This study was supported by the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (HT), Takeda Science Foundation (HT), and MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (HT).

注：DE-CAD :: GFP 10：本研究で使用したトランスジェニックハエは、以下のものが挙げられます。 アップルプレートの調製<ol><li>電子レンジで12.5グラム寒天、125 mLの100％市販のリンゴジュース、12.5グラムのグルコース、および375mLのH 2 Oの熱混合物の混合物を準備し、3センチメートル細胞培養皿にそれを注ぎます。将来の使用のために4℃で混合物を保管してください。 </li><li>リンゴのプレートを準備した後、ハエが卵を産むことができるように、その上に混練した酵母ペーストの薄い層を追加します。 </li></ol> 2.胚の調製とライブイメージングプロトコル<ol><li>交尾し、その後混練酵母に覆われたリンゴのプレート上で一晩卵を産むために瓶の中に約50ハエ（25人の男性と25人の女性）を配置します。瓶の口にリンゴジュースのプレートを設定します。 インキュベーター中で逆さまにボトルを保管してください。目を促すためにアルミホイルでプラスチックショウジョウバエストックボトルを包みますeはより多くの卵を産むために飛びます。 </li><li>翌朝は、新しいものと古いリンゴジュースのプレートを交換してください。 </li><li>ハエはアルミホイルで瓶を包むことにより、3〜4時間の卵を産むしてみましょう。 </li><li> 3〜4時間後、ブラシや綿悪いを使用して、リンゴジュースのプレートから胚ストレーナーで胚を収集し、PBSでそれらを洗ってください。 12ウェル培養皿に胚をPBSで2〜3回洗浄します。 </li><li> 12ウェル培養皿中で5分間、50％の漂白剤を用いて胚をDechorionate。 </li><li> dechorionationプロセスの後、PBSで胚を2〜3回洗浄します。 </li><li>国境での透明性のレベルに基づいて、PBSを選択し、ステージ顕微鏡下で5胚を含む3センチメートル細胞培養皿に胚を移します。 200μLのピペットチップを使用して段階的な胚をピペット。 </li><li>次に、ガラスカバースリップ上で選択した2つの胚を置き、細かくねじれたティッシュペーパーで余分なPBSを除去します。オリエント胚は、最大のサイド背側細かくねじれたティッシュペーパーを使用してカバースリップ。その後、微細な針とねじれたティッシュペーパーを用いてシリコングリスをカバーガラスに胚を添付します。 </li><li>スライドの下部にあるいくつかのスペースを残して、胚のハロカーボン油700の小滴を追加し、逆さまにインデントスライド上の胚を含むカバースリップを配置。 </li><li>共焦点イメージングシステム、アルゴン/ 488レーザー、油浸対物レンズ（63X）を使用して胚を調べます。 注：適切な発達段階での胚の識別は、原腸陥入イベントの画像をキャプチャすることが重要です。これらの条件下では、ほとんどすべての胚を分析胚が大人として成長するために、さらに培養することができる少なくともステージ14まで正常に発育観察します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Haruta, T., Warrior, R., Yonemura, S., Oda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proximal+half+of+the+Drosophila+E-cadherin+extracellular+region+is+dispensable+for+many+cadherin-dependent+events+but+required+for+ventral+furrow+formation.">The proximal half of the Drosophila E-cadherin extracellular region is dispensable for many cadherin-dependent events but required for ventral furrow formation.</a> Genes Cells. 15 (3), 193-208 (2010).</li><li>Oda, H., Takeichi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution:+structural+and+functional+diversity+of+cadherin+at+the+adherens+junction.">Evolution: structural and functional diversity of cadherin at the adherens junction.</a> J. Cell Biol. 193 (7), 1137-1146 (2011).</li><li>Fernandez-Sanchez, M. E., Serman, F., Ahmadi, P., Farge, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+induction+in+embryonic+development+and+tumor+growth+integrative+cues+through+molecular+to+multicellular+interplay+and+evolutionary+perspectives.">Mechanical induction in embryonic development and tumor growth integrative cues through molecular to multicellular interplay and evolutionary perspectives.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 98, 295-321 (2010).</li><li>Alderton, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastasis:+Epithelial+to+mesenchymal+and+back+again.">Metastasis: Epithelial to mesenchymal and back again.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 13 (1), 3 (2013).</li><li>Fabregat, I., Malfettone, A., Soukupova, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Insights+into+the+Crossroads+between+EMT+and+Stemness+in+the+Context+of+Cancer.">New Insights into the Crossroads between EMT and Stemness in the Context of Cancer.</a> J. Clin. Med. 5 (3), (2016).</li><li>Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Maziveyi, M., Alahari, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+through+epigenetic+and+post-translational+modifications.">Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through epigenetic and post-translational modifications.</a> Mol. Cancer. 15, (2016).</li><li>Yu, A. Q., Ding, Y., Li, C. L., Yang, Y., Yan, S. R., Li, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TALEN-induced+disruption+of+Nanog+expression+results+in+reduced+proliferation,+invasiveness+and+migration,+increased+chemosensitivity+and+reversal+of+EMT+in+HepG2+cells.">TALEN-induced disruption of Nanog expression results in reduced proliferation, invasiveness and migration, increased chemosensitivity and reversal of EMT in HepG2 cells.</a> Oncol. Rep. 35 (3), 1657-1663 (2016).</li><li>Zheng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-to-mesenchymal+transition+is+dispensable+for+metastasis+but+induces+chemoresistance+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.</a> Nature. 527 (7579), 525-530 (2015).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+basics+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119 (6), 1420-1428 (2009).</li><li>Huang, J., Zhou, W., Dong, W., Watson, A. M., Hong, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed,+efficient,+and+versatile+modifications+of+the+Drosophila+genome+by+genomic+engineering.">Directed, efficient, and versatile modifications of the Drosophila genome by genomic engineering.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (20), 8284-8289 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Although we have previously reported a similar procedure to capture live images of the gastrulation process in Drosophilla1, the method we describe here is detailed and easy to trace endogenous cadherin expression and thus is quite useful for genetic screening of key factors involved in gastrulation. To maximize success with this imaging procedure, it is essential to use an indented slide. Mechanical pressure sometimes causes embryonic death. Therefore, it is also important to handle the embryos as ge...

原腸形成は、 ショウジョウバエ 1,2などの多細胞動物の胚発生中に発生する形態学的に動的なイベントの最初のセットです。興味深いことに、証拠出現すると、このプロセスは、機械的および分子機構3との間の相互作用を介して調節されることを示唆しています。また、原腸形成において重要なプロセスである間葉移行（EMT）、上皮はまた、癌転移4-8、ヒト疾患過程に関与しています。このように、頂端収縮を制御する多くの遺伝子はまた、癌転移9で観察されたEMTにおいて重要な要因であることが知られています。このように、原腸陥入時の根尖狭窄は、前述の調節メカニズムを調査すると癌転移の我々の理解を高めるための優れたモデルです。この技術の利点は、我々はリアルタイムで原腸陥入時の細胞運動を観察することができ、したがって、私たちはなるということです原腸形成だけでなく、癌の転移に関与する遺伝子をスクリーニングすることができます。 比較的未知のが、細胞-細胞接着は、頂端狭窄1において中心的な役割を果たしていると考えられています。 ショウジョウバエの遺伝学は、規制分子メカニズムを探求する単一細胞レベルの研究に適しています。このモデルは、原腸陥入時の頂端収縮の重要性を明らかにすることが可能となります。また、この方法は、癌の転移に関与する遺伝子をスクリーニングするために使用することができます。 ショウジョウバエの原腸形成のライブ画像をキャプチャすること、さらに、より詳細に組織再編成を支配する分子メカニズムを理解することができました。ここで、我々はこれを達成するための簡単な方法の包括的な説明を提供します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Halocarbon oil 700</td><td>Sigma</td><td>MKBH 5726</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum grease Silicone</td><td>Beckman</td><td>335148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslip&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Matsunami glass</td><td>Thickness No1</td><td>24 - 36 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Embryo stariner</td><td>Corning</td><td>Corning3477</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Drosophilla Stock Bottles</td><td>Hitec</td><td>MKC-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DE-Cadherin knock-in flies</td><td></td><td></td><td>REF (10)</td></tr></tbody></table>

imaging of cell shape alteration and cell movement in drosophila gastrulation using de-cadherin reporter transgenic flies

原腸形成は、 ショウジョウバエのような多細胞動物の胚発生中に発生する形態学的に動的なイベントの最初のセットです。この形態学的変化はまた、間葉移行（EMT）に上皮として認識されています。 EMTの調節不全は、線維症および癌転移に関連しています。 EMTは、分子機構の数によって制御されることを出現の証拠があります。このように、頂端収縮を制御する多くの重要な遺伝子はまた、癌転移で観察されたEMTにおいて重要な要因であることが知られています。 ショウジョウバエの原腸形成の間にEMTのように、上皮細胞は、その形状を変更するように誘導することができ、様々な他の細胞型に向けて細胞の運命をリダイレクトするように再プログラムされます。ここでは、胚発生のこの段階の間に形態形成の細胞運動の開始と細胞運命の識別をアッセイするために、ショウジョウバエの原腸陥入の堅牢な撮像方法を提供します。この方法を使用して、我々は、cを識別しますエル原腸陥入時の再配列およびGFPを用いて、原腸陥入時の頂端収縮の重要性を実証するには、DEカドヘリンを標識しました。

ここでは、ショウジョウバエの胚の原腸陥入のイベントや胚の調製手順の概要（ 図1）を示します。細胞膜は、DE-カドヘリン:: GFPおよび細胞運動のライブイメージングは、 ショウジョウバエにおいて原腸形成の時点で行われる（ 図2）を用いて標識されます。 DEカドヘリンGFPのハエは、私たちは細胞接着接合を可視化することを可能に?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies at JoVE.com

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

セル形状変化のイメージングと細胞運動で<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</emDEカドヘリンレポータートランスジェニックハエを使用&gt;原腸陥入

Gastrulation is the first set of morphologically dynamic events that occur during the embryonic development of multicellular animals such as Drosophila. ...

imaging-cell-shape-alteration-cell-movement-drosophila-gastrulation

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

7.0K ビュー.  Jahangirnagar University. Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

ビデオ: Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track during live cell imaging. These processes include: retinal rotation, cell growth and organismal movement. Additionally, irregularities in the topology of the epithelium, including subtle bumps and folds often introduced as the pupa is prepared for imaging, make it challenging to acquire in-focus images of more than a few ommatidia in a single focal plane. The workflow outlined here remedies these issues, allowing easy analysis of cellular processes during Drosophila pupal eye development. Appropriately-staged pupae are arranged in an imaging rig that can be easily assembled in most laboratories. Ubiquitin-DE-Cadherin:GFP and GMR-GAL4&#8211;driven UAS-&#945;-catenin:GFP are used to visualize cell boundaries in the eye epithelium 1-3. After deconvolution is applied to fluorescent images captured at multiple focal planes, maximum projection images are generated for each time point and enhanced using image editing software. Alignment algorithms are used to quickly stabilize superfluous motion, making individual cell behavior easier to track.

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

This protocol presents an efficient method for imaging the live Drosophila pupal eye neuroepithelium. This method compensates for tissue movement and uneven topology, enhances visualization of cell boundaries through the use of multiple GFP-tagged junction proteins, and uses an easily-assembled imaging rig.

のライブイメージング<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;蛹アイ

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

発生生物学

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

ザ<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;成虫盤腫瘍モデル：遺伝的モザイクを用いた遺伝子発現と腫瘍侵襲性の可視化と定量化

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

がん研究

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

のアップライトイメージング<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;エッグチェンバース

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in ...

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of the Drosophila larva makes it an attractive model organism for live imaging studies. However, an important challenge for live imaging techniques is to noninvasively immobilize and position an animal on the microscope. This protocol presents a simple and easy to use method for immobilizing and imaging Drosophila larvae on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device, which we call the 'larva chip'. The larva chip is comprised of a snug-fitting PDMS microchamber that is attached to a thin glass coverslip, which, upon application of a vacuum via a syringe, immobilizes the animal and brings ventral structures such as the nerve cord, segmental nerves, and body wall muscles, within close proximity to the coverslip. This allows for high-resolution imaging, and importantly, avoids the use of anesthetics and chemicals, which facilitates the study of a broad range of physiological processes. Since larvae recover easily from the immobilization, they can be readily subjected to multiple imaging sessions. This allows for longitudinal studies over time courses ranging from hours to days. This protocol describes step-by-step how to prepare the chip and how to utilize the chip for live imaging of neuronal events in 3rd instar larvae. These events include the rapid transport of organelles in axons, calcium responses to injury, and time-lapse studies of the trafficking of photo-convertible proteins over long distances and time scales. Another application of the chip is to study regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal injury, so the second part of this protocol describes a new and simple procedure for injuring axons within peripheral nerves by a segmental nerve crush.

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are an attractive model system for live imaging due to their translucent cuticle and powerful genetics. This protocol describes how to utilize a single-layer PDMS device, called the &#39;larva chip&#39; for live imaging of cellular processes within neurons of 3rd instar Drosophila larvae.

における損傷応答のライブイメージングや研究のためのマイクロ流体チップを使用<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of ...

生物工学

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

ショウジョウバエの眼成虫ディスクに付属してグリア細胞の移行のイメージングを生きる

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

生物学

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted epithelial morphogen. In this assay, Fog is used as an agonist to activate Rho through a signaling cascade that includes a G-protein-coupled receptor (Mist), a G&#945;12/13 protein (Concertina/Cta), and a PDZ-domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF2). Fog signaling results in the rapid and dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to form a contractile purse string. Soluble Fog is collected from a stable cell line and applied ectopically to S2R+ cells, leading to morphological changes like apical constriction, a process observed during developmental processes such as gastrulation. This assay is amenable to high-throughput screening and, using RNAi, can facilitate the identification of additional genes involved in this pathway.

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

Here we describe a contractility assay using Drosophila S2R+ cells. The application of an exogenous ligand, folded gastrulation (Fog), leads to the activation of the Fog signaling pathway and cellular contractility. This assay can be used to investigate the regulation of cellular contractility proteins in the Fog signaling pathway.

非筋ミオシン II 収縮を介して折り返されている陥シグナル伝達経路ショウジョウバエS2R + 細胞を調査する細胞ベースのアッセイ

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

のライブイメージングキイロショウジョウバエ胚性血球移行

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

プパル期のショウジョウバエ上皮の組織オリエンテーションと成長ダイナミクスのイメージングと解析

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

The Drosophila melanogaster male embryonic gonad is an advantageous model to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, germ cell development, piRNA biology, and niche formation. Here, we present a dissection technique to live-image the gonad ex vivo during a period when in vivo live-imaging is highly ineffective. This protocol outlines how to transfer embryos to an imaging dish, choose appropriately-staged male embryos, and dissect the gonad from its surrounding tissue while still maintaining its structural integrity. Following dissection, gonads can be imaged using a confocal microscope to visualize dynamic cellular processes. The dissection procedure requires precise timing and dexterity, but we provide insight on how to prevent common mistakes and how to overcome these challenges. To our knowledge this is the first dissection protocol for the Drosophila embryonic gonad, and will permit live-imaging during an otherwise inaccessible window of time. This technique can be combined with pharmacological or cell-type specific transgenic manipulations to study any dynamic processes occurring within or between the&#160;cells in their natural gonadal environment.

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

Here, we provide a dissection protocol required to live-image the late embryonic Drosophila male gonad. This protocol will permit observation of dynamic cellular processes under normal conditions or after transgenic or pharmacological manipulation.

後期胚 性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺 の解剖とライブイメージング

The Drosophila melanogaster male embryonic gonad is an advantageous model to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

リビングでのイメージング、細胞の形状の変更ショウジョウバエ胚

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

セル形状変化のイメージングと細胞運動で

要約

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この動画の章

のライブイメージング

ザ

のアップライトイメージング

における損傷応答のライブイメージングや研究のためのマイクロ流体チップを使用

ショウジョウバエの眼成虫ディスクに付属してグリア細胞の移行のイメージングを生きる

非筋ミオシン II 収縮を介して折り返されている陥シグナル伝達経路ショウジョウバエS2R + 細胞を調査する細胞ベースのアッセイ

のライブイメージングキイロショウジョウバエ胚性血球移行

プパル期のショウジョウバエ上皮の組織オリエンテーションと成長ダイナミクスのイメージングと解析

後期胚性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺の解剖とライブイメージング

リビングでのイメージング、細胞の形状の変更ショウジョウバエ胚

セル形状変化のイメージングと細胞運動で

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

のライブイメージング

ザ

のアップライトイメージング

における損傷応答のライブイメージングや研究のためのマイクロ流体チップを使用

ショウジョウバエの眼成虫ディスクに付属してグリア細胞の移行のイメージングを生きる

非筋ミオシン II 収縮を介して折り返されている陥シグナル伝達経路ショウジョウバエS2R + 細胞を調査する細胞ベースのアッセイ

のライブイメージングキイロショウジョウバエ胚性血球移行

プパル期のショウジョウバエ上皮の組織オリエンテーションと成長ダイナミクスのイメージングと解析

後期胚 性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺 の解剖とライブイメージング

リビングでのイメージング、細胞の形状の変更ショウジョウバエ胚

後期胚性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺の解剖とライブイメージング