著者の謝辞があります。

著者が明らかに何もありません。

このプロトコルは、TMS を用いた M1 内抑制性回路の活動を調査する 2 つの方法を示しています。もっと正確に、これらの 2 つのプロトコルは、M1 内抑制性回路の活動に注意の焦点の影響を調査する本研究で使用されています。
本手法の 1 つの制限は、前円滑化せず subTMS 誘発筋電図抑制が発生する可能性はない常にことです。この研究では、たとえば、4 科目削除しなけ?...

IF と比較して EF を採用または中立的な焦点運動パフォーマンスと多数の設定1での学習を促進することが今一般に受け入れられます。それが示されている、たとえば、精度2,3では利点につながる EF を採用することと、4,5,6のバランス、生産7、8パフォーマンスのジャンプを強制的に7,9,10,11、移動速度12、酸素消費13,14、および疲労タスク15,16。
一方、脳の活性化、すべての動きの基礎であるので、運動の神経制御のいくつかの側面を検討されている.たとえば、レベルと M1 内の皮質内抑制を調節する能力はすくみ調整17、姿勢制御18、器用さ19などの運動機能に強い影響力を持っている示されています。さらに、高齢者や子供 (生まれた早産20) などの若い大人よりも貧しいモータ制御能力を持つ集団は、あまり顕著抑制を通常表示されます。したがって、抑制過程の役割ではありませんがまだよく理解し、抑制のプロセスそれにもかかわらずよう運動遂行の質に重要な一般的にです。
皮質内抑制性回路を調査する可能性は、非侵襲的な経頭蓋磁気刺激 (TMS) を使用することです。最も一般的に使用される刺激プロトコル SICI を誘発するペアパルス TMS (ppTMS) に適用されます。このプロトコルは、1-5 ms21,22,23の刺激間隔で刺激閾コントロール刺激応答の振幅を低減する運動閾値下刺激を使用してください。,24.、コントロール刺激の割合として報告、運動誘発電位 (Mep) の振幅比較できる条件が、皮質の阻害活性と M1 の変調についての情報を与えます。
Intractortical 抑制性回路の活動を評価するために別の刺激プロトコルは、すべての刺激の強度の運動閾値 (すなわちsubTMS) 以下に配信先の単一パルスを適用されます。このプロトコルは、継続的な筋活動18,25,26の抑制を誘導します。このいわゆる subTMS 誘発筋電図抑制は、金額と期間の点で比較できます。このプロトコルは広く使用されません、標準 SICI プロトコルに比べていくつかの利点があります。このプロトコルは、閾刺激を誘発しないよう運動の遂行を妨害しません。両方の方法は、皮質内ガンマ-アミノ酪酸 (GABA) 抑制性介在ニューロン23,27の応答をテストします。
モーターの性能1の場合と比較して、EF を使用してよく知られている利点があるにもかかわらず根本的な神経プロセスは不明します。FMRI 研究28,、M1、体性感覚、主に血中酸素レベル依存 (BOLD) 活性化を高めたと島国的な皮質科目指を実行するシーケンスし IF と比較して EF を採用を示した。別の最近の研究16規定 EF に関連付けられている M1 の活性の増強、実際、できる皮質内の高められた活動のため、興奮性と抑制性の活動を fMRI29によって区別できないが、抑制性回路。正確に、この研究は、抑制性 Gaba ニューロンの興奮性を注意フォーカスと同じ人で採用の種類によって即座に変調することができることを示した。
現在のプロトコルの主な目的は、M1 内の皮質内抑制性回路の活動認知操作 (すなわち、注意書きのフォーカス) の即時の効果を比較する 2 つの可能な方法を示すことです。SubTMS と ppTMS の両方が使用されます。さらに、このプロトコルは、FDI の最大等尺性持続収縮の TTF の調査で非常に制御された方法でモーターの挙動に注意巣の影響を探索する 1 つの方法を示しています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>MC3A-100</td><td>Advanced Mechanical Technologies Inc., Watertown, MA, USA</td><td>-</td><td>Force transducer</td></tr><tr><td>BlueSensor P</td><td>Ambu A/S, Bellerup, Denmark</td><td>-</td><td>Ag/AgCl surface electrodes for EMG</td></tr><tr><td>Polaris Spectra</td><td>Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada</td><td>-</td><td>neuronavigation system, active or passive markers tracker</td></tr><tr><td>Localite TMS Navigator Version 2.0.5</td><td>LOCALITE GmbH, Sankt Augustin, Germany</td><td>-</td><td>navigation system for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)</td></tr><tr><td>MagVenture MagPro X100</td><td>MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark</td><td>9016E0711</td><td>Transcranial magnetic stimulator</td></tr><tr><td>MagVenture D-B80</td><td>MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark</td><td>9016E0431</td><td>TMS coil (figure of eight)</td></tr><tr><td>Goniometer</td><td>N/A</td><td>-</td><td>Custom-made goniometer</td></tr><tr><td>Othopedic splint</td><td>N/A</td><td>-</td><td>Custom-made splint</td></tr><tr><td>Recording software</td><td>LabView based</td><td>-</td><td>Custom-made script</td></tr></tbody></table>

intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex can be modulated by changing the focus of attention

注目の内部フォーカス (IF) と比較して外部フォーカス (EF) が運動学習とパフォーマンスを向上させることも認識されます。研究は、精度、バランス、利点強制的に生産、跳躍性能, 運動速度, 酸素消費量と作業の疲労を示されています。EF の戦略を使用しての行動の結果がよく、探検が神経の基になるメカニズムは不明のまま。最近 TMS 研究は、EF と IF の間一次運動野 (M1) の活性を比較しました。正確には、この研究は、EF を採用し、皮質内抑制性回路の活動が拡張されを示した。
行動のレベルでは、議定書最初背側骨間 (FDI) の最大の収縮を実行するときタスクの失敗 (TTF) 時間に注意の焦点の影響をテストします。さらに、現在の紙は注意条件が M1 内皮質抑制性回路の活動に及ぼす影響を評価するために 2 つの TMS のプロトコルについて説明します。したがって、本稿は、強度を運動閾値 (subTMS) の下での単一パルス TMS と M1 に適用すると、短い間隔皮質内抑制 (SICI) を誘発するペアパルス TMS を使用する方法について説明します。これらのメソッドは、脊髄反射回路の影響を受けず、gaba 作動性抑制性ニューロンの応答性を反映すると見なされます、彼らは M1 内の皮質内抑制性回路の活性の測定に適しています。
結果は、参加者がタスクの失敗に時間を延長することができる外部の注意を向ける運動パフォーマンスを向上させることを示します。さらに、IF と比較して EF を採用するとき、結果はより大きい subTMS 誘発筋電図抑制と SICI を伴っていた。M1 内の皮質内抑制のレベルはモーターの性能に影響を及ぼす以前示した、EF と拡張の抑制と長期の TTF で示された行動のタスクにみられる運動効率の向上に貢献するかもしれない、EF。

注意の焦点の運動パフォーマンスに及ぼす影響:
現在の研究では行動のテストは、運動課題の実現可能性を証明するために、EF を適用するときに積極的に反応した主題を識別するために使用されました。以前の研究 (レビュー1参照)、我々 の結果を示す長期 TTF 参加者が IF と比較して EF を採択したとき (<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention at JoVE.com

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

2 つの異なる経頭蓋磁気刺激 (TMS) プロトコルを使用して、この原稿は測定し、さまざまな注意焦点を採用するとき、一次運動野の皮質内抑制を比較する方法をについて説明します。

一次運動野の皮質内抑制は注意の焦点を変更することで変調することができます。

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

intracortical-inhibition-within-primary-motor-cortex-can-be-modulated

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.8K ビュー.  University of Fribourg. 2 つの異なる経頭蓋磁気刺激 (TMS) プロトコルを使用して、この原稿は測定し、さまざまな注意焦点を採用するとき、一次運動野の皮質内抑制を比較する方法をについて説明します。

ビデオ: Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone else's action becomes anticipatory simulation of a complementary act. TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex corresponding to the hand to induce the highest level of MEP activity from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM; the muscle serving little finger abduction) as well as the first dorsal interosseus (FDI; the muscle serving index finger flexion/extension) muscles. A neuronavigation system was used to maintain the position of the TMS coil, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right ADM and FDI muscles. Producing original data with regard to motor resonance, the combined TMS/MEP technique has taken research on the perception-action coupling mechanism a step further. Specifically, it has answered the questions of how and when observing another person's actions produces motor facilitation in an onlooker's corresponding muscles and in what way corticospinal excitability is modulated in social contexts.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex, neuronavigation, and registration of electromyographic activity of hand muscles were used in this study to explore corticospinal excitability while participants were observing action sequences.

行動観察中のコルチコ脊髄興奮性変調

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

行動学

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

注目のコントロール内のプロセスを無視し、出席の神経生理学的信号の測定

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

人間の力と位置制御 - 増補フィードバックの役割

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

一次運動野代謝に及ぼすバイ半球経頭蓋電気刺激効果の測定のためのツールと​​しての磁気共鳴分光法の利用

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

神経科学

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

経頭蓋交流電流刺激オンライン結合による一次運動野の経頭蓋磁気刺激の効果

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) characterization of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and inhibition. Motor response inhibition prevents unwanted actions and is abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions. TMS is a non-invasive technology that can quantify M1 excitability and inhibition using single- and paired-pulse protocols and can be precisely timed to study cortical physiology with high temporal resolution. We modified the original Slater-Hammel (S-H) stop signal task to create a &#34;racecar&#34; version with TMS pulses time-locked to intra-trial events. This task is self-paced, with each trial initiating after a button push to move the racecar towards the 800 ms target. GO trials require a finger-lift to stop the racecar just before this target. Interspersed randomly are STOP trials (25%) during which the dynamically adjusted stop signal prompts subjects to prevent finger-lift. For GO trials, TMS pulses were delivered at 650 ms after trial onset; whereas, for STOP trials, the TMS pulses occurred 150 ms after the stop signal. The timings of the TMS pulses were decided based on electroencephalography (EEG) studies showing event-related changes in these time ranges during stop signal tasks. This task was studied in 3 blocks at two study sites (n=38) and we recorded behavioral performance and event-related motor-evoked potentials (MEP). Regression modelling was used to analyze MEP amplitudes using age as a covariate with multiple independent variables (sex, study site, block, TMS pulse condition [single- vs. paired-pulse], trial condition [GO, successful STOP, failed STOP]). The analysis showed that TMS pulse condition (p&#60;0.0001) and its interaction with trial condition (p=0.009) were significant. Future applications for this online S-H/TMS paradigm include the addition of simultaneous EEG acquisition to measure TMS-evoked EEG potentials. A potential limitation is that in children, the TMS pulse sound could&#160;affect behavioral task performance.

We describe an experimental procedure to quantify excitability and inhibition of primary motor cortex during a motor response inhibition task by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation throughout the course of a Stop Signal Task.

反応抑制に関連する皮質の生理学を測定するためのオンラインの経頭蓋磁気刺激プロトコル

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ...

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has provided important insights into fundamental processes of the brain like cognition, learning, and motor control. However, this approach cannot provide causal evidence for the involvement of brain areas of interest. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for studying the human brain that can overcome this limitation by transiently modifying brain activity. Here, we highlight recent advances using a paired-pulse, dual-site TMS method with two coils that causally probes cortico-cortical interactions in the human motor system during different task contexts. Additionally, we describe a dual-site TMS protocol based on cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) that transiently enhances synaptic efficiency in two interconnected brain areas by applying repeated pairs of cortical stimuli with two coils. These methods can provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor function as well as a new perspective on manipulating specific neural pathways in a targeted fashion to modulate brain circuits and improve behavior. This approach may prove to be an effective tool to develop more sophisticated models of brain-behavior relations and improve diagnosis and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This article describes new approaches to measure and strengthen functionally specific neural pathways with transcranial magnetic stimulation. These advanced noninvasive brain stimulation methodologies can provide new opportunities for the understanding of brain-behavior relations and development of new therapies to treat brain disorders.

経頭蓋磁気刺激によるヒト運動系における機能的特異的神経経路の測定と操作

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has ...

Conventional and Threshold-Tracking Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tests for Single-handed Operation

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used to examine corticospinal excitability. Paired-pulse TMS paradigms (e.g., short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI/LICI), short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), and short- and long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI/LAI)) provide information about intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory networks. This has long been done by the conventional TMS method of measuring changes in the size of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to stimuli of constant intensity. An alternative threshold-tracking approach has recently been introduced whereby the stimulus intensity for a target amplitude is tracked. The diagnostic utility of threshold-tracking SICI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been shown in previous studies. However, threshold-tracking TMS has only been used in a few centers, in part due to the lack of readily available software but also perhaps due to uncertainty over its relationship to conventional single- and paired-pulse TMS measurements.
A menu-driven suite of semi-automatic programs has been developed to facilitate the broader use of threshold-tracking TMS techniques and to enable direct comparisons with conventional amplitude measurements. These have been designed to control three types of magnetic stimulators and allow recording by a single operator of the common single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols.
This paper shows how to record a number of single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols on healthy subjects and analyze the recordings. These TMS protocols are fast and easy to perform and can provide useful biomarkers in different neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS.

We present a suite of standardized single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recording protocols, with options for conventional amplitude measurements and threshold-tracking. This program can control three different types of magnetic stimulators and is designed to enable all tests to be performed conveniently by a single operator.

単独操作のための従来型および閾値追跡経頭蓋磁気刺激試験

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used ...

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral manipulations, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the neural processes involved in reach planning, execution, and control. The novel approach described here combines a two-dimensional reaching task with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and concurrent electromyography (EMG) recording from multiple muscles. This method allows for the noninvasive detection of corticospinal activity at precise time points during the unfolding of reaching movements. The example task code includes a delayed response reaching task with two possible targets displayed &#177; 45&#176; off the midline. Single pulse TMS is delivered on the majority of task trials, either at the onset of the preparatory cue (baseline) or 100 ms prior to the imperative cue (delay). This sample design is suitable for investigating changes in corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The sample code also includes a visuomotor perturbation (i.e., cursor rotation of &#177; 20&#176;) to investigate the effects of adaptation on corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The task parameters and TMS delivery can be adjusted to address specific hypotheses about the state of the motor system during reaching behavior. In the initial implementation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were successfully elicited on 83% of TMS trials, and reach trajectories were recorded on all trials.

Reaching is a fundamental skill that allows humans to interact with the environment. Several studies have aimed to characterize reaching behavior using a variety of methodologies. This paper offers an open-source application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the state of corticospinal excitability in humans during reaching task performance.

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...

末梢神経刺激と制御可能なパルスパラメータTMSの組み合わせ

Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Skilled motor ability depends on efficiently integrating sensory afference into the appropriate motor commands. Afferent inhibition provides a valuable tool to probe the procedural and declarative influence over sensorimotor integration during skilled motor actions. This manuscript describes the methodology and contributions of short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) for understanding sensorimotor integration. SAI quantifies the effect of a convergent afferent volley on the corticospinal motor output evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The afferent volley is triggered by the electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. The TMS stimulus is delivered to a location over the primary motor cortex that elicits a reliable motor-evoked response in a muscle served by that afferent nerve. The extent of inhibition in the motor-evoked response reflects the magnitude of the afferent volley converging on the motor cortex and involves central GABAergic and cholinergic contributions. The cholinergic involvement in SAI makes SAI a possible marker of declarative-procedural interactions in sensorimotor performance and learning. More recently, studies have begun manipulating the TMS current direction in SAI to tease apart the functional significance of distinct sensorimotor circuits in the primary motor cortex for skilled motor actions. The ability to control additional pulse parameters (e.g., the pulse width) with state-of-the-art controllable pulse parameter TMS (cTMS) has enhanced the selectivity of the sensorimotor circuits probed by the TMS stimulus and provided an opportunity to create more refined models of sensorimotor control and learning. Therefore, the current manuscript focuses on SAI assessment using cTMS. However, the principles outlined here also apply to SAI assessed using conventional fixed pulse width TMS stimulators and other forms of afferent inhibition, such as long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI).

著者スポットライト:末梢神経刺激と制御可能なパルスパラメータの組み合わせ、プローブ感覚運動制御と学習への経頭蓋磁気刺激  

Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol to probe sensorimotor integration. This article describes how SAI can be used to study the convergent sensorimotor loops in the motor cortex during sensorimotor behavior.

末梢神経刺激と制御可能なパルスパラメータの組み合わせ 感覚運動の制御と学習をプローブするための経頭蓋磁気刺激

Skilled motor ability depends on efficiently integrating sensory afference into the appropriate motor commands. Afferent inhibition provides a valuable ...

一次運動野の皮質内抑制は注意の焦点を変更することで変調することができます。

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行動観察中のコルチコ脊髄興奮性変調

注目のコントロール内のプロセスを無視し、出席の神経生理学的信号の測定

人間の力と位置制御 - 増補フィードバックの役割

一次運動野代謝に及ぼすバイ半球経頭蓋電気刺激効果の測定のためのツールとしての磁気共鳴分光法の利用

経頭蓋交流電流刺激オンライン結合による一次運動野の経頭蓋磁気刺激の効果

反応抑制に関連する皮質の生理学を測定するためのオンラインの経頭蓋磁気刺激プロトコル

経頭蓋磁気刺激によるヒト運動系における機能的特異的神経経路の測定と操作

単独操作のための従来型および閾値追跡経頭蓋磁気刺激試験

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

末梢神経刺激と制御可能なパルスパラメータの組み合わせ感覚運動の制御と学習をプローブするための経頭蓋磁気刺激

一次運動野の皮質内抑制は注意の焦点を変更することで変調することができます。

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

行動観察中のコルチコ脊髄興奮性変調

注目のコントロール内のプロセスを無視し、出席の神経生理学的信号の測定

人間の力と位置制御 - 増補フィードバックの役割

一次運動野代謝に及ぼすバイ半球経頭蓋電気刺激効果の測定のためのツールと​​しての磁気共鳴分光法の利用

経頭蓋交流電流刺激オンライン結合による一次運動野の経頭蓋磁気刺激の効果

反応抑制に関連する皮質の生理学を測定するためのオンラインの経頭蓋磁気刺激プロトコル

経頭蓋磁気刺激によるヒト運動系における機能的特異的神経経路の測定と操作

単独操作のための従来型および閾値追跡経頭蓋磁気刺激試験

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

末梢神経刺激と制御可能なパルスパラメータの組み合わせ 感覚運動の制御と学習をプローブするための経頭蓋磁気刺激

一次運動野代謝に及ぼすバイ半球経頭蓋電気刺激効果の測定のためのツールとしての磁気共鳴分光法の利用

末梢神経刺激と制御可能なパルスパラメータの組み合わせ感覚運動の制御と学習をプローブするための経頭蓋磁気刺激