実験を助けるため氏 s. 深谷、奥田さんに直と氏 t. 石野に感謝します本研究は、学術振興 (第 15 K 14755) 日本社会科学研究費補助金によって支えられました。

1、飛行機工場の建設
<ol><li>
飛行ミル装置の試作
	<ol>
<li>針からプラスチックの一部を切断 (金属パーツ: 40 mm 長さ、直径 0.25 mm; プラスチック部分: 長さ 22 mm 径 2 mm) ニッパー (図 3) で。</li>
		<li>エポキシ系接着剤 (図 3) と十字の形で未処理針フライト ミル腕としてそれらを参照しているこの針および軸針を修正します。 注: 軸針の未処理面は底側をする必要があります。飛行ミル アームの発見のヒント (図 1 bおよび図 3) カブトムシを接着ためです。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
基地建設
	<ol>
<li>軸の針が水平に滑るを防ぐために爪をハンマーで薄いステンレス金属板 (5 cm × 5 cm) の表面の小さなくぼみを作る (図 4)。 注: 金属板の実際の寸法は、重要ではない、別の材料は可能ですが; 任意の柔らかい素材を使用しないでください。そうでなければ、その工場の回転を防ぐ、針が立ち往生されます。</li>
		<li>置き、木造に金属板を修正テープで基板 (木製台座)。</li>
		<li>ダブル スチール プレートを曲げて L 字 (図 1 図 2 a)。 注: 壁に家具を固定するための L 字金属板を使用すると便利だった。板のこの種の使用を支持するもう一つの便利な点は、多くの穴がすでにプレートでした。穴は、ねじ、またスナップ ボタン (図 1 a 図 4) を修正するのに使用されました。</li>
		<li>使い捨てプラスチック ピペットの先端を切断することによってシリンダーを作る (高さ 1 cm、径 (外径) 外径 4 mm、内径 (内径) を = = 2 mm) (図 2 aおよび図 4) 軸針を導くため。</li>
		<li>配置し、(図 2 aおよび図 4) 金属板のダブル L 字プレートとシリンダーを修正します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
検出装置の試作
	<ol>
<li>ように金属板を曲げるようにトップ プレート L 字します。 注: それは (図 5B-C) の壁に家具を固定するための L 字金属板を使用すると便利だった。もしそうなら、この手順を省略することができます。</li>
		<li>トップ プレート (図 2 D・ E図 4、および図 5 a) に小さな金属キャップ (5 mm 長さ、直径 1 mm) を置きます。 注: cap として我々 はスナップ ボタンを使用します。それは L 字プレート (図 4) の穴を通して渡されます。</li>
		<li>L 型プレート (図 4および図 5 a) のフォト センサーを修正します。(図 2 D-E、および図 4) のスペースを節約する L 字プレートのセンサーの回路基板をねじ止め。</li>
		<li>赤外線 LED を接着剤 (150 mW) LED (図 1 a 図 2 a) の回路基板と一緒に小さな磁石で。</li>
		<li>LED を配置 (150 mW) フォト センサー (図 1 a 図 2 a) の下にあるベース プレートに。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
ホルダーの建設
	<ol>
<li>ように金属板を曲げて L 字します。 注: それは (図 5B-C) の壁に家具を固定するための L 字型の金属プレートを使用すると便利だった。もしそうなら、この手順を省略することができます。</li>
		<li>木製のプレートを修正ボード (壁) ネジ (図 1図 4、および図 5 b)。木の板の高さが重要な本研究では 7 cm だったです。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
ケーブルを接続します。
	<ol>
<li>通常の電気ケーブル経由で A/D コンバーターのアナログ入力チャンネル (アイン) にフォト センサーを接続します。 注: それはすべてのケーブルを束ね、乱雑なワークスペースはしばしば実験を通して細かい操作を防止するため L 字プレート (図 5B-D) 固定場合便利です。</li>
		<li>A/D コンバーターを USB ケーブル経由でパソコン (PC) に接続します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2 実験手順
<ol><li>収集すべてたて現れた死んだミズナラからカシノナガキクイムシ大人ブルーメ (ブナ目: ドングリ) 実験を実行する日の朝 (午前 7-9) の木。 注: は、前の日に収集のカブトムシを使用しないでください。100 以上のカブトムシが毎日出てきて、新たに出現したカブトムシが毎日チェックします。カブトムシを採集の詳細なメソッドの参照16を参照してください。</li>
	<li>Anesthetization の氷の上には、カブトムシを置きます。濡れている; カブトムシを避けるそれ以外の場合、次の手順を完了することは困難ででしょう。氷の上すべての後続の手順を実行します。</li>
	<li>ミルの腕、前胸背板甲虫の瞬間接着剤 (ゼリー状接着剤) の 1 つのコンポーネントの少量を配置し、ミル腕、前胸背板との接触を維持します。 注: この接着剤は単独で使用されるには、ゼリー状の接着剤はゆっくり乾燥されます。しかし、この接着剤は、(材料表) の 2 つのコンポーネントの混合時すぐに機能します。その他のコンポーネント (液体接着剤) は、次の手順で使用されます。</li>
	<li>穿刺または棒を使用して少量の接着剤 (液体接着剤) の他のコンポーネントを追加します。翼が (図 1 b) 接着剤から解放されたことを確認します。液体の接着剤を使用して、ゼリー状の接着剤の硬化を促進します。</li>
	<li>L 字プレートの L 型プレート (天板) を保持するために磁石を使用して飛行ミル (図 6) に十字針を調整します。針の天板の高さを調整するとき、単にトップ プレートをスライドさせます。トップ プレート (図 5 a) のスナップ ボタンの穴に軸針の上部の先端を挿入し、ベース プレート (図 6) ガイドに他のヒントを配置します。</li>
	<li>センサーの下に IR LED の位置を調整します。</li>
</ol>3. 取得し、データを分析
<ol><li>フォト センサーからの増幅された出力信号を記録し、(用 A/D コンバーター ・ ソフトウェア、材料表) (図 7 a) 1,000 ポイント/秒のサンプリング レートで商業ソフトウェアを用いた A/D コンバーターを介して PC に格納します。</li>
	<li>DAQFActoryExpress ソフトウェアを起動します。</li>
	<li>クロスをクリックして (+) [ワークスペース] ウィンドウでログアイコンをマークします。</li>
	<li>ログ セット名を右クリックし、ログ開始] 設定を選択します。 注: ソフトウェアは、ログとデータを保存を続けます。</li>
	<li>録音を停止するには、ログ セット名を右クリックし、終了ログ設定を.csv ファイルに保存するを選択します。</li>
	<li>上記フライト ミル アームの通過時間記録された電圧がしきい値 (0.5 V) を超えた場合にのみ時間を検出して適切なソフトウェアを使用して赤外線 LED を抽出します。 注: いくつかのソフトウェア (例えば、MS Excel) では、作成した .csv ファイルを読むことができます、ので、研究の目的に応じて使い慣れたソフトウェアを使用します。必要に応じて、プログラムをダウンロード、カスタムメイド Github を利用 https://github.com/HidetoshiIkeno/FlightMill。プログラム、プログラムを使用する手順の詳細については、メイン プログラムとされている README ファイルを参照してください。</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

低コスト、ビルド、小さな昆虫カシノナガキクイムシ(体長 4-5 mm、体重 4 〜 6 mg) などの小型フライト ミルを開発しました。私たちのフライトのミルだけ普通針、赤外線 LED、光センサー、瞬間接着剤などとコンピューター制御の電気機器などの任意の洗練された、高価なまたは稀な項目を必要としません。これは必要な項目の簡単かつ迅速なコレクションを有効にし、実験のコ?...

動物の長い移行距離食品と仲間を求めて。移行する動物は時々 望ましくない仲間を運ぶかもしれない。女性のアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) は病原菌、 Raffaelea quercivora久保野の知られているベクトルら新伊藤。この病原体は、ドングリの木 (日本の ○ カシのいちよう) の大量死亡率と高い死亡率1を引き起こします。1980 年以来、この病気は、日本で展開しています、2深刻な問題となっています。
カシノナガキクイムシは小さな虫 (体長 4-5 mm、体重 4 〜 6 mg)、病気の年間展開彼らが数 km3,4まで飛ぶことができることを示唆しています。男性カシノナガキクイムシはホストのツリーを検索し、男女とも5を集めて集合フェロモンを解放します。その結果、ホストのツリーは質量個体、襲われ、最終的に死にます。男性は着陸後ツリー内トンネルを退屈させるとフェロモン集めて女性がトンネルに入るし、卵を産みます。孵化したP. quercivoursは、大人になるまでトンネルで育ちます。大人は出てくるし、新しいホストを検出する分散します。したがって、病気の拡大はおそらくこのカブトムシの渡り鳥の能力に関連します。ただし、するカブトムシが飛ぶことができる程度はまだ明らかではありません。さらに、女性が男性6より大きい (女性: 4.6 mm と男性: 4.5 mm) 男性カブトムシをターゲット ツリーを検索、木の中のトンネルに入り、女性を魅了しと。これら性差体サイズと彼らの生命飛行の役割を考慮した飛行能力で性差は存在が能力の違いは不明のまま。
一般に、フィールドでの移動能力を測定、特に渡り鳥の領域の広い範囲のため、能力を飛行する非常に困難です。フライト ・ システムなどの係留条件下で実験室で測定した移動能以上 60 年7,8,9,10、11,12,13。 フライト工場システムはいくつかの昆虫が長距離飛行能力を持っていることを示しています。たとえば、飛行機山マツカブトムシの最長飛行距離は以上 24 km14,、 Tetrastichus planipennisiヤン飛んだ最大限 7 km15。飛行ミルは一般に利用できるツールが、生きている動物の生物学的アッセイはしばしば、個人差がかなり大きくします。これを克服するために複数回繰り返す多数の測定が平均分散能力の信頼できる推定値を取得する必要です。したがって、複数の個人は、データの十分な量のクイック コレクションを同時に使用する必要があります。ただし、同時実験複数の実験のセットアップ、広いスペースを必要とする、単一の測定システムと比較して高価であります。したがって、フライト工場は低コストである必要があります、簡単にする必要があります一般的な項目、およびコンパクトを内蔵。さらに、実験の手順が複雑になる必要があります。 または巧みなオペレーターが必要ないです。
本研究で我々 は、実験で簡単に使用できる、アンブロシア甲虫の飛行能力を測定した小型、低コストのフライト ミル (図 1および図 2) を組み立ててカシノナガキクイムシ。

<table><tbody><tr><td>needle</td><td>Seirin</td><td>J type No. 5 x 40 mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>epoxy resin adhesive</td><td>Konishi</td><td>#16113</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>metal plate</td><td></td><td></td><td>from a home improvement store</td></tr><tr><td>disposable plastic pipette</td><td></td><td></td><td>from a home improvement store</td></tr><tr><td>snap button</td><td></td><td></td><td>from a craft store</td></tr><tr><td>IR sensor</td><td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td><td>S7136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IR LED</td><td>OptoSupply</td><td>OSIR5113A</td><td>150 mW</td></tr><tr><td>custom-made program</td><td></td><td></td><td>downloadable from Github.&lt;br/&gt; URL: https://github.com/HidetoshiIkeno/FlightMill</td></tr><tr><td>instant glue</td><td>Toagosei</td><td>31204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A/D converter</td><td>LabJack Co.</td><td>U3-HV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAQ software</td><td>AzeoTech</td><td>DAQFactoryExpress</td><td>download from AzeoTech Web page.</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring the flight ability of the ambrosia beetle, platypus quercivorus (murayama), using a low-cost, small, and easily constructed flight mill

アンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) は、ドングリの木 (日本の ○ カシのいちよう) の大量死を引き起こす真菌病原体のベクトルです。したがって、散布容量を知るより効果的にこの病気を防ぐためにトラップ/木除去努力を知らせる助けるかもしれない。本研究では飛行速度と持続時間を測定し、, 新たに開発した飛行ミルを使用してカブトムシの飛行距離を推定.飛行ミルは低コスト、小型、および一般的な項目を使用して構築されました。飛行ミル腕と垂直軸の両方は、細い針を構成します。カブトムシの標本は瞬間接着剤を使用して腕の先端に釘付けに。その他の先端がプラスチックで覆われているため厚い、従ってそれ腕の回転の検出が容易になります。腕の革命は、赤外線 LED 搭載フォト センサーによって検出され、LED の上に腕が渡された場合、出力電圧の変化で示されます。フォト センサーがパソコンに接続されているし、1 kHz のサンプリング レートで出力電圧データが格納されます。このフライトのミルを使用して実験を行い、カシノナガキクイムシが飛ぶことができることがわかった、少なくとも 27 km。私たちのフライトのミルには、安価で小型の普通のアイテムが構成されている、ため多くの所で飛行を準備し、小さな実験室スペースで同時に使用できます。これにより、短期間で大量のデータを取得する実験者。

これらの実験では、飛行工場に適用される甲虫の約 50% は 1 つまたは複数の回転を示した。センサーと LED の間の仮想のラインが渡されると、プラスチック部分は、記録された電圧が約 6.5 V、0 V を中心から変更し、渡すの期間は飛行速度に応じて、10-20 ms 以内であった。したがって、スパイク状の電圧変動が 1 回転 (図 7 b) として観察されます。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill at JoVE.com

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

低コスト、小型で、簡単に構築されたフライトのミルを使用してアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) の飛行能力を測定

低コスト、小型飛行ミルを開発、一般的な項目で構成されて、簡単に実験で使用します。この装置を用いてアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシの飛行能力を測定しました。

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). ...

measuring-flight-ability-ambrosia-beetle-platypus-quercivorus

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus (Murayama), Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

7.5K ビュー.  University of Hyogo. 低コスト、小型飛行ミルを開発、一般的な項目で構成されて、簡単に実験で使用します。この装置を用いてアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシの飛行能力を測定しました。

ビデオ: Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

最適化された負の染色：電子顕微鏡による小型·非対称蛋白質構造を調べるためのハイスループットプロトコル

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

環境学

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of electrical transmission between distant cells in an organism requires in vivo, artifact-free recordings of cells embedded within their native environment. The transmission of electrical signals from wounded to unwounded areas in a plant has since long piqued the interest of botanists. The phloem, the living part of the plant vasculature that is spread throughout the plant, has been postulated as a major tissue in electrical transmission in plants. The lack of suitable electrophysiological methods poses many challenges for the study of the electrical properties of the phloem cells in vivo. Here we present a novel approach for intracellular electrophysiology of sieve elements (SEs) that uses living aphids, or other phloem-feeding hemipteran insects, integrated in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) circuit. The versatility, robustness, and accuracy of this method made it possible to record and study in detail the wound-induced electrical signals in SEs of central veins of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana1. Here we show that EPG-electrodes can be easily implemented for intracellular electrophysiological recordings of SEs in marginal veins, as well as to study the capacity of SEs to respond with electrical signals to several external stimuli. The EPG approach applied to intracellular electrophysiology of SEs can be implemented to a wide variety of plant species, in a large number of plant/insect combinations, and for many research aims.

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph EPG for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) is a well-established technique for studying the feeding behavior of stylet-bearing insects. Here we show a new application of EPG as a non-invasive tool for the acquisition of intracellular electrophysiology recordings of sieve elements (SEs), the cells that form the phloem vasculature in plants.

師部ふるい要素に電気信号を取得し、測定するための電気浸透グラフ（EPG）の新しいアプリケーション

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

Oの底生交流<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;、N<sub&gt; 2</sub小さなコアインキュベーションを使用&gt;と溶存栄養素

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

A number of ionic liquids (ILs) with economically attractive production costs have recently received growing interest as media for the delignification of a variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks. Here we demonstrate the use of these low-cost protic ILs in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass (Ionosolv pretreatment), yielding cellulose and a purified lignin. In the most generic process, the protic ionic liquid is synthesized by accurate combination of aqueous acid and amine base. The water content is adjusted subsequently. For the delignification, the biomass is placed into a vessel with IL solution at elevated temperatures to dissolve the lignin and hemicellulose, leaving a cellulose-rich pulp ready for saccharification (hydrolysis to fermentable sugars). The lignin is later precipitated from the IL by the addition of water and recovered as a solid. The removal of the added water regenerates the ionic liquid, which can be reused multiple times. This protocol is useful to investigate the significant potential of protic ILs for use in commercial biomass pretreatment/lignin fractionation for producing biofuels or renewable chemicals and materials.

The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with protic low-cost ionic liquids is shown, resulting in a delignified cellulose-rich pulp and a purified lignin. The pulp gives rise to high glucose yields after enzymatic saccharification.

低コストのイオン液体でリグノセルロース系バイオマスの前処理

A number of ionic liquids (ILs) with economically attractive production costs have recently received growing interest as media for the delignification of ...

A Strain Gauge Monitor (SGM) for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response to diel-cycling hypoxia. A Wheatstone bridge was connected to strain gauges that were attached to the shells of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). The recorded signals allowed for the opening and closing of the bivalves to be recorded continuously over two-day periods of experimentally-induced diel-cycling hypoxia and diel-cycling changes in pH. Here, we describe a protocol for developing an inexpensive strain gauge monitor and describe, in an example laboratory experiment, how we used it to measure the valve gape behavior of Eastern oysters (C. virginica), in response to diel-cycling hypoxia and cyclical changes in pH. Valve gape was measured on oysters subjected to cyclical severe hypoxic (0.6 mg/L) dissolved oxygen conditions with and without cyclical changes in pH, cyclical mild hypoxic (1.7 mg/L) conditions and normoxic (7.3 mg/L) conditions. We demonstrate that when oysters encounter repeated diel cycles, they rapidly close their shells in response to severe hypoxia and close with a time lag to mild hypoxia. When normoxia is restored, they rapidly open again. Oysters did not respond to cyclical pH conditions superimposed on diel cycling severe hypoxia. At reduced oxygen conditions, more than one third of the oysters closed simultaneously. We demonstrate that oysters respond to diel-cycling hypoxia, which must be considered when assessing the behavior of bivalves to dissolved oxygen. The valve SGM can be used to assess responses of bivalve molluscs to changes in dissolved oxygen or contaminants. Sealing techniques to better seal the valve gape strain gauges from sea water need further improvement to increase the longevity of the sensors.

A Strain Gauge Monitor SGM for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

Understanding the behavioral responses of bivalve suspension-feeders to environmental variables, such as dissolved oxygen, can explain some ecosystem processes. We have developed an inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge monitor (SGM) to measure valve gape responses of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, to diel-cycling hypoxia and cyclical pH.

ひずみゲージ モニター (SGM) 研究室による日周サイクリング酸素分圧および pH 応答の二枚貝軟体動物の連続弁 Gape 測定

An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response ...

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, and the majority of extant heteropterans retain this trophic strategy. Some heteropterans have transitioned to feeding on vertebrate blood (such as the kissing bugs, Triatominae; and bed bugs, Cimicidae) while others have reverted to feeding on plants (most Pentatomomorpha). However, with the exception of saliva used by kissing bugs to facilitate blood-feeding, little is known about heteropteran venoms compared to the venoms of spiders, scorpions and snakes.
One obstacle to the characterization of heteropteran venom toxins is the structure and function of the venom/labial glands, which are both morphologically complex and perform multiple biological roles (defense, prey capture, and extra-oral digestion). In this article, we describe three methods we have successfully used to collect heteropteran venoms. First, we present electrostimulation as a convenient way to collect venom that is often lethal when injected into prey animals, and which obviates contamination by glandular tissue. Second, we show that gentle harassment of animals is sufficient to produce venom extrusion from the proboscis and/or venom spitting in some groups of heteropterans. Third, we describe methods to harvest venom toxins by dissection of anaesthetized animals to obtain the venom glands. This method is complementary to other methods, as it may allow harvesting of toxins from taxa in which electrostimulation and harassment are ineffective. These protocols will enable researchers to harvest toxins from heteropteran insects for structure-function characterization and possible applications in medicine and agriculture.

Although many insects in the suborder Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) are venomous, their venom composition and the functions of their venom toxins are mostly unknown. This protocol describes methods to harvest heteropteran venoms for further characterization, using electrostimulation, harassment, and gland dissection.

暗殺者のバグやその他のカメムシの昆虫から毒の毒素を収穫

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, ...

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte)

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an economically important pest of corn in the northern United States. Some populations have developed resistance to management strategies including transgenic corn that produces insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Knowledge of western corn rootworm dispersal is of critical importance for models of resistance evolution, spread, and mitigation. Flight behavior of an insect, especially over a long distance, is inherently difficult to observe and characterize. Flight mills provide a means to directly test developmental and physiological impacts and consequences of flight in the laboratory that cannot be obtained in field studies. In this study, flight mills were used to measure the timing of flight activity, total number of flights, and the distance, duration, and speed of flights taken by female rootworms during a 22-h test period. Sixteen flight mills were housed in an environmental chamber with programmable lighting, temperature, and humidity control. The flight mill described is of a typical design, where a flight arm is free to rotate about a central pivot. Rotation is caused by flight of an insect tethered to one end of the flight arm, and each rotation is recorded by a sensor with a time-stamp. Raw data are compiled by software, which are subsequently processed to provide summary statistics for flight parameters of interest. The most difficult task for any flight mill study is attachment of the tether to the insect with an adhesive, and the method used must be tailored to each species. The attachment must be strong enough to hold the insect in a rigid orientation and to prevent detachment during movement, while not interfering with natural wing motion during flight. The attachment process requires dexterity, finesse, and speed, making video footage of the process for rootworms of value.

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte

Flight mills are important tools for comparing how age, sex, mating status, temperature, or various other factors may influence an insect&#8217;s flight behavior. Here we describe protocols to tether and measure the flight propensity and performance of western corn rootworm under different treatments.

フライトミルを使用してウエスタンコーンルートワーム、ディアブロティカ・ビルギフェラ(LeConte)の飛行傾向と性能を測定

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an economically important pest of corn in the northern ...

行動学

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol demonstrates how to take advantage of the technology found in makerspaces in order to build a more versatile flight mill for a relatively low cost. Given that this study extracted its&#160;prototype from flight mills built in the last decade, this protocol focuses more on outlining divergences made from the simple, modern flight mill. Previous studies have already shown how advantageous flight mills are to measuring flight parameters such as speed, distance, or periodicity. Such mills have allowed researchers to associate these parameters with morphological, physiological, or genetic factors. In addition to these advantages, this study discusses the benefits of using the technology in makerspaces, like 3D printers and laser cutters, in order to build a more flexible, sturdy, and collapsible flight mill design. Most notably, the 3D printed components of this design allow the user to test insects of various sizes by making the heights of the mill arm and infrared (IR) sensors adjustable. The 3D prints also enable the user to easily disassemble the machine for quick storage or transportation to the field. Moreover, this study makes greater use of magnets and magnetic paint to tether insects with minimal stress. Lastly, this protocol details a versatile analysis of flight data through computer scripts that efficiently separate and analyze differentiable flight trials within a single recording. Although more labor-intensive, applying the tools available in makerspaces and on online 3D modeling programs facilitates multidisciplinary and process-orientated practices and helps researchers avoid costly, premade products with narrowly adjustable dimensions. By taking advantage of the flexibility and reproducibility of technology in makerspaces, this protocol promotes creative flight mill design and inspires open science.

This protocol uses three-dimensional (3D) printers and laser cutters found in makerspaces in order to create a more flexible flight mill design. By using this technology, researchers can reduce costs, enhance design flexibility, and generate reproducible work when constructing their flight mills for tethered insect flight studies.

テザード昆虫飛行研究のための強化飛行ミルの建設

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol ...

工学

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have shown that flight mills are valuable tools for the experimental study of insect flight behavior, allowing researchers to examine how factors such as age, host plants, or population source can influence an insects' propensity to disperse. Flight mills allow researchers to measure components of flight such as speed and distance flown. Lack of detailed information about how to build such a device can make their construction appear to be prohibitively complex. We present a simple and relatively inexpensive flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects. Experimental insects can be tethered with non-toxic adhesives and revolve around an axis by means of a very low friction magnetic bearing. The mill is designed for the study of flight in controlled conditions as it can be used inside an incubator or environmental chamber. The strongest points are the very simple electronic circuitry, the design that allows sixteen insects to fly simultaneously allowing the collection and analysis of a large number of samples in a short time and the potential to use the device in a very limited workspace. This design is extremely flexible, and we have adjusted the mill to accommodate different species of insects of various sizes.

Flight in insects is influenced by a number of factors and the propensity to disperse is an important variable in understanding insect ecology and biological control strategies. We describe the construction and use of a simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible flight mill for measuring parameters of tethered flight in insects.

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単​​なフライトミル

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have ...

神経科学

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an oil-coated graduated cylinder; landing height provided a measure of flight performance by assessing how far flies will fall before producing enough thrust to make contact with the wall of the cylinder. Here we describe an updated version of the flight tester with four major improvements. First, we added a &#34;drop tube&#34; to ensure that all flies enter the flight cylinder at a similar velocity between trials, eliminating variability between users. Second, we replaced the oil coating with removable plastic sheets coated in Tangle-Trap, an adhesive designed to capture live insects. Third, we use a longer cylinder to enable more accurate discrimination of flight ability. Fourth we use a digital camera and imaging software to automate the scoring of flight performance. These improvements allow for the rapid, quantitative assessment of flight behavior, useful for large datasets and large-scale genetic screens.

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Here we describe a method for rapid and accurate measurement of flight performance in Drosophila, enabling high-throughput screening.

飛行性能の正確かつ迅速な測定のための改善された方法での<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an ...

低コスト、小型で、簡単に構築されたフライトのミルを使用してアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) の飛行能力を測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

最適化された負の染色：電子顕微鏡による小型·非対称蛋白質構造を調べるためのハイスループットプロトコル

師部ふるい要素に電気信号を取得し、測定するための電気浸透グラフ（EPG）の新しいアプリケーション

Oの底生交流

低コストのイオン液体でリグノセルロース系バイオマスの前処理

ひずみゲージモニター (SGM) 研究室による日周サイクリング酸素分圧および pH 応答の二枚貝軟体動物の連続弁 Gape 測定

暗殺者のバグやその他のカメムシの昆虫から毒の毒素を収穫

フライトミルを使用してウエスタンコーンルートワーム、ディアブロティカ・ビルギフェラ(LeConte)の飛行傾向と性能を測定

テザード昆虫飛行研究のための強化飛行ミルの建設

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単なフライトミル

飛行性能の正確かつ迅速な測定のための改善された方法での

低コスト、小型で、簡単に構築されたフライトのミルを使用してアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) の飛行能力を測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

最適化された負の染色：電子顕微鏡による小型·非対称蛋白質構造を調べるためのハイスループットプロトコル

師部ふるい要素に電気信号を取得し、測定するための電気浸透グラフ（EPG）の新しいアプリケーション

Oの底生交流

低コストのイオン液体でリグノセルロース系バイオマスの前処理

ひずみゲージ モニター (SGM) 研究室による日周サイクリング酸素分圧および pH 応答の二枚貝軟体動物の連続弁 Gape 測定

暗殺者のバグやその他のカメムシの昆虫から毒の毒素を収穫

フライトミルを使用してウエスタンコーンルートワーム、ディアブロティカ・ビルギフェラ(LeConte)の飛行傾向と性能を測定

テザード昆虫飛行研究のための強化飛行ミルの建設

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単​​なフライトミル

飛行性能の正確かつ迅速な測定のための改善された方法での

ひずみゲージモニター (SGM) 研究室による日周サイクリング酸素分圧および pH 応答の二枚貝軟体動物の連続弁 Gape 測定

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単なフライトミル