著者は、専門家の技術援助; Keali Röhm、ルイザ Frieß、平家メンツェルに感謝してヘルガ Brünner 動物のケアのためにクリストファー s. 病棟の生成と ImageJ ソフトウェアの光 disector グリッドのプラグインの配布します。

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C., Manaye, K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midbrain+dopaminergic+neurons+(nuclei+A8,+A9,+and+A10):+three-dimensional+reconstruction+in+the+rat.">Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (nuclei A8, A9, and A10): three-dimensional reconstruction in the rat.</a> J Comp Neurol. 331 (3), 297-309 (1993).</li><li>Smeyne, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+the+Effects+of+MPTP+and+Paraquat+on+Dopaminergic+Neurons+and+Microglia+in+the+Substantia+Nigra+Pars+Compacta+of+C57BL/6+Mice.">Assessment of the Effects of MPTP and Paraquat on Dopaminergic Neurons and Microglia in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta of C57BL/6 Mice.</a> PLoS One. 11 (10), e0164094 (2016).</li></ol>

C. w. i.、メルツ医薬品、LLC、テバ; の科学的なボードを務めていますイプセン、メルツ医薬品、LLC は、アラガン株式会社からの旅行のための資金を受けた応募作品外メルツ、テバと、アラガン社からスピーカーの謝礼を受けた。J. V. ボストンサイエンティフィック、メドトロニック、および AbbVie のコンサルタントを務めて、提出した応募作品外メドトロニック、ボストンサイエンティフィック、AbbVie、ビアル、アラガン社、および GlobalKinetics から謝礼を受けた。

ステレオロジーは、ティッシュの処理から始まります。SN 組織のシリアルの切削は、解析中にセクションの損失を防ぐために慎重に行う必要があります。さらに、1 つの重要なステップは、ステレオロジーを実行するとき、SN の左から右を区別するために 1 つの半球をマークします。脳幹の上の部分に小さな穴を配置すると、提示された研究で最良の結果が生成されます。また、組織が光分?...

神経細胞数の定量化は、前臨床パーキンソン病研究では神経変性疾患中脳 (SN)1,2内のレベルを決定する極めて重要です。関心の領域で細胞数の公平な薬剤推定は、ゴールド スタンダード3,4、5と見なされます。
公平な立体の出現の前のセクションでのニューロンの数をカウント セル ニューロンがセクションで見えて来ること変数の確率を修正するプロファイルを操作することによって評価しました。最も一般的に使用される方法の 1 つは、アバクロンビー6によって記述された定量化された細胞数の補正だった。このメソッドは、隣接する薄いセクションで同じセルのフラグメントが見つかった場合に何度も示すことができる、細胞を考慮ましょう。したがって、アバクロンビーや他の作家は、形状、サイズ、およびカウントの細胞7,8の方向を知るのために必要な方程式を生成しました。ただし、これらの仮定された通常は実現し、したがって実際のセル数 (すなわちバイアス) からの系統誤差との分岐につながった。また、バイアスを追加サンプリング3縮小できませんでした。
光の分留を使用してセル番号の薬剤の推定直接定義された、3 次元ボリュームのセル番号を直接推定する数学的原理が適用されます。このメソッドの利点は、形状、サイズ、およびカウントされて細胞の向きについての仮定を必要としないことです。したがって、推定の細胞数は真の値に近い、サンプル サイズが増加3(すなわち、公平な) 近づきます。すぐに使える商用ステレオロジー システムが開発されているステレオロジーを使用して公平な方法を維持するとき多くの規則が続かれなければならないので (レビュー、シュミッツとホフ, 2005年4を参照してください)。特殊な立体システム実装図形、サイズ、分布、およびの向きから自立につながる薬剤の評価のために事前定義されているプローブとサンプリング方式のデザイン ベースの薬剤方法、分析4,9セル。ただし、市販の立体システムは高価です;これは新しい研究での実装に制限があります。
本研究の目的は SN、光分留方式を採用した、標準的な顕微鏡装置 (すなわち、光を用いたマウスにおけるドーパミン細胞数のデザイン ベースの薬剤評価のため使用可能な手法の開発、顕微鏡、顕微鏡の標準ソフトウェア、および電動 x、y、z ステージ)。このため、マウス脳組織を処理する方法、および公平な立体のデザイン ベースを用いた SN 細胞数を推定する方法についてステップバイ ステップ ガイドが表示されます。さらに、エラー (CE) の係数と推定される細胞数の計算のテンプレートが提供されます。
ここで説明したメソッドは、SN の分析に限定されていないが、マウスまたはラットの脳の他の解剖学的に定義された地域での使用に適応することができます。例えば、海馬10や11の軌跡青斑核神経細胞の数を推定する公平なステレオロジーを使用されています。さらに、アストロ サイト12とミクログリア13など、神経細胞以外の細胞型も同様に評価することができます。したがって、このメソッドは、科学者の研究で公平なステレオロジーを実装するつもりが、ステレオロジー システムを購入するお金の多くを費やすことをいとわないされてすることができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Paxinos mouse atlas</td><td></td><td></td><td>The Mouse Brain George Paxinos Keith B.J.FranklinCopyright @2001 by Academic Press CD Rom designet &amp;amp; created by Paul Halasz</td></tr><tr><td>brain matrix slicer mouse</td><td>Zivic Instruments</td><td>BSMAS 001-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040051000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose /D(+) Saccharose</td><td>Roth</td><td>4621.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isopentane</td><td>Roth</td><td>3927.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glycerol</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040931000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>32205-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;phosphate buffered saline ingredients:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>31434-1KG-R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td><td>Merck</td><td>1048731000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate</td><td>Merck</td><td>1065801000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>potassium chloride</td><td>Merck</td><td>1049360500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>normal goat serum</td><td>Dako</td><td>X0907</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bovine serum albumin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A4503-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>X100-100ml</td><td>detergent</td></tr><tr><td>3,3-Diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochlorid/DAB tablets 10mg pH 7.0</td><td>Kem En Tec</td><td>4170</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/ Hydrogen peroxide 30%</td><td>Merck</td><td>1072090250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>avidin/biotin reagent</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>32050</td><td>Standard Ultra Sensitive ABC Staining Kit, 1:100</td></tr><tr><td>rabbit anti mouse tyrosine hydroxylase antibody</td><td>abcam</td><td>Ab112</td><td>1:1000</td></tr><tr><td>biotinylated goat-anti-rabbit IgG H+L</td><td>vector laboratories</td><td>BA-1000</td><td>1:100</td></tr><tr><td>StereoInvestigator version 11.07</td><td>MBF</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BX53 microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Visiview</td><td>Visitron Systems GmbH</td><td>3.3.0.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Axiophot2</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ software</td><td>NIH</td><td>Version 4.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-TEK OCT</td><td>Sakura</td><td>4583</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>grid overlay plugin</td><td>Wayne Rasband</td><td></td><td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/graphic-overlay.html</td></tr><tr><td>cell counter plugin</td><td>Kurt de Vos</td><td></td><td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html).&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>optical disector macro</td><td>Christopher Ward</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C57Bl/6N male mice</td><td>Charles River, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SuperFrost Plus coated object slides</td><td>Langenbrinck, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25G needle Microlance 3</td><td>BD</td><td>300400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>REGLO Analog Infusion pump</td><td>Ismatec</td><td>ISM 829</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>StereoInvestigator system</td><td></td><td></td><td>StereoInvestigator version 11.07</td></tr><tr><td>BX53 microscope</td><td></td><td></td><td>BX53 microscope</td></tr><tr><td>self-assorted stereology</td><td></td><td></td><td>Visiview</td></tr><tr><td>Axiophot2</td><td></td><td></td><td>Axiophot2</td></tr></tbody></table>

stereological estimation of dopaminergic neuron number in the mouse substantia nigra using the optical fractionator and standard microscopy equipment

パーキンソン病臨床研究では、黒質中ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの損失の定量化を含む黒質線条体路の解析が不可欠です。合計ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの数を推定するには、公平なステレオロジー光分留メソッドを使用して現在のゴールド スタンダードと見なされます。光分留メソッドの背後にある理論は複雑、ステレオロジーが特別な装置なしに達成するために困難であるため、必要なソフトウェアを含むいくつかの市販の完全な立体システム純粋存在してセルの理由を数えます。専門ステレオロジー セットアップを購入はないので常に実行可能な多くの理由のため、このレポートは、方法を記述するドーパミン作動性神経細胞の薬剤の推定カウント標準的な顕微鏡検査機器、光学顕微鏡を使用してのイメージング ソフトウェアと解析のためのコンピューター オブジェクト テーブル (x、y、z 平面) モーターを備えられました。光分留メソッドを使用して薬剤の定量化を実行する方法のステップバイ ステップの説明は与えられたし、推定される細胞数算定のため事前にプログラムされたファイルが提供されます。このメソッドの精度を評価するために市販ステレオロジー装置から得られたデータとの比較を行った。匹敵する細胞の数は、こうして公平な立体のこのプロトコルの有効桁数を示すこのプロトコルとステレオロジー デバイスを使用して発見されました。

提案手法は, TH + 右 SN 7,363 と 7,987 セル間であったのと、SN、左のドーパミン作動性ニューロンの推定数を使用して、7,446 7,904 細胞間。したがって、ドーパミン作動性ニューロン (± SEM) の平均数は、SN 右と左の SN 7,675 ± 66 7,647 ± 83 細胞だった。各動物のため計算される CE は 0.08 より低かった (範囲: 0.073 0.079) (図 7)。商業的に特殊な立体を用いた?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment at JoVE.

Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

この作品には、標準的な顕微鏡装置 (すなわち、光学顕微鏡 (x、y、z のモーターを備えられたオブジェクト テーブルを使用してマウス中脳ドーパミン作動性神経細胞数の公平な薬剤推定手順プロトコル平面)、およびデジタル画像解析のためのパブリック ドメイン ソフトウェア。

光分留と標準的な顕微鏡装置を用いたマウス中脳のドーパミン作動性ニューロン数の薬剤の評価

In pre-clinical Parkinson&#39;s disease research, analysis of the nigrostriatal tract, including quantification of dopaminergic neuron loss within the ...

stereological-estimation-dopaminergic-neuron-number-mouse-substantia

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

17.9K ビュー.  University Hospital of Würzburg. この作品には、標準的な顕微鏡装置 (すなわち、光学顕微鏡 (x、y、z のモーターを備えられたオブジェクト テーブルを使用してマウス中脳ドーパミン作動性神経細胞数の公平な薬剤推定手順プロトコル平面)、およびデジタル画像解析のためのパブリック ドメイン ソフトウェア。

ビデオ: Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five decades of inquiry into the molecular deficiencies associated with dopamine regulation. The majority of these inquiries of dopamine regulation in the brain focus upon the molecular basis for its regulation in the terminal field regions of the nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens pathways; striatum and nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, such studies have concentrated on analysis of dopamine tissue content with normalization to only wet tissue weight. Investigation of the proteins that regulate dopamine, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, TH phosphorylation, dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) protein often do not include analysis of dopamine tissue content in the same sample. The ability to analyze both dopamine tissue content and its regulating proteins (including post-translational modifications) not only gives inherent power to interpreting the relationship of dopamine with the protein level and function of TH, DAT, or VMAT2, but also extends sample economy. This translates into less cost, and yet produces insights into the molecular regulation of dopamine in virtually any paradigm of the investigators' choice.
We focus the analyses in the midbrain. Although the SN and VTA are typically neglected in most studies of dopamine regulation, these nuclei are easily dissected with practice. A comprehensive readout of dopamine tissue content and TH, DAT, or VMAT2 can be conducted. There is burgeoning literature on the impact of dopamine function in the SN and VTA on behavior, and the impingements of exogenous substances or disease processes therein 1-5. Furthermore, compounds such as growth factors have a profound effect on dopamine and dopamine-regulating proteins, to a comparatively greater extent in the SN or VTA 6-8. Therefore, this methodology is presented for reference to laboratories that want to extend their inquiries on how specific treatments modulate behaviour and dopamine regulation. Here, a multi-step method is presented for the analyses of dopamine tissue content, the protein levels of TH, DAT, or VMAT2, and TH phosphorylation from the substantia nigra and VTA from rodent midbrain. The analysis of TH phosphorylation can yield significant insights into not only how TH activity is regulated, but also the signaling cascades affected in the somatodendritic nuclei in a given paradigm.
We will illustrate the dissection technique to segregate these two nuclei and the sample processing of dissected tissue that produces a profile revealing molecular mechanisms of dopamine regulation in vivo, specific for each nuclei (Figure 1).

Dopamine is distinctly regulated in the midbrain nuclei, which contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the dopamine neurons. Here we describe a dissection and sample-handling approach to maximize results, and thus conclusions and insights, on dopamine regulation in the midbrain nuclei of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rodents.

黒質や腹側被蓋野のドーパミン規制の包括的なプロファイリング

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five ...

神経科学

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in &#8216;enriched environments&#8217; (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of &#8216;DA&#8217; genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g. Parkinson&#8217;s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

成体マウスにおける中脳ドーパミンニューロンの数の環境モジュレーション

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The identification of living dopaminergic neurons in primary Ventral Mesencephalic (VM) cultures using a fluorescent marker provides an alternative way to study the selective vulnerability of these neurons without relying on the immunostaining of fixed cells. Here, we isolate, dissociate, and culture mouse VM neurons for 3 weeks. We then identify dopaminergic neurons in the cultures using eGFP fluorescence (driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter). Individual neurons are harvested into microcentrifuge tubes using glass micropipettes. Next, we lyse the harvested cells, and conduct cDNA synthesis and transposon-mediated &#34;tagmentation&#34; to produce single cell RNA-Seq libraries1,2,3,4,5. After passing a quality-control check, single-cell libraries are sequenced and subsequent analysis is carried out to measure gene expression. We report transcriptome results for individual dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons isolated from midbrain cultures. We report that 100% of the live TH-eGFP cells that were harvested and sequenced were dopaminergic neurons. These techniques will have widespread applications in neuroscience and molecular biology.

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using RNA-seq.

RNA配列決定およびTH-プロモーター駆動EGFP発現を使用して中脳培養における生活ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの信頼性の高い同定

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, ...

The Optical Fractionator Technique to Estimate Cell Numbers in a Rat Model of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Stereological methods are designed to describe quantitative parameters without making assumptions about size, shape, orientation and distribution of cells or structures. These methods have been revolutionary for quantitative analysis of the mammalian brain, in which volumetric cell populations are too high to count manually, and stereology is now the technique of choice whenever estimates of three-dimensional quantities need to be extracted from measurements on two-dimensional sections. All stereological methods are in principle unbiased; however, they rely on proper knowledge about the structure of interest and the characteristics of the tissue. Stereology is based on Systematic Uniformly Random Sampling (SURS), with adjustment of sampling to the most efficient level in respect to precision, providing reliable, quantitative information about the whole structure of interest. Here we present the optical fractionator in conjunction with BrdU immunohistochemistry to estimate the production and survival of newly-formed neurons in the granule cell layer (including the sub-granular zone) of the rat hippocampus following electroconvulsive stimulation, which is among the most potent stimulators of neurogenesis. The optical fractionator technique is designed to provide estimates of the total number of cells from thick sections sampled from the full structure. Thick sections provide the opportunity to observe cells in their full 3-D extent and thus, allow for easy and robust cell classification based on morphological criteria. When correctly implemented, the sensitivity and efficiency of the optical fractionator provides accurate estimates with a fixed and predetermined precision.

Here, we present a stereological method, the optical fractionator, used to quantify the formation of new neurons, and their survival, in the rat hippocampus following electroconvulsive stimulation. When correctly implemented, the sensitivity and efficiency of stereological methods ensures accurate estimates with a fixed and predetermined precision.

電気ショック療法のラットモデルにおける細胞数の推定のための光学分画器技術

Stereological methods are designed to describe quantitative parameters without making assumptions about size, shape, orientation and distribution of cells ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

検出技術その場で革新的な RNA 側坐齧歯動物の核内ドーパミン D1-アルファ受容体の同定

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

Quantifying the Heterogeneous Distribution of a Synaptic Protein in the Mouse Brain Using Immunofluorescence

The presence, absence, or levels of specific synaptic proteins can severely influence synaptic transmission. In addition to elucidating the function of a protein, it is vital to also determine its distribution. Here, we describe a protocol employing immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and computer-based analysis to determine the distribution of the synaptic protein Mover (also called TPRGL or SVAP30). We compare the distribution of Mover to that of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin, thereby determining the distribution of Mover in a quantitative manner relative to the abundance of synaptic vesicles. Notably, this method could potentially be implemented to allow for comparison of the distribution of proteins using different antibodies or microscopes or across different studies. Our method circumvents the inherent variability of immunofluorescent stainings by yielding a ratio rather than absolute fluorescence levels. Additionally, the method we describe enables the researcher to analyze the distribution of a protein on different levels: from whole brain slices to brain regions to different subregions in one brain area, such as the different layers of the hippocampus or sensory cortices. Mover is a vertebrate-specific protein that is associated with synaptic vesicles. With this method, we show that Mover is heterogeneously distributed across brain areas, with high levels in the ventral pallidum, the septal nuclei, and the amygdala, and also within single brain areas, such as the different layers of the hippocampus.

Here, we describe a quantitative approach to determining the distribution of a synaptic protein relative to a marker protein using immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, and computer-based analysis.

蛍光抗体法を用いたマウス脳内シナプス蛋白質の不均質分布の定量化

The presence, absence, or levels of specific synaptic proteins can severely influence synaptic transmission. In addition to elucidating the function of a ...

Stereological Estimation of Cholinergic Fiber Length in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert of the Mouse Brain

The length of cholinergic or other neuronal axons in various brain regions are often correlated with the specific function of the region. Stereology is a useful method to quantify neuronal profiles of various brain structures. Here we provide a software-based stereology protocol to estimate the total length of cholinergic fibers in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) of the basal forebrain. The method uses a space ball probe for length estimates. The cholinergic fibers are visualized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining with the horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (HRP-DAB) detection system. The staining protocol is also valid for fiber and cell number estimation in various brain regions using stereology software. The stereology protocol can be used for estimation of any linear profiles such as cholinoceptive fibers, dopaminergic/catecholaminergic fibers, serotonergic fibers, astrocyte processes, or even vascular profiles.

Neuronal fiber length within a three-dimensional structure of a brain region is a reliable parameter to quantify specific neuronal structural integrity or degeneration. This article details a stereological quantification method to measure cholinergic fiber length within the nucleus basalis of Meynert in mice as an example.

マウス脳のマイナート核基底部におけるコリン作動性繊維長の立体的推定

The length of cholinergic or other neuronal axons in various brain regions are often correlated with the specific function of the region. Stereology is a ...

Elimination of Serotonergic Neurons by Stereotaxic Injection of 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine in the Dorsal Raphe Nuclei of Mice

Stereotaxic injection has been widely used for direct delivery of compounds or viruses to targeted brain areas in rodents. Direct targeting of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) can cause excessive bleeding and animal death, due to its location below the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). This protocol describes the generation of a DRN serotonergic neuron-lesioned mouse model (&#62;90% survival rate) with stable loss of &#62;70% 5-HT-positive cells in the DRN. The lesion is induced by stereotaxic injection of a selective serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the DRN using an angled approach (30&#176; in the anterior/posterior direction) to avoid injury to the SSS. DRN serotonergic neuron-lesioned mice display anxiety-associated behavior alterations, which helps to confirm success of the DRN lesion surgery. This method is used here for DRN lesions, but it can also be used for other stereotaxic injections that require angular injections to avoid midline structures. This DRN serotonergic neuron-lesioned mouse model provides a valuable tool for understanding the role of serotonergic neurons in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder.

This protocol describes a dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-lesioned mouse model (&#62;90% survival rate in experimental mice) with stable loss of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by stereotaxic injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the DRN using an angled approach to prevent injury to the superior sagittal sinus.

Stereotaxic injection has been widely used for direct delivery of compounds or viruses to targeted brain areas in rodents. Direct targeting of ...

Studying Pre-formed Fibril Induced &#945;-Synuclein Accumulation in Primary Embryonic Mouse Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

The goal of this protocol is to establish a robust and reproducible model of &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary dopamine neurons. Combined with immunostaining and unbiased automated image analysis, this model allows for the analysis of the effects of drugs and genetic manipulations on &#945;-synuclein aggregation in neuronal cultures. Primary midbrain cultures provide a reliable source of bona fide embryonic dopamine neurons. In this protocol, the hallmark histopathology of Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Lewy bodies (LB), is mimicked by the addition of &#945;-synuclein pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) directly to neuronal culture media. Accumulation of endogenous phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein in the soma of dopamine neurons is detected by immunostaining already at 7 days after the PFF addition. In vitro cell culture conditions are also suitable for the application and evaluation of treatments preventing &#945;-synuclein accumulation, such as small molecule drugs and neurotrophic factors, as well as lentivirus vectors for genetic manipulation (e.g., with CRISPR/Cas9). Culturing the neurons in 96 well plates increases the robustness and power of the experimental setups. At the end of the experiment, the cells are fixed with paraformaldehyde for immunocytochemistry and fluorescence microscopy imaging. Multispectral fluorescence images are obtained via automated microscopy of 96 well plates. These data are quantified (e.g., counting the number of phospho-&#945;-synuclein-containing dopamine neurons per well) with the use of free software that provides a platform for unbiased high-content phenotype analysis. PFF-induced modeling of phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary dopamine neurons provides a reliable tool to study the underlying mechanisms mediating formation and elimination of &#945;-synuclein inclusions, with the opportunity for high-throughput drug screening and cellular phenotype analysis.

Here, we present a detailed protocol to study neuronal &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary mouse dopamine neurons. Phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein aggregates in neurons are induced with pre-formed &#945;-synuclein fibrils. Automated imaging of immunofluorescently labeled cells and unbiased image analysis make this robust protocol suitable for medium-to-high throughput screening of drugs that inhibit &#945;-synuclein accumulation.

原発性胚マウス中脳ドーパミンニューロンにおける前形成線維誘導α-シヌクレイン蓄積の研究

The goal of this protocol is to establish a robust and reproducible model of &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary dopamine neurons. Combined with ...

Semi-Quantitative Determination of Dopaminergic Neuron Density in the Substantia Nigra of Rodent Models using Automated Image Analysis

Estimation of the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is a key method in pre-clinical Parkinson's disease research. Currently, unbiased stereological counting is the standard for quantification of these cells, but it remains a laborious and time-consuming process, which may not be feasible for all projects. Here, we describe the use of an image analysis platform, which can accurately estimate the quantity of labeled cells in a pre-defined region of interest. We describe a step-by-step protocol for this method of analysis in rat brain and demonstrate it can identify a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons due to expression of mutant &#945;-synuclein in the substantia nigra. We validated this methodology by comparing with results obtained by unbiased stereology. Taken together, this method provides a time-efficient and accurate process for detecting changes in dopaminergic neuron number, and thus is suitable for efficient determination of the effect of interventions on cell survival.

Here we present an automated method for semi-quantitative determination of dopaminergic neuron number in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta.

自動画像解析を用いたげっ歯類モデルのサブスタチングニグラにおけるドーパミン作動性ニューロン密度の半定量的決定

Estimation of the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is a key method in pre-clinical Parkinson's disease research. Currently, unbiased ...