研究室のメンバーの有益な議論とサポートに感謝します。乳がん幹細胞と腫瘍微小環境に関する私たちの研究は、カナダがん研究協会研究所および米国陸軍国防総省乳がんプログラム(Grant # BC160912)からの助成金によって資金提供されています。V.B.はウエスタン・ポスドク・フェローシップ(ウエスタン大学)の支援を受けており、A.L.A.とV.B.はどちらもカナダ乳がん協会の支援を受けています。CLは、カナダ政府からのバニエカナダ大学院奨学金によってサポートされています。

著者は開示するものは何もありません。

乳がんの転移と治療に対する抵抗性は、世界中の女性の死亡の主な原因となっています。乳がん幹細胞(BCSC)の亜集団の存在は、転移の増強に寄与する26、43、44、45、46および治療抵抗性21、47、48に寄与する。<sup class="xre...

ヒト乳がん幹細胞(BCSC)の細胞的および分子的メカニズムを理解することは、乳がん治療で直面する課題に取り組むために重要です。BCSCの概念の出現は21世紀初頭にさかのぼり、CD44 + CD24-/低乳がん細胞の小さな集団がマウスで不均一な腫瘍を生成できることが判明しました1,2。その後、アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼの酵素活性が高い(ALDHhigh)ヒト乳がん細胞も同様の幹細胞様特性を示すことが観察されました3。これらのBCSCは、自己複製および分化が可能な細胞の小さな集団を表し、バルク腫瘍の不均一な性質に寄与する1、2、3。進化的に保存されたシグナル伝達経路の変化がBCSCの生存と維持を促進することを示唆する証拠の蓄積4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 .さらに、細胞外因性微小環境は、異なるBCSC機能を指示する上で極めて重要な役割を果たすことが示されている15、16、17。これらの分子経路とBCSC機能を調節する外的要因は、乳がんの再発、転移18、および治療に対する耐性の発達に寄与しており19,20,21、治療後のBCSCの残存存在は、乳がん患者の全生存に大きな課題をもたらします22,23。.したがって、これらの因子の前臨床評価は、乳がん患者のより良い治療結果と全生存期間の改善を達成するために有益である可能性のあるBCSC標的療法を特定するために非常に重要です。
いくつかのインビトロヒト乳癌細胞株モデルおよびインビボヒト異種移植片モデルが、BCSCを特徴付けるために使用されています24、25、26、27、28、29。連続継代のたびに細胞株が継続的に再増殖する能力により、これらはオミクスベースおよび薬理ゲノム研究を実施するための理想的なモデルシステムになります。しかし、細胞株は、患者サンプルで観察された不均一性を再現できないことがよくあります。したがって、細胞株データを患者由来のサンプルで補完することが重要です。BCSCを最も純粋な形で単離することは、BCSCの詳細な特性評価を可能にするために重要です。 この純度を達成することは、BCSCに特異的な表現型マーカーの選択に依存します。 現在、ALDH高CD44 + CD24-細胞表現型は、最大純度の蛍光活性化細胞選別(FACS)を使用して、バルク乳がん細胞集団からヒトBCSCを区別および分離するために最も一般的に使用されています1、3,26。さらに、自己複製、増殖、分化などの単離されたBCSCの特性は、in vitroおよびin vivo技術を使用して評価できます。
例えば、インビトロコロニー形成アッセイは、異なる処理条件30の存在下で50個以上のコロニーを形成するために単一細胞が自己複製する能力を評価するために使用することができる。マンモスフェアアッセイは、足場非依存条件下での乳がん細胞の自己複製の可能性を評価するためにも使用できます。このアッセイは、無血清非接着培養条件における各連続継代において、単一細胞がスフェア(BCSCと非BCSCの混合物)として生成および増殖する能力を測定する31。さらに、3次元(3D)培養モデルを使用して、 in vivo 微小環境を厳密に再現し、潜在的なBCSC標的療法の活性の調査を可能にする細胞-細胞間および細胞-マトリックス相互作用を含むBCSC機能を評価できます32。in vitroモデルの多様なアプリケーションにもかかわらず、in vitroアッセイのみを使用して in vivo 条件の複雑さをモデル化することは困難です。この課題は、マウス異種移植片モデルを使用して in vivoでのBCSC挙動を評価することで克服できます。特に、このようなモデルは、乳癌転移33を評価し、疾患進行中の微小環境との相互作用を調査し34、 in vivo イメージング35、および抗腫瘍剤34の患者特異的毒性および有効性を予測するための理想的なシステムとして役立つ。
このプロトコルは、不均一な乳がん細胞のバルク集団から最大純度でヒトALDH高CD44 + CD24-BCSCを単離するための詳細な説明を提供します。また、3つのin vitro技術(コロニー形成アッセイ、マンモスフェアアッセイ、および3D培養モデル)と、BCSCのさまざまな機能を評価するために使用できるin vivo腫瘍異種移植アッセイの詳細な説明も提供します。これらの方法は、BCSC生物学の理解および/または新規BCSC標的療法の調査を目的として、ヒト乳がん細胞株または初代患者由来の乳がん細胞および腫瘍組織からのBCSCの単離および特性評価に関心のある研究者による使用に適しています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>7-Aminoactinomycin D (7AAD)</td><td>BD</td><td>51-68981E</td><td>suggested: 0.25 &amp;micro;g/1x10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; cells</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A18-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) substrate</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>1700</td><td>Sold commerically as part of the ALDEFLOUR Assay kit; follow manufacturer&#039;s instructions for ALDH substrate preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Basement membrane extract (BME)</td><td>Corning</td><td>354234</td><td>Sold under the commercial name Matrigel</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates: 6 well</td><td>Corning</td><td>877218</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates: 60mm</td><td>Corning</td><td>353002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates: 96-well ultra low attachment</td><td>Corning</td><td>3474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell strainer: 40 micron</td><td>BD</td><td>352340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>7001</td><td>Prepare 1:30 dilution of 3 mg/mL collagen in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>11088807001</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>Conical tubes: 50 mL</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>05-539-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crystal violet</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C6158</td><td>Use 0.05% crystal violet solution in water for staining</td></tr><tr><td>Dispase</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>7913</td><td>5U/mL</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM:F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11330-032</td><td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td></tr><tr><td>DNAse</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D5052</td><td>0.1 mg/mL final concentration</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Avantor Seradigm Lifescience</td><td>97068-085</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Flow tubes: 5ml</td><td>BD</td><td>352063</td><td>Polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>84124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mouse anti-Human CD24 antibody</td><td>BD</td><td>561646</td><td>R-phycoerythrin and Cyanine dye conjugated Clone: ML5</td></tr><tr><td>mouse anti-Human CD44 antibody</td><td>BD</td><td>555479</td><td>R-phycoerythrin conjugated, Clone: G44-26</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB)</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>1700</td><td>Sold commerically as part of the ALDEFLOUR Assay kit; follow manufacturer&#039;s instructions DEAB preparation</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Wisent Inc</td><td>311-425-CL</td><td>1x, Without calcium and magnesium</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25200-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Mammosphere Media Composition&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17504-44</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>bFGF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F2006</td><td>10 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>ALB003</td><td>04%</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM:F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11330-032</td><td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td></tr><tr><td>EGF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E9644</td><td>20 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Insulin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>16634</td><td>5 &amp;micro;g/mL</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;3D Organoid Media Composition&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A8301</td><td>Tocris</td><td>2939</td><td>500 nM</td></tr><tr><td>B27</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17504-44</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM:F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11330-032</td><td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td></tr><tr><td>EGF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E9644</td><td>5 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>FGF10</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-26</td><td>20 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>FGF7</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-19</td><td>5 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMax</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>35050-061</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15630-080</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>N-acetylcysteine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A9165</td><td>1.25 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Neuregulin &amp;beta;1</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-03</td><td>5 nM</td></tr><tr><td>Nicotinamide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>N0636</td><td>5 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Noggin</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>120-10C</td><td>100 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>R-spondin3</td><td>R&amp;amp;D</td><td>3500</td><td>250 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>SB202190</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7067</td><td>500 nM</td></tr><tr><td>Y-27632</td><td>Tocris</td><td>1254</td><td>5 &amp;micro;M</td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and functional assessment of human breast cancer stem cells from cell and tissue samples

乳がん幹細胞(BCSC)は、遺伝性または後天性の幹細胞のような特徴を持つがん細胞です。頻度が低いにもかかわらず、乳がんの開始、再発、転移、治療抵抗性の主な原因です。乳がんを治療するための新しい治療標的を特定するためには、乳がん幹細胞の生物学を理解することが不可欠です。乳がん幹細胞は、CD44、CD24などのユニークな細胞表面マーカーの発現およびアルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ(ALDH)の酵素活性に基づいて単離および特徴付けられます。これらのALDH高CD44+CD24- 細胞はBCSC集団を構成し、下流の機能研究のために蛍光活性化セルソーティング(FACS)によって単離することができます。科学的問題に応じて、異なるインビ トロ および インビボ の方法を使用して、BCSCの機能的特性を評価することができます。ここでは、乳がん細胞の不均一な集団と乳がん患者から得られた原発腫瘍組織の両方からヒトBCSCを単離するための詳細な実験プロトコルを提供します。さらに、BCSC機能の評価に使用できるコロニー形成アッセイ、マンモスフェアアッセイ、3D培養モデル、腫瘍異種移植アッセイなど、下流のin vitro および in vivo 機能アッセイを強調しています。

記載されたプロトコルは、細胞株または解離した腫瘍組織のいずれかからの乳癌細胞の不均一な集団からのヒトBCSCの単離を可能にする。特定の細胞株または組織サンプルについて、汚染された非BCSC集団が変動する可能性があるため、BCSCを最大純度で単離するための均一な単一細胞懸濁液を生成することが重要です。 厳格な選別戦略を適用すると、汚染された非BCSCの存在が最小限に抑えら?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples at JoVE.com

Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

この実験プロトコルでは、乳がん細胞および組織サンプルからのBCSCの単離、ならびにBCSCの表現型と機能を評価するために使用できるin vitro および in vivo アッセイについて説明します。

細胞および組織サンプルからのヒト乳がん幹細胞の単離と機能評価

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are cancer cells with inherited or acquired stem cell-like characteristics. Despite their low frequency, they are major ...

isolation-functional-assessment-human-breast-cancer-stem-cells-from

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

4.4K ビュー.  London Regional Cancer Program. この実験プロトコルでは、乳がん細胞および組織サンプルからのBCSCの単離、ならびにBCSCの表現型と機能を評価するために使用できるin vitro および in vivo アッセイについて説明します。

ビデオ: Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma

The current improvements in therapy against osteosarcoma (OS) have prolonged the lives of cancer patients, but the survival rate of five years remains poor when metastasis has occurred. The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) theory holds that there is a subset of tumor cells within the tumor that have stem-like characteristics, including the capacity to maintain the tumor and to resist multidrug chemotherapy. Therefore, a better understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis is needed in order to advance the development of targeted therapies to eradicate this particular subset and to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients. Isolating CSCs, establishing cell cultures of CSCs, and studying their biology are important steps to improving our understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis. The establishment of human-derived OS-CSCs from biopsies of OS has been made possible using several methods, including the capacity to create 3-dimensional stem cell cultures under nonadherent conditions. Under these conditions, CSCs are able to create spherical floating colonies formed by daughter stem cells; these colonies are termed &#34;cellular spheres&#34;. Here, we describe a method to establish CSC cultures from primary cell cultures of conventional OS obtained from OS biopsies. We clearly describe the several passages required to isolate and characterize CSCs.

The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in bone sarcomas has recently been linked to their pathogenesis. In this article, we present the isolation of CSCs from primary cell cultures obtained from human biopsies of conventional osteosarcoma (OS) using the ability of CSCs to grow under nonadherent conditions.

がんの確立は、ヒト従来の骨肉腫からの幹細胞培養物

The current improvements in therapy against osteosarcoma (OS) have prolonged the lives of cancer patients, but the survival rate of five years remains ...

がん研究

Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NF&#954;B Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an anti-inflammatory drug to standard cancer regiments may improve patient outcome. One such drug, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA), has been explored for cancer chemoprevention and anti-tumor activity. Besides inhibiting the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin axis, ASA&#39;s anti-cancer activities have also been attributed to nuclear factor &#312;B (NF&#312;B) inhibition. Because prolonged ASA use may cause gastrointestinal toxicity, a prodrug strategy has been implemented successfully. In this prodrug design the carboxylic acid of ASA is masked and additional pharmacophores are incorporated.
This protocol describes how we synthesized an aspirin-fumarate prodrug, GTCpFE, and characterized its inhibition of the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cells and attenuation of the cancer stem-like properties, an important NF&#312;B-dependent phenotype. GTCpFE effectively inhibits the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cell lines whereas ASA lacks any inhibitory activity, indicating that adding fumarate to ASA structure significantly contributes to its activity. In addition, GTCpFE shows significant anti-cancer stem cell activity by blocking mammosphere formation and attenuating the cancer stem cell associated CD44+CD24- immunophenotype. These results establish a viable strategy to develop improved anti-inflammatory drugs for chemoprevention and cancer therapy.

This procedure will demonstrate how we synthesized and characterized the anti-NF&#954;B and anti-cancer stem cell activity of an aspirin-fumarate prodrug.

NFκB活性および乳癌幹細胞を阻害するアスピリン、フマル酸プロドラッグの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an ...

Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor with stem cell properties, termed brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), possess an ability to differentiate along multiple lineages, self-renew, and initiate tumors in vivo. We applied culture conditions originally used for normal neural stem cells (NSCs) to a variety of human brain tumors and found that this culture method specifically selects for stem-like populations. Serum-free medium (NSC) allows for the maintenance of an undifferentiated stem cell state, and the addition of bFGF and EGF allows for the proliferation of multi-potent, self-renewing, and expandable tumorspheres.
To further characterize each tumor's BTIC population, we evaluate cell surface markers by flow cytometry. We may also sort populations of interest for more specific characterization. Self-renewal assays are performed on single BTICs sorted into 96 well plates; the formation of tumorspheres following incubation at 37 &deg;C indicates the presence of a stem or progenitor cell. Multiple cell numbers of a particular population can also be sorted in different wells for limiting dilution analysis, to analyze self-renewal capacity. We can also study differential gene expression within a particular cell population by using single cell RT-PCR.
The following protocols describe our procedures for the dissociation and culturing of primary human samples to enrich for BTIC populations, as well as the dissociation of tumorspheres. Also included are protocols for staining for flow cytometry analysis or sorting, self-renewal assays, and single cell RT-PCR.

The identification of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), the rare cells within a heterogeneous tumor possessing stem cell properties, provides new insights into human brain tumor pathogenesis. We have refined specific culture conditions to enrich for BTICs, and we routinely use flow cytometry to further enrich these populations. Self-renewal assays and transcript analysis by single cell RT-PCR can subsequently be performed on these isolated cells.

ソート幹細胞アッセイおよびフローの原発性脳腫瘍組織の処理

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction ...

医学

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and recurrent disease. This population can be identified by surface markers, enzymatic activity and a functional profile. These approaches per se are limited, due to phenotypic heterogeneity and CSC plasticity. Here, we update the sphere-forming protocol to obtain CSC spheres from breast and gynecological cancers, assessing functional properties, CSC markers and protein expression. The spheres are obtained with single-cell seeding at low density in suspension culture, using a semi-solid methylcellulose medium to avoid migration and aggregates. This profitable protocol can be used in cancer cell lines but also in primary tumors. The tridimensional non-adherent suspension culture thought to mimic the tumor microenvironment, particularly the CSC-niche, is supplemented with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor to ensure CSC signaling. Aiming for robust identification of CSC, we propose a complementary approach, combining functional and phenotypic evaluation. Sphere-forming capacity, self-renewal and sphere projection area establish CSC functional properties. Additionally, characterization comprises flow cytometry evaluation of the markers, represented by CD44+/CD24- and CD133, and Western blot, considering ALDH. The presented protocol was also optimized for primary tumor samples, following a sample digestion procedure, useful for translational research.

The aim of this methodology is to identify cancer stem cells (CSC) in cancer cell lines and primary human tumor samples with the sphere-forming protocol, in a robust manner, using functional assays and phenotypic characterization with flow cytometry and Western blot.

婦人科腫瘍および乳がん腫瘍から癌幹細胞球体を取得する

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and ...

Isolation of Stem-like Cells from 3-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident stem cells are relatively quiescent with niche restraints in adult tissues, they enter the cell cycle in anchor-free three-dimensional (3D) culture and undergo both symmetric and asymmetric cell division, giving rise to both stem and progenitor cells. The latter proliferate rapidly and are the major cell population at various stages of lineage commitment, forming heterogeneous spheroids. Using primary normal human prostate epithelial cells (HPrEC), a spheroid-based, label-retention assay was developed that permits the identification and functional isolation of the spheroid-initiating stem cells at a single cell resolution.
HPrEC or cell lines are two-dimensionally (2D) cultured with BrdU for 10 days to permit its incorporation into the DNA of all dividing cells, including self-renewing stem cells. Wash out commences upon transfer to the 3D culture for 5 days, during which stem cells self-renew through asymmetric division and initiate spheroid formation. While relatively quiescent daughter stem cells retain BrdU-labeled parental DNA, the daughter progenitors rapidly proliferate, losing the BrdU label. BrdU can be substituted with CFSE or Far Red pro-dyes, which permit live stem cell isolation by FACS. Stem cell characteristics are confirmed by in vitro spheroid formation, in vivo tissue regeneration assays, and by documenting their symmetric/asymmetric cell divisions. The isolated label-retaining stem cells can be rigorously interrogated by downstream molecular and biologic studies, including RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, single cell capture, metabolic activity, proteome profiling, immunocytochemistry, organoid formation, and in vivo tissue regeneration. Importantly, this marker-free functional stem cell isolation approach identifies stem-like cells from fresh cancer specimens and cancer cell lines from multiple organs, suggesting wide applicability. It can be used to identify cancer stem-like cell biomarkers, screen pharmaceuticals targeting cancer stem-like cells, and discover novel therapeutic targets in cancers.

Using human primary prostate epithelial cells, we report a novel biomarker-free method of functional characterization of stem-like cells by a spheroid-based label-retention assay. A step-by-step protocol is described for BrdU, CFSE, or Far Red 2D cell labeling; three-dimensional spheroid formation; label-retaining stem-like cell identification by immunocytochemistry; and isolation by FACS.

3次元スフェロイド培養からの幹様細胞の分離

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

CD133の患者由来の細胞培養および分離<sup&gt; +</supメラノーマから&gt;推定されるがん幹細胞

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

ヒト前立腺癌サンプルからがん幹細胞の単離

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem cells&#8221; (CSCs) responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and relapse following conventional chemotherapies. Identification of ovarian CSCs is therefore an important goal. A commonly used method to assess CSC potential in vitro is the spheres assay in which cells are plated under non-adherent culture conditions in serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors and sphere formation is scored after a few days. Here, we review currently available protocols for human ovarian cancer spheres assays and perform a side-by-side analysis between commonly used multi cell-based assays and a more accurate system based on single cell plating. Our results indicate that both multi cell-based as well as single cell-based spheres assays can be used to investigate sphere formation in vitro. The more laborious and expensive single cell-based assays are more suitable for functional assessment of individual cells and lead to overall more accurate results while multi cell-based assays can be strongly influenced by the density of plated cells and require titration experiments upfront. Methylcellulose supplementation to multi cell-based assays can be effectively used to reduce mechanical artifacts.

In vitro spheres assays are commonly used to identify cancer stem cells. Here we compare single with multi cell-based spheres assays. The more laborious single cell-based assays or methylcellulose supplementation give more accurate results while multi cell-based assays performed in liquid medium can be highly influenced by cell density.

マルチとシングルセルベース球アッセイを用いてヒト卵巣癌細胞における幹細胞特性の評価

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem ...

Isolation of Stem Cells from Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and produce differentiated progeny1. These properties allow CSCs to recapitulate the original tumor when injected into immunocompromised mice. CSCs within an epithelial malignancy were first described in breast cancer and found to display specific cell surface antigen expression (CD44+CD24low/-)2. Since then, CSCs have been identified in an increasing number of other human malignancies using CD44 and CD24 as well as a number of other surface antigens. Physiologic properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, have also been used to isolate CSCs from malignant tissues3-5.
Recently, we and others identified CSCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on
ALDH activity and the expression of the cell surface antigens CD44 and CD24, and CD1336-8. These highly tumorigenic populations may or may not be overlapping and display other functions. We found that ALDH+ and CD44+CD24+ pancreatic CSCs are similarly tumorigenic, but ALDH+ cells are relatively more invasive8. In this protocol we describe a method to isolate viable pancreatic CSCs from low-passage human
xenografts9. Xenografted tumors are harvested from mice and made into a single-cell suspension. Tissue debris and dead cells are separated from live cells and then stained using antibodies against CD44 and CD24 and using the ALDEFLUOR reagent,
a fluorescent substrate of ALDH10. CSCs are then isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated CSCs can then be used for analytical or functional assays requiring viable cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a number of malignancies. In this protocol we describe a flow cytometric method utilizing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 and CD24 expression to isolate CSCs from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. These viable cells can then be used in functional and analytical studies.

ヒト膵臓癌異種移植片由来の幹細胞の分離

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal ...

生物学

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

ヒト乳癌組織および細胞株からマンモスフェア形成アッセイ

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...