This research was supported in part by a grant from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council. Also, a special thank you to the many families who participated in this study, and the volunteers and research staff who helped with the data collection.

The authors declare that they have no competing financial or conflicts of interests in regards to this manuscript.

現在の方法は、子供の真と偽のレポートの種類を評価するための生態学的に有効な方法で研究者に提供するように設計されています。代表的な所見は、現在の方法論が偽拒否し、高コストのイベントに関する冤罪の両方を提供するために、子供たちを促すことができることを示唆しています。参加者は高コストを目撃されますようにのみ（おもちゃを壊すなど 、）低コストのイベント...

本研究の主な目的は、実験設定で子供たちの真と偽の証言を評価するための生態学的に有効な方法を提供することにあります。警察や法医学インタビューで子供意図的に虚偽の報告があるため、被告人、原告と刑事司法制度3-6への潜在的な悪影響の子証言の正当性に対する国民の信頼を低下させています。研究のかなりの量は、誰か7-12を保護するために、子どもたちの誤ったイベントを拒否する機能や罪を評価したが、まだかなり少ないが冤罪13-14を作るために子供の能力について知られています。子どもたちが虚偽の拒否を行い、および/ ​​または意図的に彼らの証言の情報を省略んが、また、誤ってこのような親権争い5における虐待の虚偽の主張として、罪を犯しの誰かを非難する子供たちの多数の実際の例は、説得されているがありました15-18。子供たちが喜んで実験設定で偽拒否し、冤罪を生み出す有することにより、現在の研究の方法論は、子供たちが目撃証言に伝えることができる偽のレポートの種類の強力な理解を提供するように設計されています。 子供を持つ前うそ占い研究は、一般的に、彼らはそのような壊れたおもちゃ9、12、14のように、非脅かすイベントについて嘘をついたことにより、低コストの状況を、関与している。警察官や法医学インタビュアーに証言を提供子供多くの場合、このような犯罪を目撃や虐待を経験するように、高コスト、イベントに関する情報を開示します。子どもたちが実際に重大な罪や犯罪を目撃したときと同じ方法で、偽りの行動を促進しないことがあり、非脅かすイベントに関する情報をリコールするように求めています。例えば、犯罪を目撃子どもたちは、心的外傷後ストレス19-20の現象が発生することがあります。従って、それらはしばしば嫌うあります他人21-22との潜在的外傷体験（複数可）を議論するアリ。彼らは証言を提供するように求めている状​​況で虚偽の報告を生成する子どもの能力の理解を改善するために、本研究は、子どもたちは、彼らが（またはしない場合があります）目撃している可能性があることを主張した盗難についての真実か嘘を持っています。 子供の嘘-伝えるスキルに過去の実験的研究は、一般的に子供の最初の虚偽の主張がインタビュー10-11、23-25 ​​を通して維持されたかどうかを評価するために、3〜4フォローアップの質問を使用しています。加えて、これらの面接のプロトコルの多くは、子供は、「はい」または「いいえ」のように1ワードの応答を提供しなければならなかったクローズドエンド型の質問に依存していました。このような方法論は、子供の欺瞞的な機能にいくつかの洞察を提供していますが、調査結果は、子証人がイベントについて質問されている実際の設定に一般化されない場合があります。ときプロブ警察官や法医学面接官に証言をiding、子どもたちは、多くの場合、クローズドとオープンエンドの両方の応答を提供するためにそれらを必要とする多くの質問に回答する必要があり、子供が嘘を言っている場合、したがって、彼らは、フォローアップの質問の複数のタイプの上にそれを維持する必要があります。この制限に対処するために、本研究は、子どもの嘘-伝えるスキル、彼らの証言の特性を評価するために、より長いインタビューメソッドを使用します。インタビュープロトコルは、生態学的に目撃26-30から得られる情報の量を増加させるために使用されている有効な警察のインタビューの技術で認知インタビュー（CI）と国立小児保健発育研究所（NICHD）プロトコルによって影響されます。むしろ、いくつかのクローズドエンド型の質問に頼るよりも、インタビューは2つのベースライン、3つのオープンエンド型、および7クローズドエンド型の質問（付録Aを参照）で構成されています。質問の大きい数と種類は、のために許可します年齢、性別、長さは実験条件に基づく差異の検討や情報の子の種類は、彼らの証言に開示することを喜んでいます。 説得力のある表示するためには、嘘-窓口は、多くの場合、同時に彼らの口頭と非言語的行動を管理し、嘘受信者10、31-32の精神状態を評価する必要があります。インタビューの質問は、レスポンダから増加認知労力を必要とするときしかし、嘘-窓口は、彼らの証言33-34を通じて顕著な誤差を作るために真実占い師よりも可能性があります。また、応答者によって必要な精神的な努力を増加させると、実際に嘘を言って、いくつかの34、36のためにあまりにも認知的に課税することができ挑戦し、予想外の質問に納得のいく応答の認知的負荷として、嘘-伝える35を阻止する。これらの理由から、警察と例えば、Cのものと法医学面接オープンエンド質問やプロンプトを使用することをお勧めしてきました、ognitiveインタビューは、インタビュー33-34、35で必要とされる認知努力を向上させることができます。また、質問のこれらのタイプは、正直な回答者に、より詳細で正確な証言30につながることができ、彼らは以前に開示された情報に詳しく説明するための複数の機会を与えます38-39。彼らは一般化面接の質問と応答者の認知的負荷を増大させることを意図しているプロンプト、と彼らはイベントについて開示しても構わないと思っている情報の量を尋ねられたときに、現在の方法論は、したがって、子どもたちの真と偽の証言にデータを提供することができます。 過去の研究で限界を克服するために、現在の研究の方法論は、子どもたちが疑惑盗難に関する提供して喜んでいる真と偽のレポートの種類を評価するために、4-実験条件を利用しています。本研究では、子供（年齢6-11）は扇動者を目撃します（E1）20で見知らぬ人の財布を発見しますそれでドル。子どもたちは、その後のいずれか誤って発生した盗難（Falseの拒否条件を）拒否することによって、インタビュアー（E2）に位置するようにE1に頼ま、または虚偽の場所（冤罪条件）を取ることはありませんでした窃盗のE1を非難することによってされています。また、いくつかの子供たちがやった盗難（真告発条件）についての真実を伝えるように求められますか（真の拒否条件を）行われませんでした。子どもたちはその後、あるE1で行われたイベントについての第二の研究者（E2）によってインタビューされます。インタビューはビデオテープに録画し、後で書かれた転写物に転写されます。コー​​ダーは、その後、オープンエンドの質問に子供が開示されている単語や財布関連の詳細の数を記録します。クローズドエンド型の質問に対する回答は、彼らの真と偽の報告を維持する子どもの能力を評価するために使用されています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Testing Room</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>The room where the rapport-building activities and theft occur. The room should have at least two chairs and two tables. One table will be used for the rapport-building activities and interactions between the instigator (E1) and the child participant. The second table will have the jacket and wallet placed on it. Other items, such as books, a labtop, flowers and office items can be placed on the second table to conceal the wallet.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Common Room</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Parents and other family members will remain in this room for the duration of the study. Comfortable chairs, a table, magazines, and age-appropriate toys will make the overall study experience more enjoyable for the family.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Interview Room</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>The room that will be used to interview the children. The room should have a table, two-chairs, and hidden cameras to record the interview.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Consent Form</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Form that the parents complete prior to beginning the study. It should include a detailed explanation of the study, along with all the ethics considerations. Parents should sign this form before commencing the activities with the child.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Demographics Form</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>A form that that provides any demographic information that is needed for the study, such as the race, income, religious background, and level of education of the family.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Rapport-building Activities</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Age-appropriate games and cognitive measures, such as a standardized verbal ability task. The rapport-building activities should take between 30 to 40 min.</td></tr><tr><td>Jacket</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>A jacket that would realistically be worn according to the weather outside.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Wallet</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>A gender-neutral wallet that includes fake identification cards, such as an old bus pass, and a twenty-dollar bill.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Puzzle</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>A child-friendly puzzle that can be completed in 5 to 10 min. The current study utilized a puzzle that included 30 pieces.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Interview Script</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>The interview script used in the current study.</td></tr><tr><td>Hidden Cameras</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any camera that can easily be hidden from the child participants. The camera(s) should also be able to record individual HD videos for at least 30 min.</td></tr><tr><td>Word Processing Program</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any word processing program that can be used to transcribe the videos. This program should also be able to count the number of words in a document.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Statistical Analysis Program</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any statistical analysis program that can perform chi-square or logistic regressions for children&amp;rsquo;s willingness to lie data, and linear regressions on children&amp;rsquo;s maintenance scores.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

an experimental analysis of children's ability to provide a false report about a crime

A considerable amount of research has evaluated children's lie-telling behaviors and skills1-2; however, limitations with the tasks used for eliciting false testimonies and interviewing children have restricted the generalizability of the findings. The primary aim of the current study is to provide an easy-to-administer and ecologically valid method for measuring the veracity and quality of school-aged children's (ages 6-11) testimonies when they are asked to provide different types of true and false reports. Moreover, the methodology enables researchers to examine the social and developmental factors that could influence the credibility of a child's testimony. In the current study, children will witness a theft, and are then asked to either falsely deny the transgression, falsely accuse a researcher of the theft, or tell the truth. Afterwards, children are to be interviewed by a second researcher using a thorough and ecologically valid interview protocol that requires children to provide closed-ended and free-recall responses about the events with the instigator (E1). Coders then evaluate the length and number of theft-related details the children give throughout the interview, as well as their ability to maintain their true and false reports. The representative results indicate that the truth and lie-telling conditions elicit the intended behaviors from the children. The open-ended interview questions encouraged children to provide free-recall information about their experiences with E1. Moreover, findings from the closed-ended questions suggest that children are significantly better at maintaining their lies with age, and when producing a false denial compared to a false accusation. Results from the current study can be used to develop a greater understanding of the characteristics of children's true and false testimonies about crime, which can potentially benefit law enforcement, legal staff and professionals who interview children.

リー-伝える行動パターン 図1は、各実験条件における子どもの嘘-伝える行動の割合を示しています。ワイマン、Taieb-Lachanceさん、フォスター、クロスマンとタルワール（審査中）に報告されているように、子どもの参加者は、真理条件と比較して、嘘言っ条件で嘘をつくことがより喜んでいました。しかし、?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime at JoVE.com

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

The current methodology is designed to provide an ecologically relevant approach for measuring the veracity, length and quality of children's true and false testimonies. Implications of the current methodology for future research and professionals who interview children will also be discussed.

犯罪について虚偽の報告を提供するために、子どもの能力の実験的解析

A considerable amount of research has evaluated children's lie-telling behaviors and skills1-2; however, limitations with the tasks used for eliciting ...

an-experimental-analysis-children-s-ability-to-provide-false-report

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K ビュー.  McGill University. The current methodology is designed to provide an ecologically relevant approach for measuring the veracity, length and quality of children's true and false testimonies. Implications of the current methodology for future research and professionals who interview children will also be discussed.

ビデオ: An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

統合失調症のための家族ハイリスク児の感情オドボール課題を用いて前頭辺縁系の活性の測定

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

行動学

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these two factors may interact to influence consolidation. Here we present a protocol to examine the interactive influence of cortisol and sleep on memory consolidation, by combining three methods: eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing across sleep and wake delays. To assess resting cortisol levels, participants gave a saliva sample before viewing negative and neutral objects within scenes. To measure overt attention, participants&#8217; eye gaze was tracked during encoding. To manipulate whether sleep occurred during the consolidation window, participants either encoded scenes in the evening, slept overnight, and took a recognition test the next morning, or encoded scenes in the morning and remained awake during a comparably long retention interval. Additional control groups were tested after a 20&#160;min&#160;delay in the morning or evening, to control for time-of-day effects. Together, results showed that there is a direct relation between resting cortisol at encoding and subsequent memory, only following a period of sleep. Through eye tracking, it was further determined that for negative stimuli, this beneficial effect of cortisol on subsequent memory may be due to cortisol strengthening the relation between where participants look during encoding and what they are later able to remember. Overall, results obtained by a combination of these methods uncovered an interactive effect of sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation.

We present a protocol used to discover an interactive effect between sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation, particularly for negative arousing images. Specifically, the experimental design utilizes eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing &#8211; methods that can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

アイトラッキング、コルチゾール、モーニング統合の遅延対スリープ：メモリ上で寝るとコルチゾールのインタラクティブ効果を明らかに方法を組み合わせる

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these ...

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

自動画像処理手法を用いてマウス社交性の実験的評価

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

The paradigm detailed in this manuscript describes an applied experimental method based on real police investigations during which an eyewitness or victim to a crime may create from memory a holistic facial composite of the culprit with the assistance of a police operator. The aim is that the composite is recognized by someone who believes that they know the culprit. For this paradigm, participants view a culprit actor on video and following a delay, participant-witnesses construct a holistic system facial composite. Controls do not construct a composite. From a series of arrays of computer-generated, but realistic faces, the holistic system construction method primarily requires participant-witnesses to select the facial images most closely meeting their memory of the culprit. Variation between faces in successive arrays is reduced until ideally the final image possesses a close likeness to the culprit. Participant-witness directed tools can also alter facial features, configurations between features and holistic properties (e.g., age, distinctiveness, skin tone), all within a whole face context. The procedure is designed to closely match the holistic manner by which humans&#8217; process faces. On completion, based on their memory of the culprit, ratings of composite-culprit similarity are collected from the participant-witnesses. Similar ratings are collected from culprit-acquaintance assessors, as a marker of composite recognition likelihood. Following a further delay, all participants &#8212; including the controls&#160;&#8212; attempt to identify the culprit in either a culprit-present or culprit-absent video line-up, to replicate circumstances in which the police have located the correct culprit, or an innocent suspect. Data of control and participant-witness line-up outcomes are presented, demonstrating the positive influence of holistic composite construction on identification accuracy. Correlational analyses are conducted to measure the relationship between assessor and participant-witness composite-culprit similarity ratings, delay, identification accuracy, and confidence to examine which factors influence video line-up outcomes.

This applied experimental paradigm replicates circumstances by which an eyewitness to a real crime may create a holistic facial composite of the culprit from memory, and then attempt to identify the culprit from a video line-up containing the culprit or one in which he or she is not present.

ホリスティックフェイシャルコンポジットの作成とその後のビデオ・ラインアップ目撃者識別パラダイム

The paradigm detailed in this manuscript describes an applied experimental method based on real police investigations during which an eyewitness or victim ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

ディーズ-Roediger-マクダーモット（DRM）タスク：実験室で偽の思い出を調査するためのシンプルな認知パラダイム

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

変更された誘惑抵抗タスク: 子供の戦略的な嘘を引き出すためにパラダイム

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Marginal Dishonesty: The Adding-to-10 Task

Source: Julian Wills &#38; Jay Van Bavel&#8212;New York University
Classical economic theory asserts that people are rational and self-interested. In addition to seeking wealth and status, people are motivated by other goals. As a result, financial motives can sometimes be dwarfed by other internal needs, such as maintaining a positive self-concept or affiliating with other group members. 
Ethical dilemmas, such as the temptation to cheat on taxes, can result when these motives are in conflict. On the one hand, people may be tempted to save money by underreporting their taxable income. On the other hand, no one wants to perceive themselves as a dishonest, free-rider. As a result, people are reluctant to fully exploit unethical opportunities because doing so can severely undermine their self-image as morally upstanding individuals. Instead, people cheat to a much smaller degree than they are capable of: just enough to gain additional resources, but not so much as to compromise their self-image. 
This tendency for marginal dishonesty, or the "fudge factor," is an important principle in social psychology and can be tested through a variety of techniques. Mazar, Amir, and Ariely originally described six separate experiments involving (dis)honesty and a theory of self-concept maintenance.1 The "Adding-to-10 Task" is one of the experimental techniques discussed and is prevalent in research that involves testing honesty. This video demonstrates how to produce and interpret the Adding-to-10 Task.

辺縁不正: 10 に追加タスク

Source: Julian Wills &#38; Jay Van Bavel&#8212;New York University
Classical economic theory asserts that people are rational and self-interested. In ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

心理学

社会心理学

Metacognitive Development: How Children Estimate Their Memory

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
Human memory is fallible, and people often cannot accurately recall what they have seen or heard. Adults are aware of their limited memory capacity, so they use strategies, such as rehearsal and mnemonic devices, to improve their recall of important information. Because adults understand the limits of memory, they know it makes more sense to write down the items on their shopping list rather than to try to remember the items when they get to the store. This ability to think about one&#8217;s own memory is called metamemory. Metamemory is one component of a broader set of cognitive processes that allow humans to think about their own knowledge and thinking, which is called metacognition.
Although young children understand that people have thoughts and a limited amount of knowledge, they often have trouble acknowledging the limits of their own knowledge and cognitive skills. Children&#8217;s ability to accurately estimate their own memory capacity and abilities improves over the elementary school years. One common way of measuring metamemory and its development is by giving children an opportunity to predict how well they can remember something, and then observing how well their prediction matches their actual recall.
This experiment demonstrates how to measure children&#8217;s metamemory based on the methods developed by Shin, Bjorklund, and Beck.1

メタ認知の発達: 子供が彼らの記憶を推定方法

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
Human memory is fallible, and people often cannot accurately ...

発達心理学

Measuring Children's Trust in Testimony

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
How does a person learn about the world around them? One way is through direct observation and exploration. However, not every piece of information can be observed firsthand. Instead, a person must often rely on other people as information sources. This is particularly true for children who have so many questions about the world around them, yet have limited means of accessing the answers. Thus, children must rely on other people to provide answers to their questions.
There is a popular viewpoint that children are gullible and that they believe everything they hear. However, recent research has shown this is not the case. Children as young as age 3 evaluate what other people say and show selective trust in other people&#8217;s testimony. Children pay attention to and use their knowledge about an individual&#8217;s prior behavior and characteristics to judge whether that individual is a trustworthy informational source. &#160;
This video demonstrates how to measure children&#8217;s trust in testimony based on methods developed by Birch, Vauthier, and Bloom1 and Koenig, Clement, and Harris.2&#160;

Measuring Children&#039;s Trust in Testimony

証言の子供の信頼を測定

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
How does a person learn about the world around them? One way ...

Memory Development: Demonstrating How Repeated Questioning Leads to False Memories

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
A person is defined as a unique individual based on the people and events they encounter in their lives. Thus, creating, storing, and recalling memories are essential elements of the human experience. However, memory, as adults experience it, takes time to develop. Although young children can learn facts and remember details of their lives from moment-to-moment and day-to-day, they do not create autobiographical memories or detailed memories of events that happen in their lives until age 3 or older.
Even after age 3, children&#8217;s memories differ from those of adults in important ways. Children are less effective at evaluating their own memories than adults, which makes it difficult for them to determine, for example, whether or not their memories are accurate. False memories are a problem for both children and adults, as it is quite easy to create a false memory with a poorly-worded question or a story repeated over and over. However, young children are more susceptible to creating false memories than either older children or adults.
This video demonstrates children&#8217;s vulnerability to false memories using a method developed by Steven Ceci and his collaborators.1-2

Demonstrating How Repeated Questioning Leads to False Memories

メモリの開発: 実証偽りの記憶をどのように繰り返し尋問リード

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
A person is defined as a unique individual based on the people ...