Name: using a whole-mount immunohistochemical method to study the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus
Uploaded: 2017-06-15T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 23 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus at JoVE.com

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すべての実験手順は、東京都大学機関動物管理委員会（IACUC）によって承認された。動物は、実験動物のケアおよび使用のためのガイドおよびカナダ動物飼育評議会の実験動物のケアおよび使用のためのガイドに従って収容および処理された。東京都大学フロンティアヘルスサイエンス学科Functional Morphology Laboratoryで飼育維持されている動物を使用しました。 1.動物のケアと住居<ol><li>閉鎖した繁殖コロニーからS. murinus 7頭（体重が70〜90gの雌3頭、雄4頭）を得る。 </li><li>紙ストリップを含む木製の巣箱を備えたプラスチックケージに離乳後（出生後20日）個別にS. murinusをケージに入れる。慣習的に調整された動物の部屋に入れてください：23-27℃、湿度コントロールなし、そして12:12時間の明暗サイクル。供給業者イーグル・マス・ペレットと水を自由に与えます。 </li></ol> 2.組織の準備<ol><li> 4％（w / v）パラホルムアルデヒド（PFA）を調製するために、PFA40gを0.01Mリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS、pH7.4）1000mLに溶解する。ヒュームの棚で、溶液が透明になるまでボルテックスで混合する。 4％PFA O / Nは4℃で保管してください。 注意：PFAを取り扱う際は、適切な個人用保護具（PPE）を着用してください。 </li><li>動物を灌流して固定するために、それをエーテルで麻酔し、次にそれにsomnopentyl（ペントバルビタールナトリウム、0.6mL / kg体重）の腹腔内注射を与える。 </li><li>動物が完全に麻酔された後、メスで腹腔を開き、腹部の真ん中に3cmの長さの腹部切開部を作ります。腹部大動脈の切開部のすぐ上のレベルで腹部大動脈にカテーテルを腸骨動脈に挿入する。 </li><li>ソノノペンチルを注射する（ペントバルビタール体重1kgあたり1.0mL）。完全な安楽死後、0.01M PBS（pH 7.4）で灌流し、次いで煙霧棚で4％PFAで灌流する。 </li><li>灌流後、白いネオプレンラテックス（希薄白色ネオプレンラテックス3：2、蒸留水（DW））を2〜3mL注入して血管に標識する。 </li><li>肝臓、胆嚢、総胆管、十二指腸、膵臓などの腹部の器官を関連する神経や血管から抽出する。 </li><li>約12 mLの青色ネオプレンラテックス（希釈した白色ネオプレンラテックス10 mLに1滴の青色インクを加える）を胆嚢に注入して、胆管系を標識する。 </li><li>全マウント免疫染色のために、4℃で4％PFAで一晩固定してください。 注意：PFAは有毒です。 PFAの直接取り扱いは避けてください。 PFAはヒューム棚に使用する必要があります。 </li></ol> 3.全身免疫組織化学注：プロトコールを通して、洗浄、抗体インキュベーション、および着色を含む、the標本は、室温または4℃でゆっくりとロッキングして、ナットレーター上に留まらなければなりません。 <ol><li> 1日目：潜在的な内因性ペルオキシダーゼの酵素処理および不活性化 <ol><li>調製した試験片をDW 4xで室温で1時間、適切な大きさのガラスバイアル中で洗浄する。 PFAを取り除くために検体をナレーターで静かに揺する。溶液を交換する際には、試料に損傷を与えないでください。 </li><li> 1％（w / v）のオルト過ヨウ素酸を調製するには、100mLのDW中に1gのオルト過ヨウ素酸を溶解する。 </li><li>内因性ペルオキシダーゼ反応を防ぐために、1％オルト過ヨウ素酸中で20分間RTで検体をインキュベートする。 </li><li> 0.004gのパパインを0.025mol / Lのトリス - 塩酸緩衝液（pH7.6）100mLに溶解して0.004％（w / v）のパパインを調製する。 </li><li> DWで10分間RTで検体を洗浄する。 </li><li>穏やかに振盪しながら恒温槽中で37℃で2時間、新たに調製した0.004％パパインで検体をインキュベートする。 </li><li> Dを用いて検体を洗浄するWで50〜60分間RTでインキュベートした。 </li><li>試料を4％CO / Nで4％PFAに保存する。 </li></ol></li><li> 2日目：酵素処理 <ol><li>保管した試験片をDWで4時間、室温で1時間洗浄する。 </li><li>穏やかに振盪しながら恒温槽中で37℃で2時間、新たに調製した0.004％パパインで検体をインキュベートする。 </li><li> DWで50〜60分間RTで標本を洗浄する。試料を4％CO / Nで4％PFAに保存する。 </li></ol></li><li> 3日目：凍結処理 <ol><li>上記のように、保存した試験片を室温で1時間、DW 4xで洗浄する。 </li><li> 2.5g、5gおよび10gのスクロースをそれぞれ0.01M PBS（100mLのPBS中に溶解することにより2.5％（w / v）、5％（w / v）および10％ pH7.4）。 </li><li> 2.5％（w / v）、5％（w / v）および10％（w / v）スクロースにそれぞれ30分間浸漬する。 </li><li>試料を-20℃で30〜60分間凍結し、RTで完全に解凍する。サイクルを3回繰り返す。 </li><li>上2％Triton X-100（v / v）を補充し、2mLのTriton X-100を100mLの0.01M PBS（pH 7.4）に加える。 </li><li> 4％CO / Nで2％Triton X-100に検体を保存する。 </li></ol></li><li> 4日目：一次抗体インキュベーション <ol><li>ウシ血清アルブミン（BSA）0.2g、トリトンX-100 0.3ml、アジ化ナトリウム0.1gを0.01M PBS（pH 7.4）100mlに溶解して、一次抗体の希釈液を調製する。 注意：アジ化ナトリウムは急性毒性があります。吸入および接触は避けなければならない。適切なPPEを着用してください。 </li><li>上記の希釈バッファー（ステップ3.4.1）で1：600の一次抗体（NFP）を希釈する。検体をNFP抗体と4℃で3〜6日間インキュベートし、検体をナテーター上で静かに揺り動かします。より大きな検体は、 インキュベーション時間の増加を必要とする。 </li></ol></li><li> 二次抗体インキュベーション <ol><li>未結合の一次抗体を除去するために、RTでそれぞれ1時間、PBS 4x中で検体を洗浄する。 </li&gt; <li> 0.2gのBSAと0.3mLのTriton X-100を100mLの0.01M PBS（pH 7.4）に溶解することにより、二次抗体のための希釈溶液を調製する。 </li><li>希釈バッファー（ステップ3.5.2）で二次抗体（ペルオキシダーゼ結合、アフィニティー精製ヒツジ抗マウスIgG-HRP）を1：600希釈する。検体を2次抗体と4℃で3日間インキュベートし、検体をナイトレーター上で静かに揺り動かします。 </li></ol></li><li> 着色 <ol><li>溶液を暗所に保ち、ヒューム皿の下で0.05 mol / L Tris-HCl緩衝液（pH 7.6）100 mLに3,3&#39;-ジアミノベンジジンテトラヒドロクロリド（DAB）0.002 gを加えてDAB着色溶液を調製する。 </li><li> PBSで4℃で1時間、標本を室温で洗浄する。 </li><li>新たに調製したDAB着色溶液に30％H 2 O 210μLを添加し、4℃/ Nでまたは3日間インキュベートする。 </li><li>反応をplaで停止する最適染色強度に達したときに、0.04％アジ化ナトリウムを含むPBS中で標本を染色する。 注：西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼを阻害するので、このステップまでアジ化ナトリウムを使用しないでください。 </li></ol></li><li> 染色組織のイメージング <ol><li>慎重に、検体をPBSを含むペトリ皿（高さ5cm、直径10cm）に移す。実体顕微鏡に取り付けられたカメラを使用して、全マウント画像をキャプチャします。 注：完全にマウントされた組織は、透明なガラス皿上のPBSに完全に浸した状態で撮像する必要があります。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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この研究は、ニューロフィラメントタンパク質に対する抗体を用いて肝外胆道の神経支配を視覚化するための実験手順を説明している。このプロトコルは、KurataniおよびTanaka 1,2,3によって記述されたプロトコルから適合させた。 この実験では、全マウント染色法が2〜3週間続くので、各実験のタイムラインを計画します。組織を入れた容器は、凍結/解凍プロセスを除いて...

家のムスクシュル、 Suncus murinusは、InsectivoraとSoricidae目に属する。この小さな哺乳類は東南アジア全域に分布しており、人間の住居や牛のペンの近くにある家や草地に生息しています4 。この種は、マウス、ラット、ウサギのような他の実験動物と比べてヒトに類似した一般的な形態学的特徴を示す。以前、膵臓6 、大十二指腸乳頭7 、幽門8 、胆嚢5 、および肝外胆道9の末梢神経を標識するために、 S.ムリナスニューロフィラメントタンパク質（NFP）に対する末梢ニューロンマーカーを用いた全マウント免疫染色を用いた。 NFPは、成熟した神経細胞骨格の一部である巨大分子複合体である。神経フィラメント関連タンパク質NFPとザイソソームとの間の相互作用を媒介する。酵素機能およびリンカータンパク質の構造はいずれもNFP 10によって調節される。 NFP複合体は、NF-L（70kDa）、NF-M（150-160kDa）、およびNF-H（200kDa）の3つのポリペプチドからなる。 NFPは、中枢神経系および末梢神経系の両方におけるニューロンの軸索に見出され得る。抗ヒトNFP抗体は、中枢神経系および末梢神経系の軸索を標識することが示されている。解剖学的および電気生理学的研究により、括約筋、胆嚢および近位胃腸管が11,12,13,14に接続されていることが示された。しかしながら、それらのニューロン結合の形態学的特徴はまだ定義されていない。 この研究は、 S. murinus bilの神経支配を標識するための全マウント免疫組織化学的染色法の使用を実証しているNFP抗体を用いたiary tract。

<table><tbody><tr><td>orthoperiodic acid</td><td>Wako</td><td>162-00732</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>papain</td><td>Wako</td><td>164-00172</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Wako</td><td>010-15131</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium azide</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>312-33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>neurofilament protein (NFP) antibody</td><td>Dako</td><td>M0762, lot 089, clone: 2F11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>peroxidase-conjugated affinity-purified sheep anti-mouse IgG-HRP</td><td>MBL</td><td>Code 330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3,3&#039;-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB)</td><td>Wako</td><td>349-00903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>imidazole</td><td>Sigma</td><td>I-0125</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using a whole-mount immunohistochemical method to study the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus

この研究は、 Suncus murinus（ S. murinus）における胆道の神経支配を標識するためにニューロフィラメントタンパク質抗体を使用して、全マウント免疫組織化学染色方法を詳細に説明する&#160; ）。最初に、検体をS. murinusから解剖し、4％パラホルムアルデヒド（PFA）で固定した。第2に、酵素処理および潜在的な内因性ペルオキシダーゼ不活性化を行った。次いで、試験片を一次抗体である抗神経フィラメントタンパク質抗体に3-6日間曝露した。その後、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼと結合した二次抗体とインキュベートした。呈色反応は、検体を3,3&#39;-ジアミノベンジジン（DAB）基質と反応させることによって明らかにした。この方法は、すべての内臓器官の神経支配を分析するために適用することができる。さらに、このプロトコールは、他のニューロン抗体を試験するために適合させることもできるが、抗体の最適化最初に行う必要があります。この方法はもともとKuratani and Tanaka 1,2,3によって導入された。

図1〜4は、 S. murinusの肝外胆管におけるNFP陽性神経線維の典型的な結果を示す。 （ 図1 ）、胆嚢（ 図2 ）、上部胆管（ 図3 ）、および十二指腸乳頭領域（ 図4 ）の画像全体において、NFPに対する抗体は高い特異性および最小限度を再現可能に標識したバック?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus at JoVE.com

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

Suncus murinusの肝外胆管における神経フィラメントタンパク質の発現を視覚化するための全身免疫組織化学的アプローチ。ここに表示されます。このプロトコルは、 S. murinusまたは他の種のすべての内臓器官の神経支配を分析するために使用することができる。

全身免疫組織化学的方法を用いて胆道の内腔を調べる<em&gt; Suncus murinus</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

using-whole-mount-immunohistochemical-method-to-study-innervation

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

6.7K ビュー.  Tokyo Metropolitan University.  Suncus murinusの肝外胆管における神経フィラメントタンパク質の発現を視覚化するための全身免疫組織化学的アプローチ。ここに表示されます。このプロトコルは、 S. murinusまたは他の種のすべての内臓器官の神経支配を分析するために使用することができる。 

ビデオ: Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must then differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. Cholinergic neurons, a major neurotransmitter phenotype in the enteric nervous system, are identified by staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine. Historical efforts to visualize cholinergic neurons have been hampered by antibodies with differing specificities to central nervous system versus peripheral nervous system ChAT. We and others have overcome this limitation by using an antibody against placental ChAT, which recognizes both central and peripheral ChAT, to successfully visualize embryonic enteric cholinergic neurons. Additionally, we have compared this antibody to genetic reporters for ChAT and shown that the antibody is more reliable during embryogenesis. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

マウス腸神経系の開発を可視化するために免疫染色

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must ...

発生生物学

In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization for Assessment of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibody Biodistribution in Cancer Research

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in tumorigenesis, can be directed to cancer biomarkers enabling tumor detection and characterization, and can be used for cancer therapy as mAbs or antibody-drug conjugates to activate immune effector cells, to inhibit signaling pathways, or directly kill cells carrying the specific antigen. Despite clinical advancements in the development and production of novel and highly specific mAbs, diagnostic and therapeutic applications can be impaired by the complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, for the development of efficient antibody-based therapies and diagnostics, it is crucial to assess the biodistribution and interaction of the antibody-based conjugate with the living tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization (IVIL) as a new approach to study interactions of antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics in the in vivo physiological and pathological conditions. In this technique, a therapeutic or diagnostic antigen-specific antibody is intravenously injected in&#160;vivo and localized ex vivo with a secondary antibody in isolated tumors. IVIL, therefore, reflects the in vivo biodistribution of antibody-based drugs and targeting agents. Two IVIL applications are described assessing the biodistribution and accessibility of antibody-based contrast agents for molecular imaging of breast cancer. This protocol will allow future users to adapt the IVIL method for their own antibody-based research applications.

The in vivo immunofluorescence localization (IVIL) method can be used to examine in vivo biodistribution of antibodies and antibody conjugates for oncological purposes in living organisms using a combination of in vivo tumor targeting and ex vivo immunostaining methods.

がん研究における治療・診断抗体生体分布の評価のための生体内免疫蛍光局所法

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in ...

がん研究

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques are used, including serum chemistry, histological analysis, and immunostaining for specific markers. Although these techniques can provide important information about the biliary system, they often do not present a full picture of bile duct (BD) developmental defects across the whole liver. This is in part due to the robust ability of the mouse liver to drain the bile even in animals with significant impairment in biliary development. Here we present a simple method to calculate the average number of BDs associated with each portal vein (PV) in sections covering all lobes of mutant/transgenic mice. In this method, livers are mounted and sectioned in a stereotypic manner to facilitate comparison among various genotypes and experimental conditions. BDs are identified via light microscopy of cytokeratin-stained cholangiocytes, and then counted and divided by the total number of PVs present in liver section. As an example, we show how this method can clearly distinguish between wild-type mice and a mouse model of Alagille syndrome. The method presented here cannot substitute for techniques that visualize the three-dimensional structure of the biliary tree. However, it offers an easy and direct way to quantitatively assess BD development and the degree of ductular reaction formation in mice.

We present a rather simple and sensitive method for accurate quantification of bile duct density in the mouse liver. This method can aid in determining the effects of genetic and environmental modifiers and the effectiveness of potential therapies in mouse models of biliary diseases.

マウス肝臓における胆管密度の決定

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well as to excrete bilirubin and other metabolic products. In the liver, the experimental obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system initiates a complex cascade of pathological events that leads to cholestasis and inflammation resulting in a strong fibrotic reaction originating from the periportal fields. Therefore, surgical ligation of the common bile duct has become the most commonly used model to induce obstructive cholestatic injury in rodents and to study the molecular and cellular events that underlie these pathophysiological mechanisms induced by inappropriate bile flow. In recent years, different surgical techniques have been described that either allow reconnection or reanastomosis after bile duct ligation (BDL), e.g., partial BDL, or other microsurgical methods for specific research questions. However, the most frequently used model is the complete obstruction of the common bile duct that induces a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days. The mortality rate can be high due to infectious complications or technical inaccuracies. Here we provide a detailed surgical procedure for the BDL model in mice that induce a highly reproducible fibrotic response in accordance to the 3R rule for animal welfare postulated by Russel and Burch in 1959.

Disruption of bile flow results in severe inflammatory cholestatic liver injury with a characteristic time-dependent sequence of morphological alterations. Here we present a protocol for the surgical ligation of the common bile duct in mice that allows to induce a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days.

マウスにおける胆管結紮：閉塞性胆汁うっ滞による炎症性肝障害と線維症の誘発

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

医学

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ganglionated plexuses housed in the gut wall. Enteric neurons and enteric glia are the only cell types within the enteric ganglia. The activity of enteric neurons and glia is responsible for coordinating intestinal functions. This protocol describes methods for observing the activity of neurons and glia within the intact ENS by imaging intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients with fluorescent indicator dyes. Our technical discussion focuses on methods for Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations of the myenteric plexus from the rodent bowel. Bulk loading of ENS whole-mounts with a high-affinity Ca2+ indicator such as Fluo-4 permits measurements of Ca2+ responses in individual neurons or glial cells. These responses can be evoked repeatedly and reliably, which permits quantitative studies using pharmacological tools. Ca2+ responses in cells of the ENS are recorded using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Fluorescence measurements obtained using Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations offer a straightforward means of characterizing the mechanisms and potential functional consequences of Ca2+ responses in enteric neurons and glial cells.

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network of neurons and glia located in the gut wall that controls intestinal reflexes. This protocol describes methods for recording the activity of enteric neurons and glia in live preparations of ENS using Ca2+ imaging.

腸神経系のその場のCa 2+イメージングに

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ...

神経科学

Visualization of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) Network in Mice

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are mesenchymal derived "pacemaker cells" of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that generate spontaneous slow waves required for peristalsis and mediate neuronal input from the enteric nervous system1. Different subtypes of ICC form distinct networks in the muscularis of the GI tract 2,3. Loss or injury to these networks is associated with a number of motility disorders4. ICC cells express the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase on the plasma membrane and KIT immunostaining has been used for the past 15 years to label the ICC network5,6. Importantly, normal KIT activity is required for ICC development5,6. Neoplastic transformation of ICC cells results in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), that frequently harbor gain-of-function KIT mutations7,8. We recently showed that ETV1 is a lineage-specific survival factor expressed in the ICC/GIST lineage and is a master transcriptional regulator required for both normal ICC network formation and for of GIST tumorigenesis9. We further demonstrate that it cooperates with activating KIT mutations in tumorigenesis. Here, we describe methods for visualization of ICC networks in mice, largely based on previously published protocols10,11. More recently, the chloride channel anoctamin 1 (ANO1) has also been characterized as a specific membrane marker of ICC11,12. Because of their plasma membrane localization, immunofluorescence of both proteins can be used to visualize the ICC networks. Here, we describe visualization of the ICC networks by fixed-frozen cyrosections and whole mount preparations.

Visualization of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal ICC Network in Mice

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. They form complex networks between smooth muscle cells and post-ganglionic neuronal fibers to regulate GI contractility. Here, we present immunofluorescence methods cross-sectional and whole-mount visualization of murine ICC networks.

マウスにおけるカハール（ICC）ネットワークの間質細胞の可視化

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are mesenchymal derived "pacemaker cells" of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that generate spontaneous slow waves ...

生物学

Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine

Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing &#947;&#948; T cell receptor (&#947;&#948; IEL) play a key role in immune surveillance of the intestinal epithelium. Due in part to the lack of a definitive ligand for the &#947;&#948; T cell receptor, our understanding of the regulation of &#947;&#948; IEL activation and their function in vivo remains limited. This necessitates the development of alternative strategies to interrogate signaling pathways involved in regulating &#947;&#948; IEL function and the responsiveness of these cells to the local microenvironment. Although &#947;&#948; IELs are widely understood to limit pathogen translocation, the use of intravital imaging has been critical to understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of IEL/epithelial interactions at steady-state and in response to invasive pathogens. Herein, we present a protocol for visualizing IEL migratory behavior in the small intestinal mucosa of a GFP &#947;&#948; T cell reporter mouse using inverted spinning disk confocal laser microscopy. Although the maximum imaging depth of this approach is limited relative to the use of two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, spinning disk confocal laser microscopy provides the advantage of high speed image acquisition with reduced photobleaching and photodamage. Using 4D image analysis software, T cell surveillance behavior and their interactions with neighboring cells can be analyzed following experimental manipulation to provide additional insight into IEL activation and function within the intestinal mucosa.

We describe a method to visualize GFP-labeled &#947;&#948; IELs using intravital imaging of murine small intestine by inverted spinning disk confocal microscopy. This technique enables the tracking of live cells within the mucosa for up to 4 h and can be used to investigate a variety of intestinal immune-epithelial interactions. &#160;

マウス小腸における上皮内リンパ球の分体イメージング

Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing &#947;&#948; T cell receptor (&#947;&#948; IEL) play a key role in immune surveillance of the intestinal ...

免疫・感染学

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian countries, with a reported frequency of 1 in 5,000 in Taiwan. Although much is known about the management of biliary atresia, its pathogenesis is still elusive. The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) provides a unique opportunity to examine the mechanism and progression of biliary degeneration. Sea lamprey develop through three distinct life stages: larval, parasitic, and adult. During the transition from larvae to parasitic juvenile, sea lamprey undergo metamorphosis with dramatic reorganization and remodeling in external morphology and internal organs. In the liver, the entire biliary system is lost, including the gall bladder and the biliary tree. A newly-developed method called &#8220;CLARITY&#8221; was modified to clarify the entire liver and the junction with the intestine in metamorphic sea lamprey. The process of biliary degeneration was visualized and discerned during sea lamprey metamorphosis by using laser scanning confocal microscopy. This method provides a powerful tool to study biliary atresia in a unique animal model.

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Sea lamprey lose the gall bladder and bile ducts during metamorphosis, a process similar to human biliary atresia. A new fixation and clarification method (CLARITY) was modified to visualize the entire biliary tree using laser scanning confocal microscopy. This method provides a powerful tool to study biliary degeneration.

海ヤツメウナギ（中肝変態期胆道変性を可視化するための新しい方法の明確化 Petromyzon·マリナス）

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian ...

Murine Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an Ex Vivo Model of Liver Biology

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic liver disease, and liver cancer) requires experimental manipulation of animal models and in vitro cell cultures. Both techniques have limitations, such as the requirement of large numbers of animals for in vivo manipulation. However, in vitro cell cultures do not reproduce the structure and function of the multicellular hepatic environment. The use of precision-cut liver slices is a technique in which uniform slices of viable mouse liver are maintained in laboratory tissue culture for experimental manipulation. This technique occupies an experimental niche that exists between animal studies and in vitro cell culture methods. The presented protocol describes a straightforward and reliable method to isolate and culture precision-cut liver slices from mice. As an application of this technique, ex vivo liver slices are treated with bile acids to simulate cholestatic liver injury and ultimately assess the mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis.

This protocol provides a simple and reliable method for the production of viable precision-cut liver slices from mice. The ex vivo tissue samples can be maintained under laboratory tissue culture conditions for multiple days, providing a flexible model to examine liver pathobiology.

肝臓生物学のEx Vivoモデルとしてのマウス精密カット肝臓スライス

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic ...

Location, Dissection, and Analysis of the Murine Stellate Ganglion

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter of investigation in the pathophysiology of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Neurons in the stellate ganglia (SG)&#160;&#8211;&#160;bilateral star-shaped structures of the sympathetic chain &#8211;&#160;are an important component of the sympathetic infrastructure. The SG are a recognized target for&#160;treatment via cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with therapy-refractory VA. While neuronal remodeling and glial activation in the SG have been described in patients with VA, the underlying cellular and molecular processes that potentially precede the onset of arrhythmia are only insufficiently understood and should be elucidated to improve autonomic modulation. Mouse models allow us to study sympathetic neuronal remodeling, but identification of the murine SG is challenging for the inexperienced investigator. Thus, in-depth cellular and molecular biological studies of the murine SG are lacking for many common cardiac diseases. Here, we describe a basic repertoire for dissecting and studying the SG in adult mice for analyses at RNA level (RNA isolation for gene expression analyses, in situ hybridization), protein level (immunofluorescent whole mount staining), and cellular level (basic morphology, cell size measurement). We present potential solutions to overcome challenges in the preparation technique, and how to improve staining via quenching of autofluorescence. This allows for the visualization of neurons as well as glial cells via established markers in order to determine cell composition and remodeling processes. The methods presented here allow characterizing the SG to gain further information on autonomic dysfunction in mice prone to VA and can be complemented by additional techniques investigating neuronal and glial components of the autonomic nervous system in the heart.

Pathophysiological changes in the cardiac autonomic nervous system, especially in its sympathetic branch, contribute to the onset and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmias. In the present protocol, we show how to characterize murine stellate ganglia to improve the understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular processes.

ネズミ星状神経節の位置、解剖、分析

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter ...

全身免疫組織化学的方法を用いて胆道の内腔を調べる

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