성하고, 평균 1.9 MG에 무게입니다. 뇌하수체 분비는 동물 보호 시설에 의해 euthanized 될 운명 혼합 변종, 성별 및 연령의 마우스에서 수집됩니다. 뇌하수체를 분리하려면, 마우스, 해부 두개골 위의 피부를 euthanized, 그리고 두개골의 뼈를 가위로 잘라 열려 있습니다. 두뇌는 다음 주변 두라 메이터으로부터 격리하는 뇌하수체를 노출 채취한 쐐기 꼴의 뼈 밖으로 훔쳐와 드라이 아이스에 플라스틱 튜브에 저장됩니다. 일반적으로 우리는 하나의 단백질 준비, 9 시간 만에 한 사람에 의해 수집된 수있는 번호는 300 마우스 뇌하수체 분비를 사용합니다. 일단 수집이 완료되면, 뇌하수체 분비가 들어있는 튜브 ° C 준비 때까지 다음 단계 -80에 저장됩니다. 2 단계. 마우스 뇌하수체 단백질의 추출 <ol><li> 15 ML 팰컨 튜브 (카탈로그 없음 352,059)을하는 균질화 버퍼를 추가 수집 매 100 뇌하수체 분비에 대한 버퍼 250 μL를 사용하여 얼음 욕조에 보관. 셀 (0.2 M)와 physiologic PH (7.4)의 세포질 내부 생리학 존재하는 것과 유사한 이온 강도의 버퍼를 사용합니다. 우리는 칼륨이 테아제 억제제 칵테일 (시그마 - 알드리치, 카탈로그 노 P8340 - 1ML)을 보충 (0.161 M, pH를 7.4) 호수 버퍼 사용합니다. </li><li> 바로 균질 전에 버퍼에 뇌하수체 분비를 추가하고, 다음 팔콘 튜브 하단의 Polytron 균 질기의 발전기 (5 mm 직경)를 놓으십시오. 얼음 목욕에서 유지하면서 부드럽게 위아래로 팰컨 튜브를 이동, 30 초 동안 최대 rpm으로 균질. 그런 다음, 1 분 얼음 homogenate를 놓습니다. 균질를 반복하고 냉각 두 번 더 단계를 반복합니다. 이 부드러운 균질의 세포를 휴식하고 핵을 방해하지 않고 cytosolic 단백질을 출시한다. </li><li> 핵, 손상되지 않은 조직 및 불용성 물질 (예 : 결합 조직 및 변성 단백질 단지 등) 제거하려면 4 10 분 ° C. 낮은 속도 (1,000g)에서 homogenate를 원심 분리기 </li><li> , 새로운 팰컨 튜브에 (지금 PNS, 포스트 - 원자력 뜨는라고도 함)를 전송 뜨는 펠렛은 그대로두고 돌보는하고, 얼음에 PNS를 저장합니다. </li><li> 균질화 버퍼의 원래 볼륨 (수집된 모든 100 뇌하수체 분비에 대한 버퍼 250 μL)에서 펠렛을 Resuspend, 상기 균질 위와 같이 원심 분리기, 다음 첫 번째와 두 번째 PNS를 결합. </li><li> -80에서 microcentrifuge 튜브 및 저장소로 나누어지는가 두 풀링 PNS 샘플 ° C 다음 단계에 대한 준비까지. 이 단백질 준비는 -80에서 저장할 수 있습니다 ° C 있지만 점차 그 힘을 looses, 그래서 우리가 준비로부터 6 개월 이내에 그것을 사용하는 것이 좋습니다. 겔 전기 영동으로 단백질 수율 및 농도 BCA 분석에 의해 (NO 피어스 카탈로그. 23,225), 그리고 단백질의 품질을 결정하는 작은 나누어지는을 사용합니다. 일반적으로, 우리는 40 MG / ML 주변 농도에서 균질화 버퍼의 1.5 ML 300 마우스 pituitaries에서 단백질의 약 60 MG를 구하십시오. </li></ol> 3 단계. 예방 접종에 대한 감광 유제의 준비 <ol><li> 빠르게 실험에 필요한 냉동 단백질 aliquots을 녹여 20 MG / ML에 단백질 농도를 조정합니다. 이 단백질 추출물 5 MG / Mycobacterium 결핵 (백톤 디킨슨, 231,141)를 죽이고 열을 ML을 포함하는 완전한 프로 인드의 도움이되는 (CFA, 시그마 F - 5881)로 1시 1분을 유화 것입니다. 각 마우스 에멀전 100 μL에 뇌하수체 추출의 1 밀리그램을 받게됩니다. </li><li> 여기에 주어진 예제는 각 마우스가 뇌하수체 단백질의 1 MG를 포함하는 유제 100 μL로 주입됩니다 10 마우스를 immunizing입니다. 준비하는 동안 재료의 손실의 두 가지 별도의 마우스를 허용하므로 뇌하수체 단백질 12 MG를 사용합니다. 20 MG / ML 뇌하수체 단백질 추출물의 바램이 600 μL은 2.5 ML 해밀턴 gastight의 주사기를 사용하여 위에서 설명합니다. 흔들림으로 CFA를 Resuspend, 다른 2.5 ML 해밀턴 주사기로 CFA 600 μL를 열망. 첨부와 CFA 가득한 주사기에 22 게이지 마이크로 emulsifying 바늘을 확보. 천천히 바늘이 CFA으로 가득합니다 이러한 CFA의 주사기의 플런저를 밀어 후 첨부의 다른 쪽 끝을 확보뇌하수체 추출 가득 주사기에 바늘. </li><li> 천천히 단지 소량이 혼합되어 같은 acqueous 뇌하수체 추출물로 오일 구성 요소를 밀어 CFA의 주사기의 플런저를 전진. 다음 CFA의 주사기에 뇌하수체 추출 주사기의 플런저를 뒤로 밀어. 점차적으로 혼합 물질의 양을 증가이 작업을 반복합니다. 두 주사기의 전체 내용이 혼합 때까지 계속합니다. 당신은 물 - 인 - 오일 에멀젼을 나타내는 약간 흰하고 고르게 분산 솔루션을 얻을 것입니다. </li><li> 유제가 형성되면, 유제가 완전히 혼합되도록 적어도 500 번 백업 및 앞뒤 움직임을 반복합니다. 최종 혼합 사이클 후 1시 1분 물 - 인 - 오일 에멀젼 사용 준비가되어 10 MG / ML의 뇌하수체 단백질 농도가 포함되어 있습니다. 유제가로 동반자 조브 문서에서 자세한 내용, subcutaneously anesthetized SJL 마우스로 당일에 주입됩니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Caturegli, P., Newschaffer, C., Olivi, A., Pomper, M. G., Burger, P. C., Rose, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Autoimmune Hypophysitis Endocr Rev. 26, 599-614 (2005).</li><li>Blansfield, J. A., Beck, K. E., Tran, K., Yang, J. C., Hughes, M. S., Kammula, U. S., Royal, R. E., Topalian, S. L., Haworth, L. R., Levy, C., Rosenberg, S. A., Sherry, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytotoxic+T-lymphocyte-associated+antigen-4+blockage+can+induce+autoimmune+hypophysitis+in+patients+with+metastatic+melanoma+and+renal+cancer.">Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cancer.</a> J Immunother. 28, 593-598 (2005).</li><li>Tzou, S. C., Lupi, I., Landek, M., Gutenberg, A., Tzou, Y. M., Kimura, H., Pinna, G., Rose, N. R., Caturegli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+Hypophysitis+of+SJL+mice:+Clinical+Insights+from+a+New+Animal+Model.">Autoimmune Hypophysitis of SJL mice: Clinical Insights from a New Animal Model.</a> Endocrinology. 149, 3461-3469 (2008).</li><li>Goudie, R. B., Pinkerton, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anterior+hypophysitis+and+Hashimoto's+disease+in+a+woman.">Anterior hypophysitis and Hashimoto's disease in a woman.</a> J Pathol Bacteriol. 83, 584-585 (1962).</li><li>Caturegli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+hypophysitis:+an+underestimated+disease+in+search+of+its+autoantigen(s).">Autoimmune hypophysitis: an underestimated disease in search of its autoantigen(s).</a> J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92, 2038-2040 (2007).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

면역 hypophysitis와 함께 첫 번째 환자는 1962 4보고했다는 사실에도 불구하고, 병원성 뇌하수체 autoantigens 5를 식별하기 위해 남아있다. 동물 모델은 환자 치료에 번역 아르 생체의 발견을 은닉이 autoantigens을 파악하는 것은 매우 유용할 수 있습니다. 이 문서는 실험 동물에서 면역 hypophysitis를 유도에 적합 형태로 뇌하수체 단백질을 준비 간단한 절차를 시연했다.

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<td>15-ml Falcon tubes</td>
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<td>homogenization buffer</td>
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<td>phosphate buffered saline</td>
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<td>protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
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<td>Polytron homogenizer</td>
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<td>BCA assay</td>
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<td>Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)</td>
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preparation of mouse pituitary immunogen for the induction of experimental autoimmune hypophysitis

면역 hypophysitis가 발생하거나 autoimmunity 1과 함께 뇌하수체의 만성 염증이다. 그것은 전통적으로 희귀한 질병으로 간주 되었으나보고 최근 몇 년 동안 현저하게 증가하고 있습니다. Hypophysitis는 사실, 이러한 CTLA - 4 2, PD - 1 수용체와 같은 T lymphocytes에 표현 억제 수용체를 차단하는 항체로 치료 암 환자의 &#39;부작용&#39;로 쓰시하지 개발하고 있습니다. 면역 hypophysitis는 도움이되는 3 혼합 뇌하수체 단백질과 쥐를 주사하여 실험적으로 유도된 수 있습니다. 이 동영상이 문서에서 우리는 마우스 뇌하수체 분비 및 SJL 생쥐의 면역 hypophysitis를 유도에 적합한 형태로 그들을 준비하는에서 단백질을 추출하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis at JoVE.com

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

면역 hypophysitis는 마우스 뇌하수체의 단백질 추출물을 주사로 쥐 복제하​​실 수 있습니다.

실험 면역 Hypophysitis의 유도를위한 마우스 뇌하수체 Immunogen의 준비

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1.  It has traditionally been considered a ...

preparation-mouse-pituitary-immunogen-for-induction-experimental

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.5K 조회수.  The Johns Hopkins University. 면역 hypophysitis는 마우스 뇌하수체의 단백질 추출물을 주사로 쥐 복제하​​실 수 있습니다.

비디오: Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse models allow us to study how diseases unfold, often providing a good replica of the same processes occurring in humans. For some autoimmune diseases, like type 1A diabetes, there are models (the NOD mouse) that spontaneously develop a disease similar to the human counterpart. For many other autoimmune diseases, however, the model needs to be induced experimentally. A common approach in this regard is to inject the mouse with a dominant antigen derived from the organ being studied. For example, investigators interested in autoimmune thyroiditis inject mice with thyroglobulin2, and those interested in myasthenia gravis inject them with the acetylcholine receptor3. If the autoantigen for a particular autoimmune disease is not known, investigators inject a crude protein extract from the organ targeted by the autoimmune reaction. For autoimmune hypophysitis, the pathogenic autoantigen(s) remain to be identified4, and thus a crude pituitary protein preparation is used. In this video article we demonstrate how to induce experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

This video shows how to induce autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice and how to assess its severity by histopathology.

SJL 마우스의 실험적 면역 Hypophysitis의 유도

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and has been used as an animal model for study of the human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is characterized by pathologic infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS and by clinical manifestation of paralytic disease. Similar to MS, EAE is also under genetic control in that certain mouse strains are susceptible to disease induction while others are resistant. Typically, C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) fail to develop paralytic signs. This unresponsiveness is certainly not due to defects in antigen processing or antigen presentation of MBP, as an experimental protocol described here had been used to induce severe EAE in C57BL/6 mice as well as other reputed resistant mouse strains. In addition, encephalitogenic T cell clones from C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice reactive to MBP had been successfully isolated and propagated.
The experimental protocol involves using a cellular adoptive transfer system in which MBP-primed (200 &mu;g/mouse) C57BL/6 donor lymph node cells are isolated and cultured for five days with the antigen to expand the pool of MBP-specific T cells. At the end of the culture period, 50 million viable cells are transferred into naive syngeneic recipients through the tail vein. Recipient mice so treated normally do not develop EAE, thus reaffirming their resistant status, and they can remain normal indefinitely. Ten days post cell transfer, recipient mice are challenged with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-emulsified MBP in four sites in the flanks. Severe EAE starts to develop in these mice ten to fourteen days after challenge. Results showed that the induction of disease was antigenic specific as challenge with irrelevant antigens did not induce clinical signs of disease. Significantly, a titration of the antigen dose used to challenge the recipient mice showed that it could be as low as 5 &mu;g/mouse. In addition, a kinetic study of the timing of antigenic challenge showed that challenge to induce disease was effective as early as 5 days post antigenic challenge and as long as over 445 days post antigenic challenge. These data strongly point toward the involvement of a "long-lived" T cell population in maintaining unresponsiveness. The involvement of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this system is not defined.

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Certain mouse strains are able to resist induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with myelin basic protein. Described here is a simple immunization protocol that reverses the unresponsiveness and induces paralytic disease in several typical EAE resistant mouse stains.

입양 이전 및 Antigenic 챌린지에 의해 실험적 면역 Encephalomyelitis (EAE) 모성 마우스 변종에 응답하지 않는 문제를 극복

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and has been used as an animal model for ...

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While the exact etiology of the disease is yet unclear, autoreactive T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology. MS therapy is only partially effective so far and research efforts continue to expand our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model for MS sharing many clinical and pathophysiological features. There is a broad diversity of EAE models which reflect different clinical, immunological and histological aspects of human MS. Actively-induced EAE in mice is the easiest inducible model with robust and replicable results. It is especially suited for investigating the effects of drugs or of particular genes by using transgenic mice challenged by autoimmune neuroinflammation. Therefore, mice are immunized with CNS homogenates or peptides of myelin proteins. Due to the low immunogenic potential of these peptides, strong adjuvants are used. EAE susceptibility and phenotype depends on the chosen antigen and rodent strain. C57BL/6 mice are the commonly used strain for transgenic mouse construction and respond among others to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The immunogenic epitope MOG35-55 is suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to immunization and pertussis toxin is applied on the day of immunization and two days later. Mice develop a "classic" self-limited monophasic EAE with ascending flaccid paralysis within 9-14 days after immunization. Mice are evaluated daily using a clinical scoring system for 25-50 days. Special considerations for care taking of animals with EAE as well as potential applications and limitations of this model are discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an established animal model of multiple sclerosis. C57BL/6 mice are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55), resulting in an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by autoreactive immune cells in the central nervous system. Protocols for disease induction and monitoring will be discussed.

수초 희소 돌기 아교 세포 당 단백질 (MOG<sub&gt; 35-55</sub&gt;) C57BL / 6 쥐에 실험자가 면역 뇌척수염 (EAE) 유도

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While ...

Isolation of Infiltrating Leukocytes from Mouse Skin Using Enzymatic Digest and Gradient Separation

Dissociating murine skin into a single cell suspension is essential for downstream cellular analysis such as the characterization of infiltrating immune cells in rodent models of skin inflammation. Here, we describe a protocol for the digestion of mouse skin in a nutrient-rich solution with collagenase D, followed by separation of hematopoietic cells using a discontinuous density gradient. Cells thus obtained can be used for in vitro studies, in vivo transfer, and other downstream cellular and molecular analyses including flow cytometry. This protocol is an effective and economical alternative to expensive mechanical dissociators, specialized separation columns, and harsher trypsin- and dispase-based digestion methods, which may compromise cellular viability or density of surface proteins relevant for phenotypic characterization or cellular function. As shown here in our representative data, this protocol produced highly viable cells, contained specific immune cell subsets, and had no effect on integrity of common surface marker proteins used in flow cytometric analysis.

This protocol describes enzymatic digestion of mouse skin in nutrient-rich medium followed by gradient separation to isolate leukocytes. Cells thus derived can be used for diverse downstream applications. This is an effective, economical, and improved alternative to tissue dissociation machines and harsher trypsin and dispase-based tissue digestion protocols.

효소 다이제스트 및 그라데이션 분리를 사용하여 마우스 피부에서 침투 백혈구의 분리

Dissociating murine skin into a single cell suspension is essential for downstream cellular analysis such as the characterization of infiltrating immune ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

다양한 조직에서 면역 세포의 질병에 의존하는 유통의 마우스 및 평가에 실험자가 면역 뇌척수염의 유도

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Simple and Efficient Production and Purification of Mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Studies

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to occur as a result of autoimmune responses targeting myelin. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model of CNS autoimmune disease, and is typically induced via immunization with short peptides representing immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitopes of myelin proteins. However, B cells recognize unprocessed protein directly, and immunization with short peptide does not activate B cells that recognize the native protein. As recent clinical trials of B cell-depleting therapies in MS have suggested a role for B cells in driving disease in humans, there is an urgent need for animal models that incorporate B cell-recognition of autoantigen. To this end, we have generated a new fusion protein containing the extracellular domain of the mouse version of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as well as N-terminal fusions of a His-tag for purification purposes and the thioredoxin protein to improve solubility (MOGtag). A tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site was incorporated to allow the removal of all tag sequences, leaving only the pure MOG1-125 extracellular domain. Here, we describe a simple protocol using only standard laboratory equipment to produce large quantities of pure MOGtag or MOG1-125. This protocol consistently generates over 200 mg of MOGtag protein. Immunization with either MOGtag or MOG1-125 generates an autoimmune response that includes pathogenic B cells that recognize the native mouse MOG.

We describe a simple protocol using only basic lab equipment to generate and purify large quantities of a fusion protein that contains mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein. This protein can be used to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis driven by both T and B cells.

실험자가 면역 뇌척수염 연구 간단하고 효율적인 생산 및 마우스 미엘린 희소 돌기 아교 세포 당 단백질의 정제

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to occur as a result of autoimmune responses ...

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The overwhelming majority of patients with DIH are women. The underlying mechanisms of these sex differences in prevalence are unclear because of the paucity of animal models that mimic human disease. Even so, underlying mechanisms are widely believed to be associated with human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and sex hormones. In contrast, using a DIH mouse model, we have uncovered that IL-4 initiated&#160;CD4+ T cells directed against an epitope of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces influx of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells into the livers of female BALB/c mice. Using this model, we have also shown that IL-33-induced FoxP3+regulatory T cells confer protection against DIH in female and male mice. This DIH model is induced by immunizing mice with an epitope of CYP2E1 that has been covalently altered with a drug metabolite that has been associated with DIH. This epitope is recognized by patients with DIH. Our method induces robust and reproducible hepatitis and autoantibodies that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of DIH. While in vivo studies can cause undue pain and distress in mice when done improperly, the advantage of an in vivo model is the ability to evaluate the pathogenesis of disease in a large number of mice. Additionally, biological effects of the altered liver proteins can be studied using invasive procedures. The addition of in vitro studies to the experimental design allows rapid repetition and mechanistic analysis at a cellular level. Thus, we will demonstrate our model protocol and how it can be utilized to study in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DIH.

We describe an in vivo immunization, translational hepatitis model in BALB/c mice that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis including sex differences seen in this disease. We will describe how this model demonstrates reproducible analyses using in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques.

병원성 메커니즘 연구를위한 BALB / c 마우스에서 약물 유도,자가 면역 간염의 유도

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with embedded pericytes, and the glia limitans composed by the parenchymal basement membrane and astrocytic end-feed embracing the abluminal aspect of central nervous system (CNS) microvessels. In addition to maintaining CNS homeostasis the NVU controls immune cell trafficking into the CNS. During immunosurveillance of the CNS low numbers of activated lymphocytes can cross the endothelial barrier without causing BBB dysfunction or clinical disease. In contrast, during neuroinflammation such as in multiple sclerosis or its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) a large number of immune cells can cross the BBB and subsequently the glia limitans eventually reaching the CNS parenchyma leading to clinical disease. 
Immune cell migration into the CNS parenchyma is thus a two-step process that involves a sequential migration across the endothelial and glial barrier of the NVU employing distinct molecular mechanisms. If following their passage across the endothelial barrier, T cells encounter their cognate antigen on perivascular antigen-presenting cells their local reactivation will initiate subsequent mechanisms leading to the focal activation of gelatinases, which will enable the T cells to cross the glial barrier and enter the CNS parenchyma. Thus, assessing both, BBB permeability and MMP activity in spatial correlation to immune cell accumulation in the CNS during EAE allows to specify loss of integrity of the endothelial and glial barriers of the NVU. 
We here show how to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice by active immunization and how to subsequently analyze BBB permeability in vivo using a combination of exogenous fluorescent tracers. We further show, how to visualize and localize gelatinase activity in EAE brains by in situ zymogaphy coupled to immunofluorescent stainings of BBB basement membranes and CD45+ invading immune cells.

Here, we present protocols to investigate impairment of the neurovascular unit during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. We specifically address how to determine blood-brain barrier permeability and gelatinase activity involved in leukocyte migration across the glia limitans.&#160;

Vivo에서 실험적인 자기 면역 뇌 중 Neurovascular 단위의 내 피와 폐해 장벽의 장애 시각화

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

실험적인 자가면역 뇌척수염 중 중추신경계에서 림프구 침투의 흐름 세포 분석

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) is driven by immune cells responding to self-antigens. Many features of this non-infectious, intraocular inflammatory disease model recapitulate the clinical phenotype of posterior uveitis affecting humans. EAU has been used reliably to study the efficacy of novel inflammatory therapeutics, their mode of action and to further investigate the mechanisms that underpin disease progression of intraocular disorders. Here, we provide a detailed protocol on EAU induction in the C57BL/6J mouse - the most widely used model organism with susceptibility to this disease. Clinical assessment of disease severity and progression will be demonstrated using fundoscopy, histological examination and fluorescein angiography. The induction procedure involves subcutaneous&#160;injection of an emulsion containing a peptide (IRBP1-20) from the ocular protein interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (also known as retinol binding protein 3), Complete Freund&#39;s Adjuvant (CFA) and supplemented with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Injection of this viscous emulsion on the back of the neck is followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of Bordetella pertussis toxin. At the onset of symptoms (day 12-14) and under general anesthesia, fundoscopic images are taken to assess disease progression through clinical examination. These data can be directly compared with those at later timepoints and peak disease (day 20-22) with differences analyzed. At the same time, this protocol allows the investigator to assess potential differences in vessel permeability and damage using fluorescein angiography. EAU can be induced in other mouse strains - both wildtype or genetically modified - and combined with novel therapies offering flexibility for studying drug efficacy and/or disease mechanisms.

In this report we present a protocol that allows the investigator to generate a mouse model of intraocular uveitis. More commonly referred to as experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), this established model captures many aspects of human disease. Herein, we will describe how to induce and monitor disease progression using several readouts.

실험 면역 Hypophysitis의 유도를위한 마우스 뇌하수체 Immunogen의 준비

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