著者は、昇進の科学科研費補助金 JP16K11200 ・ 17 H 02223、会と金沢医科大学 S2016 8 C2017 3 研究グラントによって支えられました。写真を撮るに彼のサポートを Yuhichi クダを感謝いたします。

すべてのプロシージャは、日本生理学会の動物ケア委員会の金沢医科大学の承認の原則に従って行われます。
1. ガラスの Optrode ホルダーの建設
注: ガラス optrode ホルダーを構築する商業電極ホルダーは使用 (図 1 a)。
<ol><li>ホルダーのバレルから圧力制御用鋼管を優しく引き出します。</li>
	<li>ドリル、ホルダーのバレルのピン シート側の穴を広げます。深さ 3 mm 直径 12 mm の穴を作る。</li>
	<li>(直径 3 mm、厚さ 0.5 mm、長さ 8 mm のステンレス製パイプを入れてください。図 1A2) 穴の中。</li>
	<li>セラミックの穴に合うスリーブ ⌀2.5 mm フェルール (図 1 a1) を分割を挿入します。</li>
	<li>エポキシ接着剤で L 字の留めに電極ホルダーのバレルを固定します。</li>
	<li>これをネジを有するマニピュレーターに添付して、留めの穴 (直径 3 mm) を作る。</li>
</ol>2. 頭ポスト インストール
<ol><li>回路基板スペーサー製特注ヘッド ポストを準備します。フライス カッター立方形に柱状の回路基板のスペーサーを作るし、2 頭の記事に (図 1 b) のこぎりで切ってください。フライス カッター ヘッドの記事の下部を平らにします。</li>
	<li>研究のための特定のニューロン タイプで光に敏感なオプシンを表現する遺伝子組換え動物を準備します。この作品は、抑制性ニューロンがチャネルロドプシン 2 (ChR2)11を表現するトランスジェニック マウス (ChR2 vgat ノックアウト マウス) が使用されます。</li>
	<li>腹腔内投与によって 0.3 mg/kg のメデトミジン、ミダゾラム、4.0 mg/kg とブトルファノールの 5.0 mg/kg の混合物を持つ動物を麻酔します。動物に麻酔が完全にかかることを確認、摘心を末尾にその反応をテストします。</li>
	<li>脳定位固定装置フレーム加熱パッドの上にマウスを配置します。きれいな脳定位固定フレームと加熱パッド 70% アルコールで事前にします。一口バーの穴に歯を置き、軽く鼻クランプを締めます。耳バーを使用して頭の両側を修正します。頭は、耳バーで固定されて正しく、鼻クランプを締めます。眼軟膏を目に適用されます。</li>
	<li>小さなハサミで頭の皮膚を剃るし、グルコン酸クロルヘキシジンの綿棒を使って頭皮をきれい。手術前に手術器具と頭のオートクレーブ (121 ° C、15 分) にポストすべての殺菌をします。</li>
	<li>正中線に沿って頭皮をハサミで切って、脇に押し込みます。目 (約 20 mm) に頭の後ろから切開を行います。70% アルコールに浸した綿棒で骨膜を削除し、頭蓋骨を乾燥します。</li>
	<li>マニピュレーターに頭ポストを取り付けます。マニピュレーターを使用して前の周りの頭蓋骨の上に平ら頭のポストを配置します。</li>
	<li>モノマー (4 滴)、触媒 (1 滴)、事前に冷蔵庫で冷やして、小さな皿に歯科用セメントのポリマー (小サジ 1 杯) を混ぜます。前頭葉と頭蓋骨にヘッドの記事を修正する頭蓋骨の頭頂骨 (1 g) の下の歯科用セメントを置きます。</li>
	<li>歯科用セメントは、ハードになると、脳定位固定装置のフレームから、マウスを削除します。露出した皮膚に抗生物質軟膏を置きます。メデトミジン拮抗薬 (0.3 mg/kg) と抗生物質 (オキシテトラサイクリン; 20 の mg/kg) を挿入します。配置およびそれが目を覚ますまでケージの熱パッドの上でマウスを監視し、住宅ケージに戻る。</li>
	<li>いくつかの濃縮デバイスの個々 の住宅檻の中の動物の家。動物紙毎日ケージをきれいに保ち、感染を防ぐために寝具を変更します。動物は、不快感の兆候を示して かどうかを注意深く監視します。のどの痛みが疑われる場合は、リドカイン、傷に適用されます。管理メロキシカムとカルプロフェン一度 48 h 両方頭ポスト インストールと開頭手術後のすべての 24 h。NSAID が適切でない場合、リドカインをさらに与えることができます。
</li>
</ol>3. 馴化
<ol><li>(最小) の 2 日後、麻酔からの回復は、録音室で頭固定状態に動物を順応させます。少なくとも 5 日間馴化セッションを実行します。</li>
	<li>順化セッション中に特注クランプに固定ヘッドのポスト記録室に動物を配置します。運動を制限するために、セッション中に 3 D プリンターを使用して製のカバー オーダーメイド ガレージの半分管 (図 1) が付いているボディ。 注: 1 日に順化セッションは 5 分長いをする必要があります。それは、毎日増加した 10、20、40、60 分に日間、2、3、4、および 5、それぞれ。</li>
	<li>各セッションの終わりに、動物食糧報酬を与えます。動物の闘争、順化中も常に、セッションを停止します。</li>
</ol>4. 開
注: 順化後に開頭術は録音のための脳の領域で行われます。頭でポスト インストールとして、麻酔下で脳定位固定装置のフレームで、開頭術を行います。頭ポスト インストール後の操作手順は同じです。
<ol><li>開頭手術前にクロルヘキシジン ・ グルコン酸と 70% アルコールと綿棒で頭蓋骨をきれいに。</li>
	<li>慎重に記録サイトに歯科用のドリルで頭蓋骨をこすり。骨が十分に薄くなったら、メスの先端でカット、それを取り外します。</li>
	<li>頭蓋骨を強化するために公開されている地域歯科用セメントを置きます。</li>
	<li>歯科用セメントは、ハードになった後は、シリコーン接着剤で露出した脳領域をカバーします。2.8 の手順で説明した手術後の手順です。</li>
</ol>5. 電気生理学的記録
<ol><li>電気生理学的記録を実行する前に開頭手術後少なくとも 1 日回復する動物を許可します。それはときに記録が開始順化セッション中に行われた同じ方法で録音室に動物を配置します。</li>
	<li>ガラス ピペット ホウケイ酸ガラス管を作る (外径 1.5 mm、ID を = = 0.9 mm、長さ 90.0 mm) 電極引き手を引いた。その先端径は 2-3 μ m と、彼ら 10 mM PBS で満ちているとき、彼らの抵抗は 4-6 MΩ。電極の長さは 40 – 50 mm です。いくつかの録音で 2 %neurobiotin は 10 mM PBS に追加されます。</li>
	<li>ガラス ピペットをカスタムメイド optrode ホルダーに取り付けます。</li>
	<li>ガラス ピペットに Ag Cl コーティング シルバー ワイヤ (直径 0.2 mm) を置きます。ピンを介して薄膜被覆電線に銀線を接続します。録音アンプのパッチアンプ用アダプターにピンを接続します。</li>
	<li>光ファイバー パッチコードを接続 (コア = 960 μ m クラッド = 1,000 μ m、NA = 0.63) ジルコニア フェルールと (OD = 2.5 mm) optrode ホルダーのスリーブを交配分割します。フェルールの先端ガラス ピペットの背面に接触するまで、袖にパッチ ケーブルを押し込みます。パッチ コード提供光 (波長 = 465 nm) LED から。LED の光は、シングル チャネル LED ドライバーによって制御されます。</li>
	<li>直上にシリコーン粘着剤を削除します。入れて温めた生理食塩水 (38 ° C) 脳表面の記録セッション中に乾燥を防ぐために定期的に脳の表面。必要な場合は、鋭いピンセットで硬膜を削除します。</li>
	<li>マニピュレーターと脳組織にガラス電極を挿入します。挿入されたときは、電極抵抗を監視します。抵抗は電極の先端が破損する場合がありますので予想以上に低い場合、電極を取り付けます。関心の深さで検索し、2 に 5 μ m のステップでの深さを調整することによって 1 つの単位のスパイクを分離します。</li>
	<li>単一のユニットを分離後、LED ライトを提供、光刺激への応答を観察します。</li>
	<li>細胞の種類の同定後神経活動を記録します。2-3 h の録音を実行します。記録を (最大 2 日間) の連続した日に行った場合は、シリコーン接着剤で開頭手術をカバーしてください。録音を終了すると、動物が犠牲になると、ヘッドの記事を取得し、アセトン洗浄し、再利用に入れてください。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rajasethupathy, P., Ferenczi, E., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+neural+circuits.">Targeting neural circuits.</a> Cell. 165 (3), 524-534 (2016).</li><li>Gore, F., Schwartz, E. C., Salzman, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manipulating+neural+activity+in+physiologically+classified+neurons:+triumphs+and+challenges.">Manipulating neural activity in physiologically classified neurons: triumphs and challenges.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 370 (1677), 20140216 (2015).</li><li>Ono, M., Bishop, D. C., Oliver, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identified+GABAergic+and+glutamatergic+neurons+in+the+mouse+inferior+colliculus+share+similar+response+properties.">Identified GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the mouse inferior colliculus share similar response properties.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 37 (37), 8952-8964 (2017).</li><li>Ono, M., Bishop, D. C., Oliver, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lasting+sound-evoked+afterdischarge+in+the+auditory+midbrain.">Long-lasting sound-evoked afterdischarge in the auditory midbrain.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 20757 (2016).</li><li>Munoz, W., Tremblay, R., Rudy, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Channelrhodopsin-assisted+patching:+in+vivo+recording+of+genetically+and+morphologically+identified+neurons+throughout+the+brain.">Channelrhodopsin-assisted patching: in vivo recording of genetically and morphologically identified neurons throughout the brain.</a> Cell Reports. 9 (6), 2304-2316 (2014).</li><li>Lima, S. Q., Hromadka, T., Znamenskiy, P., Zador, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PINP:+a+new+method+of+tagging+neuronal+populations+for+identification+during+in+vivo+electrophysiological+recording.">PINP: a new method of tagging neuronal populations for identification during in vivo electrophysiological recording.</a> PLoS One. 4 (7), e6099 (2009).</li><li>Kuwada, S., Batra, R., Stanford, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monaural+and+binaural+response+properties+of+neurons+in+the+inferior+colliculus+of+the+rabbit:+effects+of+sodium+pentobarbital.">Monaural and binaural response properties of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the rabbit: effects of sodium pentobarbital.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 61 (2), 269-282 (1989).</li><li>Populin, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anesthetics+change+the+excitation/inhibition+balance+that+governs+sensory+processing+in+the+cat+superior+colliculus.">Anesthetics change the excitation/inhibition balance that governs sensory processing in the cat superior colliculus.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (25), 5903-5914 (2005).</li><li>Duque, D., Malmierca, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-specific+adaptation+in+the+inferior+colliculus+of+the+mouse:+anesthesia+and+spontaneous+activity+effects.">Stimulus-specific adaptation in the inferior colliculus of the mouse: anesthesia and spontaneous activity effects.</a> Brain Structure and Function. 220 (6), 3385-3398 (2015).</li><li>Cai, R., Richardson, B. D., Caspary, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+to+predictable+versus+random+temporally+complex+stimuli+from+single+units+in+auditory+thalamus:+impact+of+aging+and+anesthesia.">Responses to predictable versus random temporally complex stimuli from single units in auditory thalamus: impact of aging and anesthesia.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (41), 10696-10706 (2016).</li><li>Zhao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+type-specific+channelrhodopsin-2+transgenic+mice+for+optogenetic+dissection+of+neural+circuitry+function.">Cell type-specific channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice for optogenetic dissection of neural circuitry function.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (9), 745-752 (2011).</li><li>Ito, T., Bishop, D. C., Oliver, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+classes+of+GABAergic+neurons+in+the+inferior+colliculus.">Two classes of GABAergic neurons in the inferior colliculus.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (44), 13860-13869 (2009).</li><li>Ono, M., Yanagawa, Y., Koyano, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAergic+neurons+in+inferior+colliculus+of+the+GAD67-GFP+knock-in+mouse:+electrophysiological+and+morphological+properties.">GABAergic neurons in inferior colliculus of the GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse: electrophysiological and morphological properties.</a> Neuroscience Research. 51 (4), 475-492 (2005).</li><li>Chen, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neural+activity+using+Thy1-GCaMP+transgenic+mice.">Imaging neural activity using Thy1-GCaMP transgenic mice.</a> Neuron. 76 (2), 297-308 (2012).</li><li>Hirai, Y., Nishino, E., Ohmori, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+recording+of+fluorescence+and+electrical+signals+by+photometric+patch+electrode+in+deep+brain+regions+in+vivo.">Simultaneous recording of fluorescence and electrical signals by photometric patch electrode in deep brain regions in vivo.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 113 (10), 3930-3942 (2015).</li><li>LeChasseur, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microprobe+for+parallel+optical+and+electrical+recordings+from+single+neurons+in+vivo.">A microprobe for parallel optical and electrical recordings from single neurons in vivo.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (4), 319-325 (2011).</li><li>Abaya, T. V., Blair, S., Tathireddy, P., Rieth, L., Solzbacher, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+3D+glass+optrode+array+for+optical+neural+stimulation.">A 3D glass optrode array for optical neural stimulation.</a> Biomedical Optics Express. 3 (12), 3087-3104 (2012).</li><li>Bittner, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjunctive+input+processing+drives+feature+selectivity+in+hippocampal+CA1+neurons.">Conjunctive input processing drives feature selectivity in hippocampal CA1 neurons.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 18 (8), 1133-1142 (2015).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

光遺伝学神経科学における強力なツールとなっています。それは、特定の神経活動を操作すると同様、特定のニューロン タイプ体内を識別するために利用されています。各種神経の神経活動の解明は、神経回路メカニズムの理解を促進します。ここでは、目を覚まし ChR2 vgat ノックアウト マウスの IC でガラス電極を介して記録サイトに光を配布する方法を示しました。
<p class="jove_...

中枢神経系のニューロンは、異なる機能を持つさまざまな種類で構成されます。神経回路内のニューロンのこれらの異なったタイプの仕組みは、神経科学における主要な関心事の一つです。しかし、脳の多くの地域で解除されたいくつかの例外を除いて電気スパイク信号自体に明確な違いはありませんので、電気活動の生体内での録音で神経の種類を区別すること。光遺伝学の最近の進歩は画期的な1,2にしました。神経細胞の特定の種類の光に敏感なオプシン (例えばチャネルロドプシン 2) を表現するトランスジェニック動物を使用して、効率的に体内録音3,の神経の種類を区別するために可能になった4,5,6。これらの動物で光に敏感なオプシンとニューロンの電気録音中に軽い刺激を与えることによって興奮しているが、他のニューロンはないです。オプシン陽性ニューロン、したがって、簡単に区別される他のニューロン タイプ光への応答。
光遺伝学実験、記録サイトへ光を提供しますが重要です。非侵襲的な方法として光はしばしば脳の表面から送られます。しかし、それは脳組織を通過、ライトの強度が低下するため、脳の表面から深い脳の領域を刺激するは難しいです。特に、目がさめている動物からの録音の場合は、しばしば、脳表面の光透過性が低く、脳深部の領域に到達する光線への刺激は困難です。電気生理学的実験はしばしば麻酔下の動物の体の動きの録音にノイズが発生するため行われています。よく説明されています、しかし、麻酔は神経応答7,8,9,10を変更する知られています。したがって、麻酔の人工効果なし神経反応を研究するために目がさめている動物を使用する必要があります。麻酔下の動物実験とは異なり、電気生理学的記録は目を覚まし動物による実験で手術からの回復後実行されます。手術と録音の間隔中に組織の滲出液はしばしば脳表面に溜まるし、低脳表面の光透過性になります。
ここでは、オーダーメイド ガラス optrode を使用して目を覚ましマウスから単体録音を記録する手法について述べる。この方法で光は確実に脳深部領域における光と記録されたニューロンを刺激できるように記録ガラス電極を介して配信されます。このカスタムメイドの optrode システムはアクセス可能で、安価な材料で構成されています、組み立てやすい。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Electrode holder</td><td>Molecular Device</td><td>1-HL-U</td><td>pipette holder for microelectrode amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic split mating sleeve</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ADAF1</td><td>f2.5 mm ferrule</td></tr><tr><td>Circuit board spacer</td><td>Teishin Denki</td><td>SPA-320</td><td>f8.0 mm, 20.0 mm long</td></tr><tr><td>Stereotaxic frame for mice</td><td>Narishige</td><td>SR-6M-HT</td><td>Stereotaxic instruments for mice</td></tr><tr><td>Manipulator</td><td>Narishige</td><td>NA</td><td>Manual manipulator</td></tr><tr><td>Superbond</td><td>Sun Medical</td><td>M: 204610557</td><td>Dental adhesive resin cement</td></tr><tr><td>Form2</td><td>Formlabs</td><td>NA</td><td>3D printer</td></tr><tr><td>Kwik-Sil</td><td>WPI</td><td>KWIK-SIL</td><td>Low toxicity silicone adhesive</td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td><td>Narishige</td><td>GD-1.5</td><td>OD 1.5 mm, ID 0.9 mm, 90.0 mm long</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-optic patch cord</td><td>Doric Lenses</td><td>MFP_960/1000/2200-0.63_1m_FCM-ZF2.5</td><td>Monofiberoptic patchcord, OD, 2.5 mm, core = 960 mm, cladding = 1000 mm, NA = 0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Connectrized LED</td><td>Doric Lenses</td><td>LEDC-1B_FC</td><td>Central wave length = 465 nm, output power = 45 mW (Core 960 mm 0.63 NA )</td></tr><tr><td>LED driver</td><td>Doric Lenses</td><td>LEDRV_1CH_1000</td><td>1 ch LED driver, maximum output = 1000 mA</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PB-7</td><td>Dual-stage glass micropipette puller</td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillary</td><td>Narishige</td><td>GD-1.5</td><td>Bolosilicate glass capillary, OD, 1.5mm, ID, 0.9 mm, 90.0 mm long</td></tr><tr><td>GENTACIN</td><td>MSD CO., Ltd</td><td>185711173</td><td>Antibiotic ointment</td></tr><tr><td>Terramycin&amp;reg;-LA</td><td>Zoetis</td><td>G 333</td><td>Oxytetracycline</td></tr><tr><td>Tg(Slc32a1- COP4*H134R/EYFP)8Gfng/J</td><td>Jackson Labs</td><td>#14548</td><td>VGAT-ChR2 mice</td></tr><tr><td>Multiclamp 700B</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>2500-0157</td><td>Microelectrode amplifier</td></tr></tbody></table>

optogenetics identification of a neuronal type with a glass optrode in awake mice

それはどのように異なる神経科学における主要な関心事は種類のニューロンは、神経回路の動作します。光遺伝学の最近の進歩は、広範な脳領域における生体内の電気生理学的実験で神経のタイプの id を有効にしています。光遺伝学実験、記録サイトへ光を提供しますが重要です。しかし、脳の表面から深い脳の領域に刺激ライトを提供するは難しいですよく。特に、目がさめている動物からの録音の場合は、しばしば、脳表面の光透過性が低く、脳深部の領域に到達する光線への刺激は困難です。ここでは、オーダーメイド ガラス optrode を使用して目を覚ましマウスから光にスパイク応答を記録する方法をについて説明します。この方法で光は確実に脳深部領域における光と記録されたニューロンを刺激できるように記録ガラス電極を介して配信されます。このカスタムメイドの optrode システムはアクセス可能で、安価な材料で構成されています、組み立てやすい。

図 2先端径の影響とガラス ピペット ピペット (図 2 a・B) の先端に光パワーでの長さを調べた。光のパワーは、先端から 1 mm を配置光パワーメータで測定しました。先端サイズを変えた、フルの長さを変化させた場合、先端サイズは 2.5 μ m に設定されている場合、全長は 50 ± 2 mm に設定されました。ガラス ピ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice at JoVE.com

Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

覚醒マウス ガラス Optrode を持つ神経型のオプトジェネティクス同定

この作品は、特注ガラス optrode を使用して目を覚ましマウスから確実に記録光単一ユニットを実行するメソッドを紹介します。

It is a major concern in neuroscience how different types of neurons work in neural circuits. Recent advances in optogenetics have enabled the ...

optogenetics-identification-neuronal-type-with-glass-optrode-awake

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

6.7K ビュー.  Kanazawa Medical University. この作品は、特注ガラス optrode を使用して目を覚ましマウスから確実に記録光単一ユニットを実行するメソッドを紹介します。

ビデオ: Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

Electrophysiological Characterization of GFP-Expressing Cell Populations in the Intact Retina

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack conspicuous morphological features or show a low population density. This applies particularly to retinal amacrine cells, an exceptionally multiform class of interneurons that comprise roughly 30 subtypes in mammals1. Though being a crucial part of the visual processing by shaping the retinal output2, most of these subtypes have not been studied up to now in a functional context because encountering these cells with a recording electrode is a rare event.
Recently, a multitude of transgenic mouse lines is available that express fluorescent markers like green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of promoters for membrane receptors or enzymes that are specific to only a subset of neurons in a given tissue3,4. These pre-labeled cells are therefore accessible to directed microelectrode targeting under microscopic control, permitting the systematic study of their physiological properties in situ. However, excitation of fluorescent markers is accompanied by the risk of phototoxicity for the living tissue. In the retina, this approach is additionally hampered by the problem that excitation light causes appropriate stimulation of the photoreceptors, thus inflicting photopigment bleaching and transferring the retinal circuits into a light-adapted condition. These drawbacks are overcome by using infrared excitation delivered by a mode-locked laser in short pulses of the femtosecond range. Two-photon excitation provides energy sufficient for fluorophore excitation and at the same time restricts the excitation to a small tissue volume minimizing the hazards of photodamage5. Also, it leaves the retina responsive to visual stimuli since infrared light (&gt;850 nm) is only poorly absorbed by photopigments6.
In this article we demonstrate the use of a transgenic mouse retina to attain electrophysiological in situ recordings from GFP-expressing cells that are visually targeted by two-photon excitation. The retina is prepared and maintained in darkness and can be subjected to optical stimuli which are projected through the condenser of the microscope (Figure 1). Patch-clamp recording of light responses can be combined with dye filling to reveal the morphology and to check for gap junction-mediated dye coupling to neighboring cells, so that the target cell can by studied on different experimental levels.

This article depicts the recording of individual cells from fluorescently tagged neuronal populations in the intact mouse retina. By using two-photon infrared excitation transgenetically labeled cells were targeted for patch-clamp recording to study their light responses, receptive field properties, and morphology.

無傷の網膜におけるGFP発現細胞集団の電気生理学的特性

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack ...

神経科学

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

Optogenetic methods have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range of species. Optogenetic tools of microbial origin consist of light-sensitive membrane proteins that are able to activate (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) or silence (e.g., halorhodopsin, NpHR) neural activity ingenetically-defined cell types over behaviorally-relevant timescales. We first demonstrate a simple approach for adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of ChR2 and NpHR transgenes to the dorsal subiculum and prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex in rat. Because ChR2 and NpHR are genetically targetable, we describe the use of this technology to control the electrical activity of specific populations of neurons (i.e., pyramidal neurons) embedded in heterogeneous tissue with high temporal precision. We describe herein the hardware, custom software user interface, and procedures that allow for simultaneous light delivery and electrical recording from transduced pyramidal neurons in an anesthetized in vivo preparation. These light-responsive tools provide the opportunity for identifying the causal contributions of different cell types to information processing and behavior.

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

The recent development of neuroscience tools that combine genetics and optics, termed "optogenetics", enables control over neural circuit activity with an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal resolution. Here we provide a protocol for integrating in vivo recording with optogenetic manipulation of genetically-defined subsets of prefrontal cortical and subicular pyramidal neurons.

個々の錐体細胞のハイフィデリティOptogenetic制御法<em&gt;インビボ</em

Optogenetic methods  have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity  underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range ...

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

The sensory forebrain is composed of intricately connected cell types, of which functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated. Understanding the interactions of these forebrain circuits has been aided recently by the development of optogenetic methods for light-mediated modulation of neuronal activity. Here, we describe a protocol for examining the functional organization of forebrain circuits&#160;in vitro using laser-scanning photostimulation of channelrhodopsin, expressed optogenetically via viral-mediated transfection. This approach also exploits the utility of cre-lox recombination in transgenic mice to target expression in specific neuronal cell types. Following transfection, neurons are physiologically recorded in slice preparations using whole-cell patch clamp to measure their evoked responses to laser-scanning photostimulation of channelrhodopsin expressing fibers. This approach enables an assessment of functional topography and synaptic properties. Morphological correlates can be obtained by imaging the neuroanatomical expression of channelrhodopsin expressing fibers using confocal microscopy of the live slice or post-fixed tissue. These methods enable functional investigations of forebrain circuits that expand upon more conventional approaches.

We describe a method for characterizing the functional topography and synaptic properties of forebrain circuits using an optogenetic approach to photostimulate neuronal populations&#160;in vitro.

The sensory forebrain is composed of intricately connected cell types, of which functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated. Understanding the ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of single neurons and region-specific transmitter release, up to whole neuronal circuitries in the central nervous system, and allows the direct measurement of behavioral outcomes. Neurons express optogenetic tools via an injection of viral vectors carrying the DNA of choice, such as Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). Light is brought into specific brain regions via chronic optical implants that terminate directly above the target region. After two weeks of recovery and proper tool-expression, mice can be repeatedly used for behavioral tests with optogenetic stimulation of the neurons of interest.
Optogenetic modulation has a high temporal and spatial resolution that can be accomplished with high cell specificity, compared to the commonly used methods such as chemical or electrical stimulation. The light does not harm neuronal tissue and can therefore be used for long-term experiments as well as for multiple behavioral experiments in one mouse. The possibilities of optogenetic tools are nearly unlimited and enable the activation or silencing of whole neurons, or even the manipulation of a specific receptor type by light.
The results of such behavioral experiments with integrated optogenetic stimulation directly visualizes changes in behavior caused by the manipulation. The behavior of the same animal without light stimulation as a baseline is a good control for induced changes. This allows a detailed overview of neuronal types or neurotransmitter systems involved in specific behaviors, such as anxiety. The plasticity of neuronal networks can also be investigated in great detail through long-term stimulation or behavioral observations after optical stimulation. Optogenetics will help to enlighten neuronal signaling in several kinds of neurological diseases.

With optogenetic manipulation of specific neuronal populations or brain regions, behavior can be modified with high temporal and spatial resolution in freely moving animals. By using different optogenetic tools in combination with chronically implanted optical fibers, a variety of neuronal modulations and behavioral testing can be performed.

自由に動くマウスの行動を調節する神経活動の光遺伝学的操作

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of ...

行動学

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution has been a long sought tool for neuroscientists in the systems-level search for the neural circuitry governing complex behavioral states. Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool that is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience and represents one of the first systematic approaches to enable causal testing regarding the relation between neural signaling events and behavior. By combining optical and genetic approaches, neural signaling can be bi-directionally controlled through expression of light-sensitive ion channels (opsins) in mammalian cells. The current protocol describes delivery of specific wavelengths of light to opsin-expressing cells in deep brain structures of awake, freely-moving rodents for neural circuit modulation. Theoretical principles of light transmission as an experimental consideration are discussed in the context of performing in vivo optogenetic stimulation. The protocol details the design and construction of both simple and complex laser configurations and describes tethering strategies to permit simultaneous stimulation of multiple animals for high-throughput behavioral testing.

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.

齧歯類の中枢神経系の生体光遺伝学的刺激

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues1. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique &#8211; termed &#8220;PINP&#8221;, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations &#8211; can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

へのガイド<em&gt;インビボ</emOptogenetically同定された皮質抑制性介在から&gt;シングル単位記録

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Direct Visualization of the Murine Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus for Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Pathway

Investigation into the use of virus-mediated gene transfer to arrest or reverse hearing loss has largely been relegated to the peripheral auditory system. Few studies have examined gene transfer to the central auditory system. The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of the brainstem, which contains second order neurons of the auditory pathway, is a potential site for gene transfer. In this protocol, a technique for direct and maximal exposure of the murine DCN via a posterior fossa approach is demonstrated. This approach allows for either acute or survival surgery. Following direct visualization of the DCN, a host of experiments are possible, including injection of opsins into the cochlear nucleus and subsequent stimulation by an optical fiber coupled to a blue light laser.&#160;Other neurophysiology experiments, such as electrical stimulation and neural injector tracings are also feasible.&#160;The level of visualization and the duration of stimulation achievable make this approach applicable to a wide range of experiments.

The goal of this protocol is to outline a surgical approach to provide direct access to the dorsal cochlear nucleus in a murine model.

聴覚路の光遺伝学的刺激のためのマウス背側蝸牛神経核の直接可視化

Investigation into the use of virus-mediated gene transfer to arrest or reverse hearing loss has largely been relegated to the peripheral auditory system. ...

Laser-guided Neuronal Tracing In Brain Explants

We present a technique which combines an in vitro tracer injection protocol, which uses a series of electrical and pressure pulses to increase dye uptake through electroporation in brain explants with targeted laser illumination and matching filter goggles during the procedure. The described technique of in vitro electroporation by itself yields relatively good visual control for targetting certain areas of the brain. By combining it with laser excitation of fluorescent genetic markers and their read-out through band-passing filter goggles, which can pick up the emissions of the genetically labeled cells/nuclei and the fluorescent tracing dye, a researcher can substantially increase the accuracy of injections by finding the area of interest and controlling for the dye-spread/uptake in the injection area much more efficiently. In addition, the laser illumination technique allows to study the functionality of a given neurocircuit by providing information about the type of neurons projecting to a certain area in cases where the GFP expression is linked to the type of transmitter expressed by a subpopulation of neurons.

We describe a technique to label neurons and their processes via anterograde or retrograde tracer injections into brain nuclei using an in vitro preparation. We modified an existing method of in vitro tracer electroporation by taking advantage of fluorescently labeled mouse mutants and basic optical equipment in order to increase labeling accuracy.

脳の外植片にレーザー誘導神経トレース

We present a technique which combines an in vitro tracer injection protocol, which uses a series of electrical and pressure pulses to increase dye uptake ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 (ChR2), is expressed by a virus vector in a particular type of neuronal cells in various Cre-driver mice. Activation of these opsins is triggered by application of light pulses which are delivered by laser or LED through optic cables, and the effect of activation is observed with very high time resolution. Experimenters are able to acutely stimulate neurons while monitoring behavior or another physiological outcome in mice. Optogenetics can enable useful strategies to evaluate function of neuronal circuits in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness states in mice. Here we describe a technique for examining the effect of optogenetic manipulation of neurons with a specific chemical identity during electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) monitoring to evaluate the sleep stage of mice. As an example, we describe manipulation of GABAergic neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Acute optogenetic excitation of these neurons triggers a rapid transition to wakefulness when applied during NREM sleep. Optogenetic manipulation along with EEG/EMG recording can be applied to decipher the neuronal circuits that regulate sleep/wakefulness states.

Here, we describe methods of optogenetic manipulation of particular types of neurons during monitoring of sleep/wakefulness states in mice, presenting our recent work on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as an example.

マウスにおける睡眠/覚醒状態のモニタリング中の神経回路の光遺伝学的操作

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 ...

Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective neural modulation or monitoring. As specific types of neuronal cells can be genetically modified to express opsin proteins, optogenetics enables optical stimulation or inhibition of the selected neurons. There have been several technological advances in the optical system for optogenetics. Recently, it was proposed to combine the optical waveguide for light delivery with electrophysiological recording to simultaneously monitor the neural responses to optogenetic stimulation or inhibition. In this study, an implantable optrode array (2x2 optical fibers) was developed with embedded multichannel electrodes. 
A light-emitting diode (LED) was employed as a light source, and a microfabricated microlens array was integrated to provide sufficient light power at the tip of the optical fibers. The optrode array system comprises the disposable part and the reusable part. The disposable part has optical fibers and electrodes, while the reusable part has the LED and electronic circuitry for light control and neural signal processing. The novel design of the implantable optrode array system is introduced in the accompanying video in addition to the procedure of the optrode implantation surgery, optogenetic light stimulation, and the electrophysiological neural recording. The results of in vivo experiments successfully showed time-locked neural spikes evoked by the light stimuli from hippocampal excitatory neurons of mice.

Here, we present the fabrication method of an optrode system with optical fibers for light delivery and an electrode array for neural recording. In vivo experiments with transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 show the feasibility of the system for simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recording.

同時光遺伝学的変調と電気的神経記録のためのオプトロードアレイ

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...

覚醒マウスガラス Optrode を持つ神経型のオプトジェネティクス同定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

無傷の網膜におけるGFP発現細胞集団の電気生理学的特性

個々の錐体細胞のハイフィデリティOptogenetic制御法

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

自由に動くマウスの行動を調節する神経活動の光遺伝学的操作

齧歯類の中枢神経系の生体光遺伝学的刺激

へのガイド

聴覚路の光遺伝学的刺激のためのマウス背側蝸牛神経核の直接可視化

脳の外植片にレーザー誘導神経トレース

マウスにおける睡眠/覚醒状態のモニタリング中の神経回路の光遺伝学的操作

同時光遺伝学的変調と電気的神経記録のためのオプトロードアレイ

覚醒マウス ガラス Optrode を持つ神経型のオプトジェネティクス同定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

無傷の網膜におけるGFP発現細胞集団の電気生理学的特性

個々の錐体細胞のハイフィデリティOptogenetic制御法

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

自由に動くマウスの行動を調節する神経活動の光遺伝学的操作

齧歯類の中枢神経系の生体光遺伝学的刺激

へのガイド

聴覚路の光遺伝学的刺激のためのマウス背側蝸牛神経核の直接可視化

脳の外植片にレーザー誘導神経トレース

マウスにおける睡眠/覚醒状態のモニタリング中の神経回路の光遺伝学的操作

同時光遺伝学的変調と電気的神経記録のためのオプトロードアレイ

覚醒マウスガラス Optrode を持つ神経型のオプトジェネティクス同定