この作品はテキサス大学アーリントン学際的研究助成校によって支えられました。

このプロトコルは次のテキサス大学アーリントン校で倫理委員会のガイドラインとヘルシンキ宣言の最新バージョンによって設定された標準に準拠しています。したがって、書面によるインフォームド コンセント (されする必要があります) の調査手続の開始前に取得しました。
1. 計装
注: 以下の計装説明、近赤外線 (NIR) 分光器とデータ集録システム私たちの研究室で使用されるに基づいて (材料の表を参照してください)。したがって、指示は、これらのデバイスの最適な機能のために必要な手順を含めます。これらの手順には、付属のソフトウェアとファントム、校正を用いた近赤外プローブの校正と周囲の光を除外する暗い布のアプリケーションが含まれます。異なるデータ コレクション ハードウェアおよび/またはソフトウェアを使用すると、捜査官は特定のユーザー マニュアルを参照して、校正と周囲光に関する考慮事項ください。図 1では、実験の設定と計測すぐに以下を示しています。
<ol><li>環状線はおよそ LBNP ボックスへの開口部とも、(図 1 a)、低い体陰圧負荷 (LBNP) チャンバ内を脚で仰臥する主題を指示します。LBNP 室を構築する方法については、参照17です。を参照してください。
</li>
	<li>件名に 3 つの心電図電極を配置: 下、鎖骨の位置に 2 つ、件名に 1 つの左側内側腸骨稜に。この構成は、下肢、上肢、腕の動きのハンド グリップ運動時計装へのアクセス制限のための最良の結果を提供します。</li>
	<li>主題の支配的な手首に非観血的血圧モニター モジュールを配置します。各指に指血圧計を置き、それらをモジュール (図 1 b) に接続します。指血圧計は、デバイスに付属のマニュアルに従って正しく校正されてを確認します。</li>
	<li>少し誘拐された位置に非支配的な腕と手グリップ ダイナモ (HGD) を把握する主題を指示します。腕が快適なベッドサイド テーブルの上に配置されます。最適なグリップの強さを最小限の腕の動き (図 1) のように距離、HGD 角を調整する必要があります。</li>
	<li>ベッドサイド テーブルに HGD を保護します。</li>
	<li>参加者の最大随意収縮力 (MVC) を測定します。絞るということ、プロンプトが表示されたら、彼らする必要があります、HGD できるだけ頑張ってのみ手や前腕の筋肉を活用しながら参加者に伝えます。彼らは最大のグリップを実行するときに、上腕、胸、肩、または腹部の筋肉を採用控える必要があります件名に指示します。</li>
	<li>繰り返しステップ 1.6 3 回、少なくとも 60 s. 記録で最大の力を達成した (ベスト 3) を区切ります。この最大の力は、骨格筋の酸化能力と神経血管カップリング (下記参照) の運動強度を計算するため使用されます。</li>
	<li>急速なインフレ カフ運動手の上腕の周りに配置します。急激なインフレ コント ローラーから航空会社をカフに接続します。</li>
	<li>深指屈筋を識別します。明白な筋肉の境界を画定するのに皮膚マーカーを使用します。</li>
	<li>近赤外分析計がお使いのデバイスに付属しているユーザーズ マニュアルに従って適切に校正されていることを確認します。きれいな NIR がプローブを皮膚にアルコール準備ワイプで配置されます。</li>
	<li>(深指屈筋) 筋腹の中央に近赤外プローブを配置し、前腕部にしっかりと貼る。</li>
	<li>(図 1図 1) 周囲の光からの干渉を最小限に抑え、暗い布で前腕やプローブをラップします。</li>
	<li>研究機能の sympatholysis 部分を実行する準備ができたら、LBNP 室に件名をシールします。</li>
</ol>2. 骨格筋の酸化能力
注: 骨格筋の酸化能力を測定するための実験の手順を示す代表的なデータ トレースは、図 2 で描かれています。この実験的アプローチは、以前体内リン夫人18とその場で筋肉呼吸19、に対して検証されているし、広く受け入れられる20を得ています。
<ol><li>(計装) 上記のよう件名を計測します。</li>
	<li>まだ 2 分脱酸素化ヘモグロビン (HHb) を監視中のヘモグロビン (HbO2) 近赤外プローブを介して嘘を主題に指示します。 注: この残りの期間インストルメンテーション プロセスに関連付けられている任意の運動成果物から回復する件名ができ安定したベースライン測定を保証します。2 分後に大幅な変動が発生していない場合、件名は定常状態または安静時の基準で考慮されるかもしれない。</li>
	<li>カフ オクルー ジョンの前にカフを膨らませることはあなたの主題を通知します。5 分間 (すなわちsuprasystolic) 収縮期血圧上上腕カフ少なくとも 30 mmHg を膨らませます。まだと両方カフとカフの間にできるだけリラックスした彼らの腕を保つために主題を指示します。 注: この 5 分上腕動脈カフ オクルー ジョン プロトコルを反映血管閉塞のために現在承認された臨床標準テスト21,22,23,24,25。</li>
	<li>(前にカフのオクルー ジョン) 初期/ベースライン値および組織飽和度 (StO2) カフ咬の nadir 値を記録し、これらの 2 つの値の中間点を決定します。 <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57317/57317eq1.jpg">
</li>
	<li>カフ閉塞症から回復し、安静時の基準値に戻す対象を許可します。件名は、少なくとも 1 完全分間安静時基準を維持している、一度は、次の手順に進みます。</li>
	<li>スクイズの対象を指示して、MVC の 50% の等尺性ハンド グリップを維持します。組織彩度 50% まで彼らの等尺性収縮を維持するために件名をお勧めします。この値を達成するために彼らの手を緩めて、これ以上の運動や運動が必要なことを知らせるに件名を教えてください。</li>
	<li>3-5 秒以内次停止を行使、次の急速なカフ オクルー ジョン シリーズを管理 (1 つのシリーズ = 1 インフレ + 1 デフレ)、前述18を確立します。 シリーズ #1 - 6:5/5 で s オフ シリーズ #7 - 10:7/10 の s オフ オフ シリーズ #11-14:10 s/15 に オフ シリーズ #15-18:10 s/20 に</li>
	<li>18thインフレ/デフレのシリーズを完了すると、初期基準値に戻ります組織彩度をできるように残りの部分に主題を指示します。これらの値は、少なくとも 2 分間一貫して残っている後、は、2.4 および 2.5 の手順を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>
骨格筋の酸化能力を計算します。
	<ol>
<li>ごとに図 2に示されている変動の回復ポイントを形成、個別 18 カフ オクルー ジョンの StO2変化の傾きを計算します。</li>
		<li>次変動曲線18,19,26 2.7 から計算されるデータに適合します。 y = 終了 - Δ e-kt x 注: 'y' は親戚筋酸素消費量 (mV̇O2) カフを膨らませる中、mV̇O2 ; 運動の停止の直後を表します 'End'デルタ ('Δ') 意味; 運動の終わりに残りの部分から mV̇O2に変更'k' は継ぎ手速度定数;'t' の時間です。タウは、1/k として計算されます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 反応性充血
注: 反応性充血の計測実験手順を示す代表的なデータ トレースは、図 3に描かれています。
<ol><li>仰臥位、インストルメント化された横になっている主題と (計装) を上記の通りまだ可能な限り嘘をテーマに指示します。</li>
	<li>対象は一貫性のある状態を達成して、一旦ベースライン データの少なくとも 1 分を記録し、急速に suprasystolic 圧力 (血圧上 30 mmHg) に上の腕に血圧計のカフを膨らませ続けます。</li>
	<li>5 分のマークで充血している応答を記録中、カフの空気を急速に。</li>
	<li>対象の回復をキャプチャする、少なくとも 3 分間記録を続行します。</li>
	<li>
反応性充血を計算します。 注: 計算放医研パラメーターは、図 3 に描かれています。<ol>
<li>カフの動脈閉塞症の発症にベースライン平均 StO2 1 完全分前上として StO2を計算します。</li>
		<li>カフ (斜面 1 として定義) 咬合27,28中不飽和化率 (すなわち、平均傾斜角) として安静時骨格筋代謝率を決定します。</li>
		<li>反応性充血を次のように計算します。 リバウンド トレース; の直線的増加の段階でカフ リリースの瞬間からカフ リリース (すなわち、再灌流率・斜面 2 として定義されている)、a) の平均上り方向を計算 b) 最高 StO2値に達した後カフ リリース (StO2maxとして表されます)。 c) 曲線 (AUC); 下反応性充血の領域1-カフのリリース時から計算、2, 3 分投稿カフ オクルー ジョン (AUC 2 分、1 分 AUC と AUC 3 分それぞれ);そして d) 充血予約、StO2ベースラインより上の変化として計算され、パーセント (%) の変更として報告されます。この値は、ステップ 3.5.1 (上記参照) で計算された平均飽和マイナス リバウンド後閉塞中に達成した最高彩度として計算されます。 注: 基準計画のデータに大きな差が充血している予備の解釈に影響します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 機能 Sympatholysis
注: 機能の sympatholysis の計測実験手順を示す代表的なデータ トレースは、図 4に描かれています。
<ol><li>(計装) 上記のよう件名を計測します。</li>
	<li>LBNP チャンバーの気密シールを確認します。</li>
	<li>まだ、残りの部分を横になっている主題、ベースライン データの 3 分を収集します。</li>
	<li>3 分マークで真空をオンにします。LBNP チャンバー内の圧力が-20 と-30 mmHg の真空を調整します。被験者の応答を監視しながら 2 分間実行する真空を許可します。</li>
	<li>5 分のマークでは、真空を切り 3 分の残りの部分にテーマを許可します。</li>
	<li>8 分のマークでリズミカルなハンド グリップ運動を通じて主題を導く音声プロンプトを開始 (20 %mvc)。</li>
	<li>対象は各グリップの段階の全体を通して彼らの圧搾を維持して、各繰り返しの間に完全にリラックスしたを確認します。彼らの力の出力を監視し、20% を達成していることを確認各グリップでの MVC。11 分のマークまで運動を続けます。</li>
	<li>11 分のマークでのリズミカルな運動を継続する対象を奨励真空をオンに。11-13 分からを実行し、それをオフにする真空を許可します。</li>
	<li>さらに 2 分間自分の MVC の 20% でリズミカルなハンド グリップ運動を続行する件名を持ちます。運動停止時静かに主題の残りがあるし、じっとしてなさい。</li>
	<li>
機能 Sympatholysis を計算します。
	<ol>
<li>5 分カフ閉塞時に決定されます (TLS)、合計の不安定な信号に LBNP とヘモグロビンの変化を正常化します。 <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57317/57317eq2.jpg"> <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/57317/57317eq3.jpg">
</li>
		<li>各イベントの最終的な 20 分平均として各イベントを計算します。</li>
		<li>ヘモグロビン減少の運動による減衰を計算します。 <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/57317/57317eq4.jpg">
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+ultrasound+assessment+of+endothelial-dependent+flow-mediated+vasodilation+of+the+brachial+artery+-+A+report+of+the+International+Brachial+Artery+Reactivity+Task+Force.">Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery - A report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 39 (2), 257-265 (2002).</li><li>Thijssen, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+flow-mediated+dilation+in+humans:+a+methodological+and+physiological+guideline.">Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 300 (1), H2-H12 (2011).</li><li>Green, D. J., Jones, H., Thijssen, D., Cable, N. T., Atkinson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow-mediated+dilation+and+cardiovascular+event+prediction:+does+nitric+oxide+matter?.">Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: does nitric oxide matter?.</a> Hypertension. 57 (3), 363-369 (2011).</li><li>Southern, W. M., Ryan, T. E., Reynolds, M. A., McCully, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducibility+of+near-infrared+spectroscopy+measurements+of+oxidative+function+and+postexercise+recovery+kinetics+in+the+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle.">Reproducibility of near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of oxidative function and postexercise recovery kinetics in the medial gastrocnemius muscle.</a> Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 39 (5), 521-529 (2014).</li><li>Ryan, T. E., Erickson, M. L., Brizendine, J. T., Young, H. J., McCully, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+evaluation+of+skeletal+muscle+mitochondrial+capacity+with+near-infrared+spectroscopy:+correcting+for+blood+volume+changes.">Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity with near-infrared spectroscopy: correcting for blood volume changes.</a> J Appl Physiol. 113 (2), 175-183 (2012).</li><li>Ryan, T. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+oxidative+capacity+in+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> Muscle Nerve. 50 (5), 767-774 (2014).</li><li>Mayeur, C., Campard, S., Richard, C., Teboul, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+four+different+vascular+occlusion+tests+for+assessing+reactive+hyperemia+using+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Comparison of four different vascular occlusion tests for assessing reactive hyperemia using near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Crit Care Med. 39 (4), 695-701 (2011).</li><li>McLay, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+responsiveness+determined+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy+measures+of+oxygen+saturation.">Vascular responsiveness determined by near-infrared spectroscopy measures of oxygen saturation.</a> Exp Physiol. 101 (1), 34-40 (2016).</li><li>McLay, K. M., Nederveen, J. P., Pogliaghi, S., Paterson, D. H., Murias, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeatability+of+vascular+responsiveness+measures+derived+from+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Repeatability of vascular responsiveness measures derived from near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Physiol Rep. 4 (9), (2016).</li><li>Ryan, T. E., Southern, W. M., Brizendine, J. T., McCully, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-induced+changes+in+skeletal+muscle+metabolism+measured+with+optical+spectroscopy.">Activity-induced changes in skeletal muscle metabolism measured with optical spectroscopy.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 45 (12), 2346-2352 (2013).</li><li>Southern, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+skeletal+muscle+oxidative+capacity+and+impaired+training+adaptations+in+heart+failure.">Reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and impaired training adaptations in heart failure.</a> Physiol Rep. 3 (4), (2015).</li><li>Ryan, T. E., Brizendine, J. T., McCully, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+exercise+type+and+intensity+on+the+noninvasive+assessment+of+skeletal+muscle+mitochondrial+function+using+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">A comparison of exercise type and intensity on the noninvasive assessment of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function using near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> J Appl Physiol. 114 (2), 230-237 (2013).</li><li>Adami, A., Cao, R., Porszasz, J., Casaburi, R., Rossiter, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducibility+of+NIRS+assessment+of+muscle+oxidative+capacity+in+smokers+with+and+without+COPD.">Reproducibility of NIRS assessment of muscle oxidative capacity in smokers with and without COPD.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 235, 18-26 (2017).</li><li>Lacroix, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducibility+of+near-infrared+spectroscopy+parameters+measured+during+brachial+artery+occlusion+and+reactive+hyperemia+in+healthy+men.">Reproducibility of near-infrared spectroscopy parameters measured during brachial artery occlusion and reactive hyperemia in healthy men.</a> J Biomed Opt. 17 (7), 077010 (2012).</li><li>Bopp, C. M., Townsend, D. K., Warren, S., Barstow, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+brachial+artery+blood+flow+and+total+[hemoglobin+myoglobin]+during+post-occlusive+reactive+hyperemia.">Relationship between brachial artery blood flow and total [hemoglobin+myoglobin] during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia.</a> Microvasc Res. 91, 37-43 (2014).</li><li>Willingham, T. B., Southern, W. M., McCully, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+reactive+hyperemia+in+the+lower+limb+using+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Measuring reactive hyperemia in the lower limb using near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> J Biomed Opt. 21 (9), 091302 (2016).</li><li>Kragelj, R., Jarm, T., Erjavec, T., Presern-Strukelj, M., Miklavcic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parameters+of+postocclusive+reactive+hyperemia+measured+by+near+infrared+spectroscopy+in+patients+with+peripheral+vascular+disease+and+in+healthy+volunteers.">Parameters of postocclusive reactive hyperemia measured by near infrared spectroscopy in patients with peripheral vascular disease and in healthy volunteers.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 29 (4), 311-320 (2001).</li><li>Gurley, K., Shang, Y., Yu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+optical+quantification+of+absolute+blood+flow,+blood+oxygenation,+and+oxygen+consumption+rate+in+exercising+skeletal+muscle.">Noninvasive optical quantification of absolute blood flow, blood oxygenation, and oxygen consumption rate in exercising skeletal muscle.</a> J Biomed Opt. 17 (7), 075010 (2012).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らは競合する金銭的な利益があることを宣言します。

記載方法は、1 回のクリニックや研究室訪問の反応性充血、血管カップリングおよび骨格筋有酸素能の非侵襲的、臨床評価を有効にします。
重要な考慮事項
これらのデータのコレクションは、腹部の筋肉の上に直接バイオケミカルの配置は動きの人工物を避けるために場所にしっかりと固定を避けるために薄暗い部屋で黒のビニ?...

組織虚血の短い期間に充血している応答 (マイクロ) 血管機能の重要な非侵襲的指標として浮上しています。導管動脈の閉塞、中に虚血性の侮辱を相殺するための努力で下流の細動脈を拡張させます。咬合のリリース時に血管抵抗の低下結果充血、大きさの下流の血管を拡張する能力によって決定されます。反応性充血は心血管イベント1,2したがって臨床的に重要なエンドポイントの強力な独立した予測が、許容範囲と生活の質を行使するその機能的意義は不明瞭です。
確かに、動的な運動は代謝需要への酸素供給を一致させるために非常に調整された血管応答を要求する主要な心血管ストレスを表します。たとえば、骨格筋血流は、孤立した筋収縮3、このような血行動態反応が全身運動に外挿する場合、心臓のポンプの能力を圧倒するだろう時にほぼ 100 倍増やすことができます。したがって、重度の低血圧、交感神経 (すなわち、血管収縮薬) を避けるために神経活動増加心臓出力非アクティブと内臓の組織から、アクティブな骨格筋4の方を再配布します。交感神経は運動筋の5; 監督もただし、適切な組織酸素配信6,7,8,9,10、を確保するために収縮反応を減衰させるローカル代謝シグナル11. このプロセスをまとめて機能 sympatholysis12と呼ばれる、運動時に骨格筋血流の正常な規則ことが不可欠です。骨格筋の血流は有酸素能力の重要な決定要因-生活の質と心血管疾患の罹患率と死亡率のための13の独立した予測因子-骨格筋血流と組織酸素の制御について運動中の配信は、臨床的意義は大きいです。
酸素供給は酸素利用率の方程式の残りの半分を満たす Fick の方程式の半分だけをただし、です。中での酸素利用率の主要な規定、ミトコンドリアの酸化的リン酸化は、安静時と運動時の細胞プロセスの十分なエネルギーの供給に重要な役割を果たしています。確かに、筋有酸素能の障害は、機能的な能力と生活の質14,15,16を制限できます。様々 な対策は、侵襲的な筋肉の生検と高価で時間のかかる磁気共鳴分光学 (夫人) の技術を含む筋有酸素能のインデックスを提供するために使用されます。
ここでは、我々 単一診療所や研究室訪問で各 3 つ主要な臨床的エンドポイント (反応性充血、sympatholysis、および筋有酸素能) を評価するために近赤外分光法 (NIRS) を用いた新規、非侵襲的アプローチを提案します。このアプローチの主要な利点が 3 つあります: 最初に、この手法は、持ち運びも簡単、比較的低コスト、簡単に実行できます。反応性充血を測定するための現在のドップラー超音波方法はオペレーターに強く依存して-トレーニングと広範なスキルを必要とする-、高コスト、高度なデータ集録ハードウェアおよび後処理ソフトウェアを必要とします。さらに、これは多分クリニックおよび/またはベッドサイド監視または治療効果をテストの大規模な臨床試験に導入する。第二に、方法論のおかげでこの手法の具体的手法の全体的な特異性増加、骨格筋の微小血管に焦点を当てます。超音波ドプラを用いた代替的なアプローチは上流管容器に完全に集中し、下流の信号を抑制することができます変更を推測します。第三に、この手法は、完全に非侵襲的です。骨格筋の酸化能力は伝統的侵襲の評価し、痛みを伴う筋肉の生検と機能 sympatholysis の交感神経と sympatholytics の動脈内注入と評価があります。この方法では、これらの要件をすべて一緒に回避できます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dual-channel OxiplexTS Near-infrared spectroscopy machine</td><td>Iss Medical</td><td>101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIRS muscle sensor</td><td>Iss Medical</td><td>201.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E20 Rapid cuff inflation system</td><td>Hokanson</td><td>E20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AG101 Air Source</td><td>Hokanson</td><td>AG101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Smedley Handgrip dynometer (recording)</td><td>Stolting</td><td>56380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powerlab 16/35, 16 Channel Recorder</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>PL3516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human NIBP Set</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>ML282-SM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bio Amp</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>FE132</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quad Bridge Amp</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>FE224</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Connex Spot Monitor</td><td>Welch Allyn</td><td>71WX-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Origin(Pro) graphing software</td><td>OrignPro</td><td>Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lower body negative pressure chamber</td><td>Physiology Research Instruments</td><td>standard unit</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

skeletal muscle neurovascular coupling, oxidative capacity, and microvascular function with 'one stop shop' near-infrared spectroscopy

運動は代謝需要への酸素供給を一致させるために非常に調整された血管応答を要求する主要な血行力学的ストレスを表します。(組織虚血の短い期間への応答) の反応性充血心血管イベントの独立した予測因子血管健康状態および血管拡張能の重要な洞察を提供しています。骨格筋の酸化能力は、myocellular プロセスのためのエネルギー供給を決定、健康と病気も重要です。ここでは、単一のクリニックや研究室訪問の間に各主要な臨床的エンドポイント (反応性充血、血管カップリングと筋有酸素能) を評価するために近赤外分光法を用いた単純な非侵襲的なアプローチについて述べる。ドップラー超音波、磁気共鳴画像/分光法、または侵襲的なカテーテル ベースのフロー測定または筋肉の生検とは異なり我々 のアプローチは、少ないオペレーター依存、低コスト、完全に非侵襲的です。以前公表された資料から要約データと一緒に研究室から代表的なデータでは、これらのエンドポイントのそれぞれのユーティリティについて説明します。一度このテクニックをマスターすると、個体群の臨床への応用は運動不耐症、心血管障害の重要な機械論的洞察を提供します。

骨格筋の酸化能力
図 2は、放医研から派生した骨格筋の酸化能力評価中に代表的な参加者の応答を示します。パネル A ショー組織飽和度プロファイル動脈 5 分間カフ オクルー ジョン プロトコル、ハンド グリップ運動、運動からの回復の間に断続的な動脈閉塞。パネル B は、回復...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy

骨格筋血管カップリング、酸化容量、および 'ワンストップ ショップ「近赤外分光法を用いた微小血管機能

ここでは、単一のクリニックや研究室訪問の反応性充血、脳循環代謝、骨格筋の酸化能力を評価するために近赤外分光法を用いた単純な非侵襲的なアプローチについて述べる。

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic ...

skeletal-muscle-neurovascular-coupling-oxidative-capacity

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.4K ビュー.  University of Texas at Arlington. ここでは、単一のクリニックや研究室訪問の反応性充血、脳循環代謝、骨格筋の酸化能力を評価するために近赤外分光法を用いた単純な非侵襲的なアプローチについて述べる。

ビデオ: Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Myo-mechanical Analysis of Isolated Skeletal Muscle

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We describe a detailed approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in freshly explanted hindlimb muscle from the mouse. We describe the atraumatic harvest of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle, mounting the muscle in a muscle strip myograph (Model 820MS; Danish Myo Technology), and the measurement of maximal twitch and tetanic tension, contraction time, and half-relaxation time, using a square pulse stimulator (Model S48; Grass Technologies). Using these measurements, we demonstrate the calculation of specific twitch and tetanic tension normalized to muscle cross-sectional area, the twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio, the force-frequency relationship curve and the low frequency fatigue curve 4. This analysis provides a method for quantitative comparison between therapeutic interventions in mouse models of muscle disease 1,2,3,5, as well as comparison of the effects of genetic modification on muscle function 6,7,8,9.

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for muscle disease, methods are needed to quantitate force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We detail an approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in explanted mouse hindlimb muscle. This analysis provides a robust approach to quantitating the effects of genetic modification on muscle function, as well as comparison of therapies in mouse models of muscle disease.

単離骨格筋のミオ - 機械的分析

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force ...

医学

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the 
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or 
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening) 
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction 
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric contraction. During 
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest 
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and painless method to measure canine hindlimb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric contractions.

ビボ犬筋肉の機能アッセイに

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

行動学

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Gross contraction in skeletal muscle is primarily determined by a relatively small number of contractile proteins, however this tissue is also remarkably adaptable to environmental factors1 such as hypertrophy by resistance exercise and atrophy by disuse. It thereby exhibits remodeling and adaptations to stressors (heat, ischemia, heavy metals, etc.)2,3. Damage can occur to muscle by a muscle exerting force while lengthening, the so-called eccentric contraction4. The contractile proteins can be damaged in such exertions and need to be repaired, degraded and/or resynthesized; these functions are not part of the contractile proteins, but of other much less abundant proteins in the cell. To determine what subset of proteins is involved in the amelioration of this type of damage, a global proteome must be established prior to exercise5 and then followed subsequent to the exercise to determine the differential protein expression and thereby highlight candidate proteins in the adaptations to damage and its repair. Furthermore, most studies of skeletal muscle have been conducted on the male of the species and hence may not be representative of female muscle. 
In this article we present a method for extracting proteins reproducibly from male and female muscles, and separating them by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by high resolution digital imaging6. This provides a protocol for spots (and subsequently identified proteins) that show a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) two-fold increase or decrease, appear or disappear from the control state. These are then excised, digested with trypsin and separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (LC/MS) for protein identification (LC/MS/MS)5. This methodology (Figure 1) can be used on many tissues with little to no modification (liver, brain, heart etc.).

A straight-forward set of methods to isolate and determine the identity of the most abundant proteins expressed in skeletal muscle. About 800 spots are discerned on a two-dimensional gel from 10 mg muscle; this allows for the determination of gender-specific protein expression. These methods will give equivalent results in most tissues.

プロテオミクスから骨格筋の性別二型

Gross contraction in skeletal muscle is primarily determined by a relatively small number of contractile proteins, however this tissue is also remarkably ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. Percent capillary recruitment is assessed by dividing the increase in capillary density induced by postocclusive reactive hyperemia (postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density minus baseline capillary density), by the maximal capillary density (observed during passive venous occlusion). Percent perfused capillaries represents the proportion of all capillaries present that are perfused (functionally active), and is calculated by dividing postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density by the maximal capillary density. Both percent capillary recruitment and percent perfused capillaries reflect the number of functional capillaries. The forearm blood flow (FBF) technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function: The ratio FBFmax/FBFbase is computed as an estimate of vasodilation, by dividing the mean of the four FBFmax values by the mean of the four FBFbase values. Forearm vascular resistance at maximal vasodilation (FVRmax) is calculated as the mean arterial pressure (MAP) divided by FBFmax. Both the capillaroscopy and forearm techniques are readily acceptable to patients and can be learned quickly.
The microvascular and endothelial function measures obtained using the methodologies described in this paper may have future utility in clinical patient cardiovascular risk-reduction strategies. As we have published reports demonstrating that microvascular and endothelial dysfunction are found in initial stages of hypertension including prehypertension, microvascular and endothelial function measures may eventually aid in early identification, risk-stratification and prevention of end-stage vascular pathology, with its potentially fatal consequences.

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The forearm blood flow technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function.

微小血管と内皮機能の非侵襲的評価

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of ...

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

骨格筋疾患の定量的磁気共鳴イメージング

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo and noninvasively in humans via phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS). However, the approach has not been widely adopted in translational and clinical research, with variations in methodology and limited guidance from the literature. Increased optimization, standardization, and dissemination of methods for in vivo 31PMRS would facilitate the development of targeted therapies to improve OXPHOS capacity and could ultimately favorably impact cardiovascular health. 31PMRS produces a noninvasive, in vivo measure of OXPHOS capacity in human skeletal muscle, as opposed to alternative measures obtained from explanted and potentially altered mitochondria via muscle biopsy. It relies upon only modest additional instrumentation beyond what is already in place on magnetic resonance scanners available for clinical and translational research at most institutions. In this work, we outline a method to measure in vivo skeletal muscle OXPHOS. The technique is demonstrated using a 1.5 Tesla whole-body MR scanner equipped with the suitable hardware and software for 31PMRS, and we explain a simple and robust protocol for in-magnet resistive exercise to rapidly fatigue the quadriceps muscle. Reproducibility and feasibility are demonstrated in volunteers as well as subjects over a wide range of functional capacities.

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

This work demonstrates the feasibility of an in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS) technique to quantify mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity in human skeletal muscle.

リン-31磁気共鳴分光法：測定するためのツール<em&gt;インビボ</emヒト骨格筋における&gt;ミトコンドリア酸化的リン酸化能力

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

The detection of levels of impairment in microvascular oxygen consumption and reactive hyperemia is vital in critical care. However, there are no practical means for a robust and quantitative evaluation. This paper describes a protocol to evaluate these impairments using a hybrid near-infrared diffuse optical device. The device contains modules for near-infrared time-resolved and diffuse correlation spectroscopies and pulse-oximetry. These modules allow the non-invasive, continuous, and real-time measurement of the absolute, microvascular blood/tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) and the blood flow index (BFI) along with the peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). This device uses an integrated, computer-controlled tourniquet system to execute a standardized protocol with optical data acquisition from the brachioradialis muscle. The standardized vascular occlusion test (VOT) takes care of the variations in the occlusion duration and pressure reported in the literature, while the automation minimizes inter-operator differences. The protocol we describe focuses on a 3-min occlusion period but the details described in this paper can readily be adapted to other durations and cuff pressures, as well as other muscles. The inclusion of an extended baseline and post-occlusion recovery period measurement allows the quantification of the baseline values for all the parameters and the blood/tissue deoxygenation rate that corresponds to the metabolic rate of oxygen consumption. Once the cuff is released, we characterize the tissue reoxygenation rate, magnitude, and duration of the hyperemic response in BFI and StO2. These latter parameters correspond to the quantification of the reactive hyperemia, which provides information about the endothelial function. Furthermore, the above-mentioned measurements of the absolute concentration of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, BFI, the derived metabolic rate of oxygen consumption, StO2, and SpO2 provide a yet-to-be-explored rich data set that can exhibit disease severity, personalized therapeutics, and management interventions.

We describe a protocol to non-invasively and continuously measure absolute microvascular blood flow index and blood oxygen saturation using a multi-modal device based on near-infrared diffuse optics. We then evaluate the metabolic rate of oxygen consumption and reactive hyperemia utilizing a vascular occlusion test.

救命救急のためのハイブリッド近赤外拡散光学分光法を用いた微小血管酸素化および反応性充血の非侵襲的モニタリング

The detection of levels of impairment in microvascular oxygen consumption and reactive hyperemia is vital in critical care. However, there are no ...

Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Wearable Devices to Identify Central Versus Peripheral Limitations During Exercise

The gold standard to assess the aerobic capacity in physically active subjects and athletes is the maximal oxygen consumption test (VO2&#8211;max), which involves analysis of exhaled&#8211;gases and cardiorespiratory variables obtained via the breath-by-breath method in an ergospirometer during an incremental exercise. However, this method cannot elucidate metabolic changes at the muscular level. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has emerged as a valuable technology to evaluate local oxygen levels (Tissular Saturation Index, TSI) by quantifying the concentrations of oxygenated (O2-Hb) and deoxygenated (H-Hb) hemoglobin in the microvasculature of tissues. NIRS applications extend to respiratory and locomotor muscles, assessing metabolic changes associated with the cost of breathing (COB) and peripheral workload, respectively. Additionally, cerebral regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, have been explored with NIRS technology to assess physiological changes related to cognitive demand associated with planning or ideation of motor tasks linked to sports performance. Thus, by analyzing exercise-induced changes (D) in O2-Hb, H-Hb, and TSI, it is possible to identify central and peripheral exercise limitations, particularly when endurance training is the main component of physical fitness (e.g., running, cycling, triathlon, etc.). Addressing these factors is paramount for coaches and exercise physiologists to optimize athletic performance, incorporating training strategies focused on the primary exercise-limiting factors. This study outlines a protocol for utilizing wearables devices equipped with NIRS technology to analyze exercise changes in TSI, O2-Hb, and H-Hb, alongside cardiorespiratory variables typically registered in athletes during VO2&#8211;max tests. This approach offers a comprehensive method for identifying the primary systems involved in stopping exercise progression and sports performance improvement.

This protocol integrates near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to assess localized hematological and oxygenation changes at the prefrontal cortex, respiratory (m.Intercostales), and locomotor (m.Vastus Lateralis) muscles during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, enabling the identification of central and peripheral limiting factors affecting exercise performance.

近赤外分光ウェアラブルデバイスを使用して、運動中の中心と末梢の制限を特定する

The gold standard to assess the aerobic capacity in physically active subjects and athletes is the maximal oxygen consumption test (VO2&#8211;max), which ...

下肢血管機能の評価のためのNIRSの最適化

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Reactive Hyperemia for the Assessment of Lower Limb Vascular Function

Vascular diseases of the lower limb contribute substantially to the&#160;global burden of cardiovascular disease and comorbidities such as diabetes. Importantly, microvascular dysfunction can occur prior to, or alongside, macrovascular pathology, and both potentially contribute to patient symptoms and disease burden. Here, we describe a non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during reactive hyperemia, which provides a standardized assessment of lower limb vascular (dys)function and a potential method to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Unlike alternative methods, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound, this approach does not require venous access or sophisticated image analysis, and it is inexpensive and less operator-dependent. This description of the NIRS method includes representative results and standard terminology alongside the discussion of measurement considerations, limitations, and alternative methods. Future application of this work will improve standardization of vascular research design, data collection procedures, and harmonized reporting, thereby enhancing translational research outcomes in the areas of lower limb vascular (dys)function, disease, and treatment.

著者スポットライト:新しい介入とNIRS技術による心血管疾患における血管機能と身体能力の強化

Here, we describe a non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess reactive hyperemia in the lower limb. This protocol provides a standardized assessment of vascular and microvascular responsiveness that may be used to determine the presence of vascular dysfunction as well as the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

下肢血管機能評価のための反応性充血中の近赤外分光法 

Vascular diseases of the lower limb contribute substantially to the&#160;global burden of cardiovascular disease and comorbidities such as diabetes. ...

骨格筋血管カップリング、酸化容量、および 'ワンストップショップ「近赤外分光法を用いた微小血管機能

要約

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この動画の章

単離骨格筋のミオ - 機械的分析

ビボ犬筋肉の機能アッセイに

運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

プロテオミクスから骨格筋の性別二型

微小血管と内皮機能の非侵襲的評価

骨格筋疾患の定量的磁気共鳴イメージング

リン-31磁気共鳴分光法：測定するためのツール

救命救急のためのハイブリッド近赤外拡散光学分光法を用いた微小血管酸素化および反応性充血の非侵襲的モニタリング

近赤外分光ウェアラブルデバイスを使用して、運動中の中心と末梢の制限を特定する

下肢血管機能評価のための反応性充血中の近赤外分光法

骨格筋血管カップリング、酸化容量、および 'ワンストップ ショップ「近赤外分光法を用いた微小血管機能

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

単離骨格筋のミオ - 機械的分析

ビボ犬筋肉の機能アッセイに

運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

プロテオミクスから骨格筋の性別二型

微小血管と内皮機能の非侵襲的評価

骨格筋疾患の定量的磁気共鳴イメージング

リン-31磁気共鳴分光法：測定するためのツール

救命救急のためのハイブリッド近赤外拡散光学分光法を用いた微小血管酸素化および反応性充血の非侵襲的モニタリング

近赤外分光ウェアラブルデバイスを使用して、運動中の中心と末梢の制限を特定する

下肢血管機能評価のための反応性充血中の近赤外分光法

骨格筋血管カップリング、酸化容量、および 'ワンストップショップ「近赤外分光法を用いた微小血管機能