著者は、この技術のための最初のアイデアで助けをジェームズ・フォレストを感謝したい。26この作品は、ペンシルバニア大学からの資金によってサポートされていましたし、部分的に無裁定の下に全米科学財団のMRSECプログラムによってサポートされていました。 DMR-11-ペンシルバニア大学の20901。

1.フィルムの調製<ol><li>ポリスチレンの0.04グラムを計量し、30ミリリットルバイアルに置きます。 </li><li>バイアルにトルエンを2g秤量します。トルエン中のポリスチレンの2質量％溶液は、約100nmの膜が得られます。 </li><li>ソリューションが完全にポリスチレンを溶解し、ソリューションを安定させるために、O / Nを座ってみましょう。 </li><li>スピンコーター上に1センチメートル×1センチシリコン（Si）ウエハを配置します。 </li><li> 45秒間8,000rpmでウェーハをスピン。それが回転している間に、スピニングウェハ上にトルエン約1mlをドロップします。 注：スピンコーティングを含む全ての工程は、ドラフト内で実施されます。 </li><li> Siウェハの表面全体が覆われるまでになりまし静止Siウエハ上に、Siウェハ上に滴下ステップ1.3からのソリューションを追加します。 </li><li>ソリューションは、ウェハ上で乾燥する前に、20秒間4,000rpmでSiウエハをスピン。 </li><li>偏光解析法を用いてフィルムの厚さを決定する（ステップ2を参照）。 </li><li>フィルムは、所望の厚さ、アンある場合15時間、393 Kでの真空オーブン中でフィルムをEAL。 </li></ol> 2.フィルムの厚さを決定します<ol><li>エリプソメータステージ上にスピンキャストフィルムを配置し、1秒の取得時間に70°の入射光の角度で偏光解析角度Ψ（λ）とΔ（λ）を測定し、ゾーン平均の設定がオンになって。 </li><li>エリプソメータソフトウェアを使用して、製造業者のプロトコルに従って3層モデルに生じたΨ（λ）とΔ（λ）データを適合。追加のユーザ入力はありません。第一層は、Siの基板層であり、第二層は、1.5ナノメートルの厚さの自然酸化物層であり、第3層は、対応するコーシーモデル（N = A + B /λ2、K = 0）でありますポリスチレンフィルムの光学特性。このモデルでは、A及びBはフィットパラメータであり、n及びkはそれぞれ、屈折率の実数成分と虚数成分です。 </li><li>コー​​シー層には、トンにフィットhickness AおよびBパラメータ膜が10nm以上である場合。フィルムが10nm未満の場合、唯一のフィット。 注意：これは、代表的な結果のセクションで詳しく説明されます。 </li></ol> 3.冷却速度依存T gを測定 <ol><li>コー​​トサーマルペーストを温度可変エリプソメータ段階の加熱素子の表面。 </li><li>発熱体にアニールポリスチレンフィルムを配置します。 </li><li>発熱体の上にしっかりとフィルムを固定します。 </li><li> &lt;69キロパスカルの圧力で温度ステージを100％乾燥窒素ガスを流します。 </li><li>温度段階ソフトウェアを使用して、温度プロファイルを作成します。この温度プロファイルは、150 K /分で393 Kまで加熱ランプから始まります。 20分間393Kでフィルムを保持します。 <ol><li> 150、120、90、60、30、10、7、3、150 K /分で393 Kに加熱ランプ付き/分1 Kのレートで293 Kに続いて、別の冷却ランプ。 5分テンペを配置各ランプの後ratureホールド。 </li></ol></li><li>エリプソメータソフトウェアでは、セクション2のものと同様の温度依存性の偏光解析モデルを作成する3つのすべての層は、基板は、温度依存性のSiモデルに変更した以外は、同様です。 </li><li>温度依存のSiモデルの層では、パラメータ「PARMログから使用内線の温度」をオンにします。 </li><li>実験装置の制御ソフトウェアを使用して、エリプソメータソフトウェアは温度段階から温度値を読みました。 </li><li>信号が最大強度に到達するようにエリプソメータを合わせます。 </li><li> 「編集ハードウェア構成」の下で、高精度なゾーン平均で1秒に高速取得時間を設定します。高精度なゾーン平均で3秒に通常の取得時間を設定します。 </li><li>エリプソメータソフトウェアの「 その場で 」タブで「速い取得時間モード」ボックス、およびを押して「取得開始」をご確認ください。次に、スタート温度プロファイル。 3 K / minで冷却ランプの前に、高速アクイジション時間ボックスをオフにします。 </li></ol> 4. の T gの値の決定<ol><li>好適なグラフと分析ソフトウェアに温度と厚さのプロファイルをエクスポートし、全9冷却速度のための温度及び厚さのデータを分離します。 </li><li> 、温度の取得時に、ゾーン平均化の影響を考慮し、すべての温度値を取り、Tは= / 2、ここで、TのI（T iは -1 Tを+）ように、それに先行する温度値でそれを平均化するためには与えられた時の温度値であり、T I-1は、前の時点の温度です。 </li><li>各冷却速度対温度プロットの厚さ。 </li><li>スーパー冷却された液体政権の一部の線形フィット（大きな膨張係数と高い温度領域）を実行します。この政権は393 Kから380 Kに約になります</li><li> Perfoデータの同じセットのガラス状政権の一部に線形フィットRM。この領域は、低膨張係数を有し、293 Kから340程度となりK. </li><li>これらの2つのラインの交点を検索します。これらの線が交差する温度がガラス転移温度です。 </li><li> 9つすべてのランプのためにこれを行います。 </li></ol> 5.平均薄膜ダイナミクスの解析<ol><li>所定の膜厚のプロットのログ（冷却速度（K /分））対1 / T gを（K -1）のために。 </li><li>経験的な関係によって、バルクおよび表面ダイナミクスの直接測定に間接的にこれを比較します。冷却速度*τα= 1000 23,24 </li></ol>

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The Authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

冷却速度依存性のT gの測定値は、T gを決定することができるハイスループット特性評価実験、ガラスの膨張係数と過冷却液体、平均ダイナミクスの温度依存性、および、特にガラス状の材料の脆弱性であります一回の実験。彼らは、フルオロフォアまたは他の複雑な実験技術を利用しないため、また、蛍光、埋め込 ​​む、またはナノホール緩和実験とは異なり?...

Keddieジョーンズとコーリー1の独創的な研究は、超薄型ポリスチレンフィルムのガラス転移温度（T g）が 60ナノメートルよりも小さい厚さでバルク値に対して減少することを示しました。それ以来、多くの実験的研究2-11 の T gにおいて観察された減少は、これらの膜の自由表面近くで強化された移動性の層によって引き起こされるという仮説を支持しています。しかし、これらの実験は、単一緩和時間の間接的な尺度であるため、議論の空気/ポリマー界面での平均薄膜のダイナミクスとダイナミクスとの間に直接的な相関関係を中心に12〜18が存在します。 この議論に答えるために、多くの研究は、直接、自由表面（τ 面 ）の動態を測定しました。ナノ粒子の埋め込 ​​み、19,20ナノホール緩和、21と蛍光22の研究が示していることを、空気/ポリマー界面の時間速いταのそれよりもはるかに弱い温度依存性を持つバルクアルファ緩和時間（τα）よりも大きさのダイナミクス注文など。理由は、その弱い温度依存性のため、これらの膜のτの表面は 、薄いポリスチレンフィルムの19-22および拡張ダイナミクス、23,24は、上記の数度である単一の点T *に（τα）バルクアルファ緩和と交差しますT gは、と≈1秒のταで。速く*より緩和時間を調べる実験は、超薄型のポリスチレンフィルムの T g上の任意の厚さ依存性を確認するために失敗する理由のT *の存在が説明することができる。13-18最後に、しばらくそれが持っている強化されたモバイル層ショーの直接測定4-8ナノメートルの厚さ、20~22空気/ポリマー界面におけるダイナミクスの伝搬長は、移動面レーの厚さよりもはるかに大きいことを示す証拠がありますR。5,25,26 このレポートでは、完全に速度依存性T G（CR- の T g）実験を冷却するためのエリプソメトリーを使用するためのプロトコルを記述することを目指しています。 CR-T gは、以前にポリスチレンの超薄膜の平均動力学を記述するために使用されてきた。さらに、この技術は、最近、超薄型ポリスチレンフィルムの平均動力学との間の直接的な相関関係を示すために使用された23,24,27,28自由表面で、とダイナミクス。23、蛍光、ナノ粒子埋め込 ​​み、ナノホール緩和、nanocalorimetry、誘電分光法、およびブリルアン光散乱などの測定値の他のタイプよりCR- の T g 測定の利点は、研究では、彼らは比較的迅速であるということですフルオロフォアまたは他の複雑な実験技術を利用しないと簡単な実験。分光エリプソメトリーにおける最近の進歩は、この技術は、効率的に光propertを決定するために使用されることを可能にしますポリマーと卓越した精度でハイブリッド材料の他のタイプの超薄膜の居住。このように、この技術は、ガラス転移（T≤T gを、τα≥100秒）に関連する温度及び時間体制で技術的に適用可能な薄膜の平均ダイナミクスをプローブ。さらに、この技術は、ガラス状の展開係数に関する情報を提供し、夕食は、液体状態の冷却だけでなく、その後のバルクフィルムについてのデータと比較することができるシステムの脆弱性。最後に、CR- T gを実験があれば、フィルムの完全性は、実験を通してのままのような任意のガラス質系に使用することができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>179418-1L</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>Atactic Polystyrene</td><td>Polymer Source Inc.</td><td>P-4092-S</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>THMS 600 temperature stage</td><td>Linkam</td><td>THMS 600</td><td>any temperature stage that can be fit to an ellipsometer could be used.</td></tr><tr><td>M2000V Spectroscopic Ellipsometer</td><td>J.A. Woollam</td><td>M200V</td><td>This procedure should be applicable for any spectroscopic ellipsometer.</td></tr><tr><td>Spin Coater</td><td>Laurell Technologies</td><td>WS-650-23B</td><td>This Procedure is possible with any spin coater</td></tr><tr><td>Sample vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-912-379</td><td>Any sample vials will do</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon wafers</td><td>Virginia semi conductors</td><td>325S1410694D</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cooling rate dependent ellipsometry measurements to determine the dynamics of thin glassy films

このレポートでは、完全に速度依存性T G（CR- の T g）実験を冷却するための偏光解析法を用いての実験的手法を説明することを目的とします。これらの測定は、ガラス転移温度を決定することができる単純な高スループット特性評価実験であります （T g）を 、平均ダイナミクス、脆弱性とガラス質材料の様々な過冷却液体およびガラス状態の膨張係数。この技術は、他の方法は、これらの特性の全てを調査するために様々な異なる技術を組み合わせる必要がありながら、これらのパラメータは、1回の実験で測定されることを可能にします。 T gに近いダイナミクスの測定は特に困難です。直接バルクおよび表面緩和ダイナミクスを調べる他の方法に比べて速度依存の T g の測定を冷却する利点は、フルオロフォアまたは他の複雑なEXを利用しない、比較的迅速かつ簡単な実験であるということですperimental技術。さらに、この技術は、ガラス転移（τα&gt; 100秒）に関連する（τα）政権は、平均気温の技術関連薄膜のダイナミクスと緩和時間をプローブします。速度依存性のT gの実験を冷却するための偏光解析法を使用することに制限は、粘度（τのα&lt;&lt; 1秒）の測定に関連する緩和時間を調べることができないことです。他の冷却速度依存性のT gの測定技術は、しかしながら、より速い緩和時間にCR-T gの手法を拡張することができます。さらに、この技術は、長い間、フィルムの完全性は、実験を通してのままのような任意のガラス質系に使用することができます。

フィッティング生エリプソメトリーデータ ポリスチレンフィルムは、エリプソメーター（500-1,600ナノメートル）の波長範囲で透明です。したがって、コーシーモデルは、ポリスチレンフィルムの屈折率を記述するための優れたモデルである。 図1Aは 、ポリスチレンの厚い（274 nm）のフィルム、?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films at JoVE.com

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

ここでは、ガラス状材料の様々な割合のガラス転移温度（T g）を決定することができ依存エリプソメトリー実験の、平均力学、もろさ及び過冷却液体の膨張係数とガラスを冷却するためのプロトコルを提示します。

薄いガラス質膜のダイナミクスを決定するレート依存エリプソメトリー測定を冷却

This report aims to fully describe the experimental technique of using ellipsometry for cooling rate dependent Tg (CR-Tg) experiments. These measurements ...

cooling-rate-dependent-ellipsometry-measurements-to-determine

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.1K ビュー.  University of Pennsylvania. ここでは、ガラス状材料の様々な割合のガラス転移温度（T g）を決定することができ依存エリプソメトリー実験の、平均力学、もろさ及び過冷却液体の膨張係数とガラスを冷却するためのプロトコルを提示します。 

ビデオ: Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

ユーロピウムキレート発光塗料を用いた高解像度サーマルマイクロイメージング

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

工学

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

エバネセント場ベースの光音響：表面での光学特性評価

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

均一な厚さのGeのエレクトロスプレーデポジション<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt; Sbの<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt;と同様に<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt;カルコゲナイドガラスフィルム

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

時間分解マイクロ波伝導を介して、薄膜太陽電池材料での再結合ダイナミクス

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

界面湿潤シートの熱力学的成長によって引き起こされる液晶の配向転移

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

巨視的揺動運動の光によって誘起される液晶ネットワークの準備

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (Cu variant) entropy-stabilized oxides. Phase pure and chemically homogeneous (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.20, 0.27, 0.33) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.11, 0.27) ceramic pellets are synthesized and used in the deposition of ultra-high quality, phase pure, single crystalline thin films of the target stoichiometry. A detailed methodology for the deposition of smooth, chemically homogeneous, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-oriented MgO substrates is described. The phase and crystallinity of bulk and thin film materials are confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Composition and chemical homogeneity are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface topography of thin films is measured with scanning probe microscopy. The synthesis of high quality, single crystalline, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films enables the study of interface, size, strain, and disorder effects on the properties in this new class of highly disordered oxide materials.

The synthesis of high quality bulk and thin film (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O entropy-stabilized oxides is presented.

バルクと組成バリエーション エントロピー安定化酸化物薄膜合成

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and ...

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous studies on flowing liquid films have neglected the contributions of spatial structures of waves to the impact outcome, while this has recently been shown to have a significant influence on the drop impact dynamics. In this report, we outline a step-by-step procedure to investigate the effect of periodic inlet forcing of a flowing liquid film leading to the production of spatiotemporally regular wave structures on drop impact dynamics. A function generator in connection with a solenoid valve is used to excite these spatiotemporally regular wave structures on the film surface while the impact dynamics of uniform-sized droplets are captured using a high-speed camera. Three distinct regions are then studied; viz. the capillary wave region preceding the large wave peak, the flat film region, and the wave hump region. The effects of important dimensionless quantities such as film Reynolds, drop Weber and Ohnesorge numbers parameterized by the film flow rate, drop speed, and drop size are also examined. Our results show interesting, hitherto undiscovered dynamics brought about by this application of film inlet forcing of the flowing film for both low and high inertia drops.

A protocol to study the contributions of waves to droplet impact dynamics on flowing liquid films is presented.

液滴衝撃による薄膜を流れる液膜に波の貢献を研究するフィルム コントロール

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous ...

Thin Film Composite Silicon Elastomers for Cell Culture and Skin Applications: Manufacturing and Characterization

In this protocol, we present methods to fabricate thin elastomer composite films for advanced cell culture applications and for the development of skin adhesives. Two different poly-(dimethyl siloxanes) (PDMS and soft skin adhesive (SSA)), have been used for in depth investigation of biological effects and adhesive characteristics. The composite films consist of a flexible backing layer and an adhesive top coating. Both layers have been manufactured by doctor blade application technique. In the present investigation, the adhesive behavior of the composite films has been investigated as a function of the layer thickness or a variation of the Young&#39;s modulus of the top layer. The Young&#39;s modulus of PDMS has been changed by varying the base to crosslinker mixing ratio. In addition, the thickness of SSA films has been varied from approx. 16 &#181;m to approx. 320 &#181;m. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy have been used for thickness measurements. The adhesive properties of elastomer films depend strongly on the film thickness, the Young&#39;s modulus of the polymers and surface characteristics. Therefore, normal adhesion of these films on glass substrates exhibiting smooth and rough surfaces has been investigated. Pull-off stress and work of separation are dependent on the mixing ratio of silicone elastomers.
Additionally, the thickness of the soft skin adhesive placed on top of a supportive backing layer has been varied in order to produce patches for skin applications. Cytotoxicity, proliferation and cellular adhesion of L929 murine fibroblasts on PDMS films (mixing ratio 10:1) and SSA films (mixing ratio 50:50) have been conducted. We have shown here, for the first time, the side by side comparison of thin composite films manufactured of both polymers and present the investigation of their biological- and adhesive properties.

A protocol for the manufacturing process of polymeric thin film composite structures possessing either different Young&#39;s moduli or thicknesses is presented. Films are produced for advanced cell culture studies or as skin adhesives.

細胞培養および皮膚のアプリケーション フィルム複合シリコン エラストマーを薄い: 製造とキャラクタリゼーション

In this protocol, we present methods to fabricate thin elastomer composite films for advanced cell culture applications and for the development of skin ...

発生生物学

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Smart viscoelastic materials that respond to specific stimuli are one of the most attractive classes of materials important to future technologies, such as on-demand switchable adhesion technologies, actuators, molecular clutches, and nano-/microscopic mass transporters. Recently it was found that through a special solid-liquid transition, rheological properties can exhibit significant changes, thus providing suitable smart viscoelastic materials. However, designing materials with such a property is complex, and forward and backward switching times are usually long. Therefore, it is important to explore new working mechanisms to realize solid-liquid transitions, shorten the switching time, and enhance the contrast of rheological properties during switching. Here, a light-induced crystal-liquid phase transition is observed, which is characterized by means of polarizing light microscopy (POM), photorheometry, photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The light-induced crystal-liquid phase transition presents key features such as (1) fast switching of crystal-liquid phases for both forward and backward reactions and (2) a high contrast ratio of viscoelasticity. In the characterization, POM is advantageous in offering information on the spatial distribution of LC molecule orientations, determining the type of liquid crystalline phases appearing in the material, and studying the orientation of LCs. Photorheometry allows measurement of a material&#8217;s rheological properties under light stimuli and can reveal the photorheological switching properties of materials. Photo-DSC is a technique to investigate thermodynamic information of materials in darkness and under light irradiation. Lastly, XRD allows studying of microscopic structures of materials. The goal of this article is to clearly present how to prepare and measure the discussed properties of a photorheological material.

This protocol demonstrates the preparation of a photorheological material that exhibits a solid phase, various liquid crystalline phases, and an isotropic liquid phase by increasing temperature. Presented here are methods for measuring the structure-viscoelasticity relationship of the material.

ツイストベンドネマティック液晶の高コントラストと高速フォトレオロジースイッチング

Smart viscoelastic materials that respond to specific stimuli are one of the most attractive classes of materials important to future technologies, such ...

薄いガラス質膜のダイナミクスを決定するレート依存エリプソメトリー測定を冷却

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ユーロピウムキレート発光塗料を用いた高解像度サーマルマイクロイメージング

エバネセント場ベースの光音響：表面での光学特性評価

均一な厚さのGeのエレクトロスプレーデポジション

時間分解マイクロ波伝導を介して、薄膜太陽電池材料での再結合ダイナミクス

界面湿潤シートの熱力学的成長によって引き起こされる液晶の配向転移

巨視的揺動運動の光によって誘起される液晶ネットワークの準備

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細胞培養および皮膚のアプリケーションフィルム複合シリコンエラストマーを薄い: 製造とキャラクタリゼーション

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この動画の章

ユーロピウムキレート発光塗料を用いた高解像度サーマルマイクロイメージング

エバネセント場ベースの光音響：表面での光学特性評価

均一な厚さのGeのエレクトロスプレーデポジション

時間分解マイクロ波伝導を介して、薄膜太陽電池材料での再結合ダイナミクス

界面湿潤シートの熱力学的成長によって引き起こされる液晶の配向転移

巨視的揺動運動の光によって誘起される液晶ネットワークの準備

バルクと組成バリエーション エントロピー安定化酸化物薄膜合成

液滴衝撃による薄膜を流れる液膜に波の貢献を研究するフィルム コントロール

細胞培養および皮膚のアプリケーション フィルム複合シリコン エラストマーを薄い: 製造とキャラクタリゼーション

ツイストベンドネマティック液晶の高コントラストと高速フォトレオロジースイッチング

バルクと組成バリエーションエントロピー安定化酸化物薄膜合成

液滴衝撃による薄膜を流れる液膜に波の貢献を研究するフィルムコントロール

細胞培養および皮膚のアプリケーションフィルム複合シリコンエラストマーを薄い: 製造とキャラクタリゼーション