このホワイトペーパーで説明する作業は、CII-HK /ポリUイノベーション基金からの助成金によってサポートされていました。さらにサポートが深センピーコックプラン（KQTD2015071616442225）と中国政府の「千タレント」プログラム（Y62HB31601）によって提供されました。また、応用生物学科＆化学技術香港理工大学の持続可能な都市開発のための香港理工大学研究所（RISUD）からのヘルプは大歓迎です。

1 HGMの前処理<ol><li>無水アルコール200mLで500mLのビーカーにHGMを置きます。切れ目のないHGMの低密度は、それがアルコールに懸濁させ、しかし壊れHGMの密度は、アルコールよりも大きいので、それは溶液中に沈殿します。 30分後、さらにアプリケーションのオーブン中で80℃で清潔なスプーン、乾燥を使用して懸濁HGMを収集します。 </li></ol> MCHGMの2合成<ol><li>切れ目のないHGM 5gを、エタノールの47.5 mLの、三口フラスコ内の脱イオン水2.5ミリリットルを置き。 20分（予備混合）400 R /分で混合モーターを使用して攪拌します。 </li><li> TBTを15g、PFOTESを1g、及び200mLのビーカー中の無水アルコール30mLを混合します。定圧漏斗に混合物を注ぎます。 </li><li>三口フラスコの穴の一つに定圧漏斗を挿入します。の速度で三口フラスコに定圧漏斗中に含まれる混合物をドロップ定圧漏斗のバルブを調整することによって達成される7秒ごとに1滴、。 3時間反応を継続します。 </li><li>熱水反応器に三口フラスコからの混合物を注ぎます。 6時間180℃のオーブン中で適切な鋼スリーブに封入された反応器に入れました。 注：反応器は、適切なカバーを持っていることを確認します。それが覆われた後、鋼製のスリーブに原子炉を置きます。スリーブは、カバーで密封されなければなりません。 </li><li>反応が終わった後、大スプーンを使用して熱水反応器中に懸濁したサンプルを集めます。 MCHGMを得るために4時間80℃でサンプルを乾燥させます。 </li></ol> F-SCHGM 3.合成<ol><li>切れ目のないHGM 5gを、無水エタノール47.5 mLを、三口フラスコに脱イオン水2.5 mLを加え。 20分（予備混合）400 R /分で混合モーターを使用して攪拌します。 200mLのビーカーにPFOTES 1g及び無水エタノール30mlを混合します。 PFOTESと絶対的な電子転送定圧漏斗にthanol混合物。 </li><li>三口フラスコに定圧漏斗を挿入します。 7秒ごとに1滴の速度で三口フラスコに定圧漏斗中に含まれる混合物を落とします。反応を3時間実行してみましょう。 </li><li>熱水反応器に三つ口フラスコからの混合物を移します。 6時間180℃のオーブン内に密封反応器に入れました。反応が終わった後、大スプーンを使用して熱水反応器中に懸濁したサンプルを集めます。 F-SCHGMを得るために、4時間80℃でサンプルを乾燥させます。 </li></ol> TiをSCHGM 4.合成<ol><li>切れ目のないHGM 5gを、無水エタノール47.5 mLを、三口フラスコ内の脱イオン水2.5ミリリットルを置き。 20分（予備混合）400 R /分で撹拌しました。 TBT 15gの 200ミリリットルのビーカーに無水エタノール30mlを混合します。定圧漏斗にTBTと無水エタノールの混合物を移します。 </li><li>定PRESを挿入必ず三つ口フラスコに注ぎ込みます。 7秒ごとに1滴の速度で三口フラスコに定圧漏斗に混合物を落とします。反応を3時間実行してみましょう。 </li><li>熱水反応器に三つ口フラスコからの混合物を移します。 6時間180℃のオーブン内に密封反応器に入れました。反応が終わった後の熱水反応器のサンプルを収集します。 TiをSCHGMを得るために、4時間80℃でサンプルを乾燥させます。 </li></ol> 5.特徴付け<ol><li>すべてのサンプルのXRD特徴付けを行っています。 CuのKα線（λ= 0.15406 nm）を10℃から80℃の範囲の2θで汎用性の高い、多目的X線回折装置を使用してデータを収集します。 </li><li>走査型電子顕微鏡20、金サンプルを噴霧後21枚の画像を取得します。 SEMの試験中、EDSは、特定の領域にある行っています。 </li><li>計測接触角 接触角ゴニオメーター22を使用して、水滴の体積は10μLでなければなりません。 </li><li>表面の傾斜角度を変更することにより、滑り角度23を測定します。水滴がちょうど下にスライドできるようになるまでの角度を最小限に抑えます。 <ol><li> （26ミリメートル×76ミリメートルX 2ミリメートルサイズ）のガラスシート上に両面テープを貼り。スプーンを使用して、均一にテープ上の粉末（F-SCHGM又はMCHGM）を置きます。注射器を使用して、水滴（容量：0.05 ml）を追加し、粉末表面に。 </li><li>接触角ゴニオメータのモータプラットフォーム上にガラス板を置きます。 1°/秒の速度でモータプラットフォームを傾いてガラスシートを傾け。水滴がスライドし始めたときにモータを停止。チルト角は転落角です。 </li></ol></li><li>分光光度計24を使用して反射率スペクトルを測定します。注：波長を450nmから2550 nmのです。 </li><li>全てのサンプルの熱伝導率を測定します熱伝導率計25を使用して。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本稿では、プロトコルにおける重要なステップは、水熱法です。これは、TiO 2、最終反射率、及び超疎水性の形成に影響を与えます。温度制御及び反応時間も非常に重要です。反応条件が変更された場合、最終製品が不備ことができます。 この方法は、一の段階で超疎水性の高いIR反射HGMを合成する簡単な方法を提供します。以前の研究では、超疎水性及び反射?...

中空ガラス微小球（HGM）が10〜100μmのサイズ範囲の無機材料です。それらは、優れた分散、高い流動性、低密度、優れた断熱性1、2、3、4のような多くの有用な機能を実証します。なぜなら、その中空構造の、HGMは非常に低い熱伝導率10、11を有しています。これらの理由から、それらは航空宇宙等工学5、深海探査6、7、水素貯蔵8、9、しかし、彼らはまだ、このような低強度などのいくつかの欠点を実証するなど、多くの分野で適用されています。また、IR光は、HGMを透過して背後に被写体を加熱することが可能です。そのためE、HGMに表面修飾は、放射熱伝達を減少させるために不可欠です。効果的な方法は、HGM表面上にコーティングするためにIR遮断材料です。半導体として、TiO 2は 、このような光触媒12、13、太陽電池の開発、センサーの製造14、環境アプリケーション15、およびエネルギー貯蔵16などの多くの分野で使用されてきました。加えて、それはまた、可視光と赤外バンド17、18、19の低い放射率を示しています。したがって、我々の目的のために、TiO 2は 、比較的低価格で高性能のために賢明な選択でした。 しかし、コーティングは真剣TiOの反射率に影響を与える、汚染物質が汚染するのは非常に簡単です。反射率は徐々に減らす必要があります。したがって、SELF-クリーニングコーティングは、汚れからコーティングを防ぐために、そのようなコーティングの作業時間を延長することが不可欠です。 本稿では、ソフト化学法は、超疎水性のTiO 2被覆HGM開発するために使用しました。テトラブチルチタネート（TBT）及び1H、1H、2H、2H- perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane（PFOTES）は、それぞれ、Ti原料及び超疎水性剤として選択しました。彼らは、加水分解し、HGM表面上に堆積させました。その後、熱水処理後、アナターゼTiO 2が HGMの表面上に形成され、超疎水特性が残りました。比較のために、単一の被覆HGM（F-SCHGM）及びTiO 2の単一被覆HGMチタン（Ti-SCHGM）PFOTES同様に合成しました。合成スキームを図1に示されています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>HGM</td><td>Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>TBT</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CAS#: 5593-70-4</td><td>Analytical grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl Alcohol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CAS#: 64-17-5</td><td>Analytical grade</td></tr><tr><td>PFOTES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CAS#: 51851-37-7</td><td>98%</td></tr></tbody></table>

tio2-coated hollow glass microspheres with superhydrophobic and high ir-reflective properties synthesized by a soft-chemistry method

この原稿は、超疎水性の高いIR反射中空ガラス微小球（HGM）を開発するためのソフト化学法を提案します。アナターゼ型のTiO 2と超疎水性剤が一の工程でHGM表面上に塗布しました。 TBTとPFOTESは、それぞれ、Ti原料及び超疎水性剤として選択しました。彼らは、両方のHGMに塗布し、熱水処理後、TBTは、TiO 2をアナターゼになりました。このように、PFOTES / TiO 2は HGM（MCHGM）を調製したコーティングされました。比較のために、単一の被覆HGM（F-SCHGM）及びTiO 2の単一被覆HGMチタン（Ti-SCHGM）PFOTES同様に合成しました。 HGM表面上PFOTESとTiO 2つのコーティングは、X線回折（XRD）、走査電子顕微鏡（SEM）及びエネルギー分散型検出器（EDS）の特徴付けを介して実証されました。 MCHGMは141.2の接触角を有する、より高い接触角（153°）が、F-SCHGMより低い転落角（16°）を示しました6;そして、67°の角度をスライドさせます。加えて、両方のTi-SCHGMとMCHGM元のHGMとF-SCHGMよりも約5.8％高かった同様のIR反射率値を、表示しました。また、PFOTESコーティングはほとんど熱伝導率を変えました。したがって、F-SCHGMは、0.0479 W /（M・K）の熱伝導率と、かなり0.0475 W /（M・K）であった元のHGM、のようでした。 MCHGMとTi-SCHGMも同様でした。それらの熱伝導率の値は、それぞれ、0.0543 W /（M・K）及び0.0543 W /（M・K）でした。 TiO 2のコーティングは、わずかに熱伝導率を増加したが、反射率の増加に伴って、全体的な断熱性が向上しました。 IR反射性をHGMコーティングによって提供されるので、コーティングが汚れている場合、最終的に、反射率が低下します。したがって、超疎水性コーティングと、表面が汚染から保護され、その寿命も長くなります。

ステップ4.4におけるテストサンプルの多くの特徴および特性を明らかにする。 XRD（ 図2）がアナターゼTiOの形成を反映しています。 SEM（ 図3）及びEDS（ 図4）HGM表面上にコーティングされたTiO 2とPFOTESを表示します。接触角（ 図5）および転落角（ 図6）のテストが超疎水性を表します。可...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method at JoVE.com

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to synthesize superhydrophobic, TiO2-coated hollow glass microspheres (HGM) with high IR-reflective properties.

たTiO<sub&gt; 2</subソフト化学法により合成超疎水性と高IR反射特性を持つ&gt;でコーティングされた中空ガラスマイクロスフェア

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to develop superhydrophobic and highly IR-reflective hollow glass microspheres (HGM). The anatase TiO2 ...

tio2-coated-hollow-glass-microspheres-with-superhydrophobic-high-ir

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

10.0K ビュー.  City University of Hong Kong. This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to synthesize superhydrophobic, TiO2-coated hollow glass microspheres (HGM) with high IR-reflective properties.

ビデオ: TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

工学

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

電荷分離ナノ結晶とその固体の手段によって太陽エネルギーを収穫

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

Attaching Biological Probes to Silica Optical Biosensors Using Silane Coupling Agents

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique), make use of various surface modification techniques, that can, for example, prevent surface fouling, tune the hydrophobicity / hydrophilicity of the surface, adapt to a variety of electronic environments, and most frequently, induce specificity towards a target of interest.1-5 These techniques extend the functionality of otherwise highly sensitive biosensors to real-world applications in complex environments, such as blood, urine, and wastewater analysis.2,6-7 While commercial biosensing platforms, such as Biacore, have well-understood, standard techniques for performing such surface modifications, these techniques have not been translated in a standardized fashion to other label-free biosensing platforms, such as Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) optical resonators.8-9
WGM optical resonators represent a promising technology for performing label-free detection of a wide variety of species at ultra-low concentrations.6,10-12 The high sensitivity of these platforms is a result of their unique geometric optics: WGM optical resonators confine circulating light at specific, integral resonance frequencies.13 Like the SPR platforms, the optical field is not totally confined to the sensor device, but evanesces; this "evanescent tail" can then interact with species in the surrounding environment. This interaction causes the effective refractive index of the optical field to change, resulting in a slight, but detectable, shift in the resonance frequency of the device. Because the optical field circulates, it can interact many times with the environment, resulting in an inherent amplification of the signal, and very high sensitivities to minor changes in the environment.2,14-15
To perform targeted detection in complex environments, these platforms must be paired with a probe molecule (usually one half of a binding pair, e.g. antibodies / antigens) through surface modification.2 Although WGM optical resonators can be fabricated in several geometries from a variety of material systems, the silica microsphere is the most common. These microspheres are generally fabricated on the end of an optical fiber, which provides a "stem" by which the microspheres can be handled during functionalization and detection experiments. Silica surface chemistries may be applied to attach probe molecules to their surfaces; however, traditional techniques generated for planar substrates are often not adequate for these three-dimensional structures, as any changes to the surface of the microspheres (dust, contamination, surface defects, and uneven coatings) can have severe, negative consequences on their detection capabilities. Here, we demonstrate a facile approach for the surface functionalization of silica microsphere WGM optical resonators using silane coupling agents to bridge the inorganic surface and the biological environment, by attaching biotin to the silica surface.8,16 Although we use silica microsphere WGM resonators as the sensor system in this report, the protocols are general and can be used to functionalize the surface of any silica device with biotin.

Biosensors interface with complex, biological environments and perform targeted detection by combining highly sensitive sensors with highly specific probes attached to the sensor via surface modification. Here, we demonstrate the surface functionalization of silica optical sensors with biotin using silane coupling agents to bridge the sensor and the biological environment.

シランカップリング剤を用いた石英系光バイオセンサーへの生物学的プローブの取り付け

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) ...

生物工学

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

超分子コロイドの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

化学

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

光共振器およびレーザ応用のためのポリマーマイクロスフェアの作製

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Synthesizing Sodium Tungstate and Sodium Molybdate Microcapsules via Bacterial Mineral Excretion

We present a method, the bacterial mineral excretion (BME), for synthesizing two kinds of microcapsules, sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate, and the two metal oxides&#39; corresponding nanoparticles&#8212;the former being as small as 22 nm and the latter 15 nm. We fed two strains of bacteria, Shewanella algae and Pandoraea sp., with various concentrations of tungstate or molybdate ions. The concentrations of tungstate and molybdate were adjusted to make microcapsules of different length-to-diameter ratios. We found that the higher the concentration the smaller the nanoparticles were. The nanoparticles came in with three length-to-diameter ratios: 10:1, 3:1 and 1:1, which were achieved by feeding the bacteria respectively with a low concentration, a medium concentration, and a high concentration. The images of the hollow microcapsules were taken via the scanning electron microsphere (SEM). Their crystal structures were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD)&#8212;the crystal structure of molybdate microcapsules is Na2MoO4 and that of tungstate microcapsules is Na2WO4 with Na2W2O7. These syntheses all were accomplished under a near ambient condition.

This work presents a protocol for manufacture sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate microcapsules via bacteria and their corresponding nanoparticles.

タングステン酸ナトリウムと細菌のミネラル排泄によってナトリウム モリブデン酸マイクロ カプセルの合成

We present a method, the bacterial mineral excretion (BME), for synthesizing two kinds of microcapsules, sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate, and the ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

防氷用超撥水の金属表面の作製

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

TiOを使用して水性環境中のタンパク質や細胞を光パターニング<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;光触媒

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of materials is highly related to its photocatalytic performance, it is necessary to standardize the synthetic methods in order to obtain the most functional architectures and, thus, the highest photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we report a reliable route to obtain BiOI microspheres via the solvothermal process, using Bi(NO3)3 and potassium iodide (KI) as precursors, and ethylene glycol as a template. The synthesis is standardized in a 150 mL autoclave, at 126 &#176;C for 18 h. This results in 2-3 &#181;m-sized mesoporous microspheres, with a relevant specific surface area (61.3 m2/g). Shortening the reaction times in the synthesis results in amorphous structures, while higher temperatures lead to a slight increase in the porosity of the microspheres, with no effect in the photocatalytic performance. The materials are photo-active under UV-A/visible light irradiation for the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in water. This method has demonstrated to be effective in interlaboratory tests, obtaining similar BiOI microspheres in Mexican and Chilean research groups.

This article describes a synthetic method to obtain bismuth oxyiodide microspheres, which are highly functional to perform the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants, such as ciprofloxacin, in water under UV-A/visible light irradiation.

水洗水の光触媒プロセスのビスマス Oxyiodide 微粒子高機能を取得する簡便な合成法

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of ...

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars

We present microfabrication protocols for rendering intrinsically wetting materials repellent to liquids (omniphobic) by creating gas-entrapping microtextures (GEMs) on them comprising cavities and pillars with reentrant and doubly reentrant features. Specifically, we use SiO2/Si as the model system and share protocols for two-dimensional (2D) designing, photolithography, isotropic/anisotropic etching techniques, thermal oxide growth, piranha cleaning, and storage towards achieving those microtextures. Even though the conventional wisdom indicates that roughening intrinsically wetting surfaces (&#952;o &#60; 90&#176;) renders them even more wetting (&#952;r &#60; &#952;o &#60; 90&#176;), GEMs demonstrate liquid repellence despite the intrinsic wettability of the substrate. For instance, despite the intrinsic wettability of silica &#952;o &#8776; 40&#176; for the water/air system, and &#952;o &#8776; 20&#176; for the hexadecane/air system, GEMs comprising cavities entrap air robustly on immersion in those liquids, and the apparent contact angles for the droplets are &#952;r &#62; 90&#176;. The reentrant and doubly reentrant features in the GEMs stabilize the intruding liquid meniscus thereby trapping the liquid-solid-vapor system in metastable air-filled states (Cassie states) and delaying wetting transitions to the thermodynamically-stable fully-filled state (Wenzel state) by, for instance, hours to months. Similarly, SiO2/Si surfaces with arrays of reentrant and doubly reentrant micropillars demonstrate extremely high contact angles (&#952;r &#8776; 150&#176;&#8211;160&#176;) and low contact angle hysteresis for the probe liquids, thus characterized as superomniphobic. However, on immersion in the same liquids, those surfaces dramatically lose their superomniphobicity and get fully-filled within &#60;1 s. To address this challenge, we present protocols for hybrid designs that comprise arrays of doubly reentrant pillars surrounded by walls with doubly reentrant profiles. Indeed, hybrid microtextures entrap air on immersion in the probe liquids. To summarize, the protocols described here should enable the investigation of GEMs in the context of achieving omniphobicity without chemical coatings, such as perfluorocarbons, which might unlock the scope of inexpensive common materials for applications as omniphobic materials. Silica microtextures could also serve as templates for soft materials.

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars

This work presents microfabrication protocols for achieving cavities and pillars with reentrant and doubly reentrant profiles on SiO2/Si wafers using photolithography and dry etching. Resulting microtextured surfaces demonstrate remarkable liquid repellence, characterized by robust long-term entrapment of air under wetting liquids, despite the intrinsic wettability of silica.

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シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

電荷分離ナノ結晶とその固体の手段によって太陽エネルギーを収穫

シランカップリング剤を用いた石英系光バイオセンサーへの生物学的プローブの取り付け

超分子コロイドの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

光共振器およびレーザ応用のためのポリマーマイクロスフェアの作製

タングステン酸ナトリウムと細菌のミネラル排泄によってナトリウムモリブデン酸マイクロカプセルの合成

防氷用超撥水の金属表面の作製

TiOを使用して水性環境中のタンパク質や細胞を光パターニング

水洗水の光触媒プロセスのビスマス Oxyiodide 微粒子高機能を取得する簡便な合成法

再入可能および二重再入可能なキャビティまたは柱を含むガスを覆うマイクロテクスチャを彫ることによってSiO₂/Si表面をレンダリングする

たTiO

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

電荷分離ナノ結晶とその固体の手段によって太陽エネルギーを収穫

シランカップリング剤を用いた石英系光バイオセンサーへの生物学的プローブの取り付け

超分子コロイドの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

光共振器およびレーザ応用のためのポリマーマイクロスフェアの作製

タングステン酸ナトリウムと細菌のミネラル排泄によってナトリウム モリブデン酸マイクロ カプセルの合成

防氷用超撥水の金属表面の作製

TiOを使用して水性環境中のタンパク質や細胞を光パターニング

水洗水の光触媒プロセスのビスマス Oxyiodide 微粒子高機能を取得する簡便な合成法

再入可能および二重再入可能なキャビティまたは柱を含むガスを覆うマイクロテクスチャを彫ることによってSiO2/Si表面をレンダリングする

タングステン酸ナトリウムと細菌のミネラル排泄によってナトリウムモリブデン酸マイクロカプセルの合成

再入可能および二重再入可能なキャビティまたは柱を含むガスを覆うマイクロテクスチャを彫ることによってSiO₂/Si表面をレンダリングする