ビジョン保健研究ネットワーク - この作品は、ヘルスリサーチ（178918）、フォン·ド·RECHERCHEエンサンテケベックのカナダの研究所からの助成金によってサポートされています。

注：男性C57BL / 6マウス（5-7週齢）をチャールズ·リバー·ラボラトリーズインターナショナル社（セント·コンスタント、ケベック州、カナダ）からのものであり、CHUサントジャスティン動物実験委員会によって承認されたプロトコルに従って操作。マウス気管支組織外植片は、上皮細胞上のLMPのアポトーシス促進効果を調査するための主要な気管支上皮細胞の良い情報源を提供する。このプロトコルは、のLMP のインビトロ発生、ならびにLMPで処理した気管支組織外植片におけるアポトーシス上皮細胞を検出するための方法を記載する。このプロトコルは、3つのセクションで構成されています。 1.のLMP産生および特徴注：汚染を防止するために、この実験で使用されるすべての材料は滅菌されているか、オートクレーブしていることを確認してください。特に断りのない限り、無菌状態の下で生物学的安全キャビネット内で室温ですべての手順を実行します。 1.1）刺激とMPのコレクション9 <ol><li> 37℃の水浴1000万CEM T細胞のアリコートを解凍する。 10ミリリットルで希釈し、予め温めた無血清200 GX 5分で15ミリリットル滅菌チューブと遠心分離機で、例えばX-VIVOのような造血中。予め温め培地5mlの上清と再懸濁細胞を吸引除去する。 </li><li>このようなX-VIVOとして予め温め造血媒体15 mlの（懸濁細胞）T75組織培養フラスコに細胞を移し、5％CO 2で37℃で加湿インキュベーター中で4日間インキュベートする。 </li><li> 4日後、100mlの新鮮な培地を含有するT175組織培養フラスコ中にすべての培地および細胞を移す。彼ら200万細胞/ mlの密度に成長するまで、同じ条件下で約72時間細胞をインキュベートし続ける。 </li><li>均等に4 T175フラスコをそれぞれ含む150ミリリットルの新鮮な培地と細胞を2万個/ mlの密度まで（約48時間のインキュベーション）に成長するまで、細胞培養を継続する間にセルを分割する。 </li><li&gt; 5分間200×gでの遠心分離によって各フラスコから細胞を収集し、200万/ mlの細胞密度を維持するために、150ミリリットル新鮮な培地を含む新しいT175フラスコに300×10 6個の細胞を懸濁します。 </li><li>を0.5μg/ mlの最終濃度で培地に（2 mg / mlのでDMSOに溶解）アクチノマイシンDを添加し、24時間インキュベートする。 </li><li> 50ミリリットルコニカルチューブにすべての培養液を移し、5分間750×gで細胞をスピンダウン。大細胞断片を除去するために15分間1500×gで50ミリリットルコニカルチューブと遠心分離機に上清を移し。 </li><li> 50分間12000×gで250ミリリットルボトルと超遠心機に上清を移し。上清を捨て、ペレットを収集します。 </li><li>洗浄50分間12000×gで遠心分離によって50mlチューブ中で40 mlの滅菌PBSにペレットのLMPが富化。二回、この手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>最後の洗浄上清を収集。車両の制御に使用される。 1でのLMPペレットを一時停止mlのPBSと1.5 mlの滅菌マイクロチューブに移す。アリコートとストア（複数の空き融解サイクルを避けるために）-80℃でのLMPを単離した。 </li></ol> FACS分析4を介してMPの1.2）キャラクタリゼーション<ol><li>のCaCl 2なしで2アネキシンバッファのサンプル、1とし、別のを準備します。ヘペスが10mM、NaClが140 mMの、プラスマイナス5のCaCl 2。 </li><li>粒子を除去するために0.22μmのフィルターを用いてアネキシンバッファおよびFACSフローシース流体をフィルタ。 </li><li> FACSチューブに5 mMのCaCl 2をアネキシンバッファー44μlの中のLMPの1μLに希釈する。のCaCl 2なしアネキシンバッファの44μL（陰性対照）でのLMPの1μlの別のチューブを準備します。 </li><li>各チューブにアネキシンV-Cy5での5μlを加え、よく混ぜる。暗所でRTで15分間インキュベートする。各チューブ内FACSフローシース液の400μlのミックスを希釈することにより反応を停止します。 </li><li> BEAを数える7μmの10μlの（20万ビーズ）を追加各管中の内部標準としてのds懸濁液は絶対数を取得する。 </li><li>相対的な大きさのゲート（FSC-H、PMT E00、スケールログ）と相対粒度（SSC-H、PMT 325、ログスケール）のサイズ·キャリブレーション蛍光ビーズを使用して、フローサイトメーター上のドットプロットを確立さ1μm（ゲート1）と7ミクロン（ゲート2）でビーズゲートを数える。 </li><li> 2万カウンティングビーズがゲート2に到達するまでの信号を取得することにより、ドットプロット（ログスケール、PMT 765）アネキシンのための確立されたゲートとFL-4チャネルを使用してFSC-H / SSC-Hプロット上のLMPサンプルを分析します。 </li><li>のCaCl 2を含有アネキシンバッファ内のLMPのアネキシンV陽性の事象を決定し、その後のCaCl 2（ネガティブコントロール）することなく、アネキシンバッファ内のLMPのイベントを引く。 </li><li>次式に基づいてMPの絶対数を計算する。 <img alt="式1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52651/52651eq1.jpg" /></li></ol> MP Pの1.3）の決定rotein濃度（ブラッドフォードアッセイ） <ol><li> 1.25〜20 / mlのからのタンパク質標準の5連続希釈を準備します。ピペット連で清潔な試験管に各標準と試料液を800μL。各チューブにブラッドフォード色素試薬を200μlを追加します。室温で5分間インキュベートその後、よく混ぜる。 </li><li> 595 nmの吸光度を測定します。標準曲線の線形回帰を使用してのLMPのタンパク質濃度を決定します。 </li></ol> 2.気管支組織外植とのLMPトリートメント注：無菌の作業環境には特に注意してください、そして無菌的に以下の実験に使用される溶液及び培地を調製。 、完全な治癒培地を調製100ミリリットル組織ヒーリング中に（氷上で解凍）血清を用いて組織ヒーリングミディアムサプリメントの1ミリリットルを加え、よく混ぜます。 気管支組織外植片の2.1）の準備<ol><li>培養前に、1cm 2の6領域を傷つけるメスの刃で各100mmの組織培養皿の表面のエッジにそれぞれ。コートはそれぞれの培養皿のコーティング溶液2mlと100mmの組織培養皿に傷、37℃の加湿CO 2インキュベータO / Nで皿をインキュベートする。真空が余剰液を吸引し、組織洗浄​​媒体15mlで料理を埋める。 </li><li>動物のケア倫理委員会によって承認されたプロトコルに従ってCO 2吸入により（5〜7週齢）C57BL / 6マウスを安楽死させる。 </li><li>無菌的には、メス、デュモンスーパーファインピンセット、および外科はさみで肺組織を解剖。慎重に実質および血管を取り除く。該当する場合は、研究室への輸送のための氷冷組織洗浄媒体に肺組織を置きます。 </li><li>さらに組織洗浄培地中に沈め気管支を解剖し、末梢肺組織から1〜2.5ミリメートルの直径を有する気管支の分離。メスで〜5ミリメ​​ートルの厚さの気管支リングにスライス気管支組織。 </li&gt; <li>気管支断片をピックアップし、料理の傷領域上に配置する無菌の湾曲したmicrodissecting鉗子ですくい運動を使用してください。 </li><li>組織洗浄媒体を取り外し、それらを皿に付着させ〜室温で5分間の断片をインキュベート。 </li><li>各ディッシュに完全な治癒中の10ミリリットルを追加し、制御された雰囲気モジュラーインキュベーターチャンバーに配置します。高いO 2混合ガス（70％O 2、25％N 2及び5％CO 2）を有するチャンバを洗い流す。ベンチトップ軌道インキュベーター内室を置き、37℃でそれを振る。培地フラグメント上に断続的に流れることができるように、毎分10サイクルで24時間チャンバーを振る。 </li><li> 24時間インキュベートした後、位相差倒立光学顕微鏡で組織外植片を観察します。完全な、細い髪の動きとその後のLMPの治療のために活発な気管支上皮と気管支植片を選択します。 </li></ol>2.2）のLMPトリートメント<ol><li>解凍成長培地サプリメントを氷上で血清および線維芽細胞阻害剤と次のように完全増殖培地を準備します。血清及び増殖培地100mlに200μlの線維芽細胞阻害剤による成長培地サプリメントを1ml加える。完全に混合する。使用前に10分間37℃で、完全増殖培地を温める。 </li><li>を800μg/ mlの濃度でのLMPストックを調製するためにPBSで新しい無菌のエッペンドルフチュー​​ブに孤立のLMPを希釈する。 </li><li> 12ウェル組織培養プレートの各ウェルに完全な増殖培地を0.5mlを加える。 </li><li>組織培養プレートの各ウェルに、前のプロトコル（2.1節）から湾曲したmicrodissecting鉗子と、選択した気管支植片を転送します。 </li><li>のLMP処理ウェルと対照ウェルを識別するために、適切に培養プレートにラベルを付けます。そして25μlの制御車両（40 / mlの最終濃度）を各ウェルのLMPの治療に25μLのLMPの株式を追加します（LMP<html> S対照ウェルへの生産）。 </li><li>穏やかに振盪しながら37℃で制御された雰囲気モジュラーインキュベーターチャンバー内のインキュベーションを続けます。 </li><li> 24時間後、PBSで外植3回洗浄し、次のステップ（4％パラホルムアルデヒド[PFA]固定）に進みます。 </li></ol> 3.病理組織学的検査 3.1）次のステップに進む前に、次のソリューションを準備<ol><li> 137のNaCl、2.7のKCl、10のNa 2 HPO 4、1.76 mMのKH 2 PO 4、pHが7.4を混合して1×PBS緩衝液を準備します。 </li><li> 、4％PFAを調製400mlの水に20gのPFAを溶解、攪拌しながら60℃で加熱すること。解決策をクリアする10 M NaOHを数滴を追加します。次に1×PBS緩衝液を追加し、7.4に500ミリリットルとpHに音量を調整します。フィルタとアリコート。 -20℃で保存する。 </li><li>以下の脱水や水分補給の試薬を準備します。 100％、90％、70％、50％エタノール及びキシレン。 </li></ol>e_step &quot;&gt; 3.2）植固定および組織節脱パラフィン<ol><li> 4％PFAの1.5ミリリットルで標識されたマイクロ遠心チューブ内の各植片を置き、4℃でO / Nインキュベートする。 1×PBSで2回植片をすすぐ。 </li><li>アルコール系を通して外植片を脱水し（70％エタノール：各3回、30分間、90％エタノール：各2回​​30分間、100％エタノール：3回30分ずつ、次にキシレン：3回20分ずつ）。ドラフト内で室温ですべての手順を実行します。 </li><li>オーブンで58℃のパラフィンに組織外植を埋め込む。ロータリーミクロトームを用いて5μm厚の組織切片を準備します。 </li><li> 56℃の水浴中で切片をフロートし、次いで標識された組織スライド上に切片をマウントする。 1時間65℃で手動染色ラックと乾燥でスライドを置きます。スライドを室温で冷却する。 </li><li>パラフィンを除去するために10分間、キシレンをそれぞれ含む4個の連続染色ディッシュ内のラックを浸し。目、その後、100％、95％のキシレンを除去し、エタノール系列でラックを浸し次に、80％、70％、次いで50％エタノール（各ステップで5分間）エン。エタノールを除去し、5分間水道水でラックをすすぐ。 </li></ol> 3.3）ヘマトキシリン​​およびエオシン（H＆E）染色<ol><li>固定組織切片で作業を続ける。 15分間マイヤーのヘマトキシリン​​で満たされた染色皿にラックを配置。 20分間ヘマトキシリン​​を除去するために水道水でラックをすすぐ。 </li><li> 30秒間の95％エタノール中で30 sec.Place蒸留水に置く。 1分間のエオシンYソリューション染色皿に置きます。 2分ごとに、95％エタノール、100％エタノール、キシレン2変化を通して脱水する。 </li><li>過剰エオシンが除去されることを保証するために、顕微鏡下でクイックチェックを実行します。カバーガラスでカバーした後、各スライド上に封入剤（フィッシャーSP15-100）の2から3滴を置きます。 </li></ol> 3.4）In Situ細胞死検出の場合 ：TUNELアッセイ<ol><li>開始する前に、プロテイナーゼKワーキング溶液を調製：20μg/ mlの中で10mMトリス/塩酸、pHは7.4。 </li><li>セクション3.2（外植固定および組織切片の脱パラフィン）の5〜ステップ1を繰り返します。脱イオンH 2 Oでスライドをすすぐ</li><li> 10分間1X PBSでスライドを浸し。過剰のPBSを排出します。プロテイナーゼK希釈標準溶液をRTで30分間、組織切片をインキュベートする。リンスは、1×PBSで2回スライドする。 </li><li>細胞死検出キットの取扱説明書に記載されているようにTUNELアッセイを実行します。封入剤を使用してマウントし、カバーガラスを使用して手動でカバースリップ。 </li><li>光学顕微鏡下でサンプルを分析します。茶色のアポトーシス細胞を分析するために4.5 Proの画像を使用してください。 </li></ol>

<ol><li>Tushuizen, M. E., Diamant, M., Sturk, A., Nieuwland, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cell-derived+microparticles+in+the+pathogenesis+of+cardiovascular+disease%3A+friend+or+foe%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Arterioscler+Thromb+Vasc+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cell-derived microparticles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease: friend or foe.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 31 (1), 4-9 (2011).</li>
<li>Martinez, M. C., Tual-Chalot, S., Leonetti, D., Andriantsitohaina, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Microparticles%3A+targets+and+tools+in+cardiovascular+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+Pharmacol+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Microparticles: targets and tools in cardiovascular disease.</a> Trends Pharmacol Sci. 32 (11), 659-665 (2011).</li>
<li>Benameur, T., Andriantsitohaina, R., Martinez, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Therapeutic+potential+of+plasma+membrane-derived+microparticles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pharmacol+Rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Therapeutic potential of plasma membrane-derived microparticles.</a> Pharmacol Rep. 61 (1), 49-57 (2009).</li>
<li>Yang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Lymphocytic+microparticles+inhibit+angiogenesis+by+stimulating+oxidative+stress+and+negatively+regulating+VEGF-induced+pathways%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Regul+Integr+Comp+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Lymphocytic microparticles inhibit angiogenesis by stimulating oxidative stress and negatively regulating VEGF-induced pathways.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 294 (2), 467-476 (2008).</li>
<li>Yang, C., Gagnon, C., Hou, X., Hardy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Low+density+lipoprotein+receptor+mediates+anti-VEGF+effect+of+lymphocyte+T-derived+microparticles+in+Lewis+lung+carcinoma+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cancer+Biol+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Low density lipoprotein receptor mediates anti-VEGF effect of lymphocyte T-derived microparticles in Lewis lung carcinoma cells.</a> Cancer Biol Ther. 10 (5), 448-456 (2010).</li>
<li>Angelillo-Scherrer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Leukocyte-derived+microparticles+in+vascular+homeostasis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circ+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Leukocyte-derived microparticles in vascular homeostasis.</a> Circ Res. 110 (2), 356-369 (2012).</li>
<li>Maeno, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((CD8%2B+T+Cells+are+required+for+inflammation+and+destruction+in+cigarette+smoke-induced+emphysema+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">CD8+ T Cells are required for inflammation and destruction in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice.</a> J Immunol. 178 (12), 8090-8096 (2007).</li>
<li>Qiu, Q., Xiong, W., Yang, C., Gagnon, C., Hardy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Lymphocyte-derived+microparticles+induce+bronchial+epithelial+cells%27+pro-inflammatory+cytokine+production+and+apoptosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Lymphocyte-derived microparticles induce bronchial epithelial cells' pro-inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis.</a> Mol Immunol. 55 (3-4), 220-230 (2013).</li>
<li>Martin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Shed+membrane+particles+from+T+lymphocytes+impair+endothelial+function+and+regulate+endothelial+protein+expression%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circulation%22%5BJournal%5D)">Shed membrane particles from T lymphocytes impair endothelial function and regulate endothelial protein expression.</a> Circulation. 109 (13), 1653-1659 (2004).</li>
<li>Shet, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Sickle+blood+contains+tissue+factor-positive+microparticles+derived+from+endothelial+cells+and+monocytes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Blood%22%5BJournal%5D)">Sickle blood contains tissue factor-positive microparticles derived from endothelial cells and monocytes.</a> Blood. 102 (7), 2678-2683 (2003).</li>
<li>Mause, S. F., Weber, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Microparticles%3A+protagonists+of+a+novel+communication+network+for+intercellular+information+exchange%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circ+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Microparticles: protagonists of a novel communication network for intercellular information exchange.</a> Circ Res. 107 (9), 1047-1057 (2010).</li>
<li>Yang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Anti-proliferative+and+anti-tumour+effects+of+lymphocyte-derived+microparticles+are+neither+species-+nor+tumour-type+specific%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Extracell+Vesicles%22%5BJournal%5D)">Anti-proliferative and anti-tumour effects of lymphocyte-derived microparticles are neither species- nor tumour-type specific.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 3, (2014).</li>
<li>Soleti, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Microparticles+harboring+Sonic+Hedgehog+promote+angiogenesis+through+the+upregulation+of+adhesion+proteins+and+proangiogenic+factors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Carcinogenesis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Microparticles harboring Sonic Hedgehog promote angiogenesis through the upregulation of adhesion proteins and proangiogenic factors.</a> Carcinogenesis. 30 (4), 580-588 (2009).</li>
</ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もない。

MPは、細胞間のクロストークのアクティブなメディエーターであり、それらの研究は、科学の多くの分野において有望である。11本研究は、アポトーシスT細胞株由来のLMP のインビトロでの大規模生成のための詳細なプロトコルを提示した。これらのMPは、リンパ球分子の大きなレパートリーを発現し、生物学的細胞および組織の恒常性の調節に関与している。しかし、異なる?...

Microparticles (MPs) are biologically active submicron membrane vesicles released following cell activation or apoptosis. MPs are derived from both healthy and damaged cells and are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes.1 MPs have been detected not only in human plasma, but also in inflammatory and apoptotic tissue. The biological utility of cell membrane&#8211;derived MPs has been demonstrated in various settings, including cell signalling models and as pharmacological tools.2,3 We previously demonstrated that LMPs derived from T lymphocytes following actinomycin D stimulation (to induce apoptosis) suppress angiogenesis and inhibit endothelial cell survival and proliferation.4,5 The antiangiogenic effects of LMPs may vary significantly depending on the stimuli used to activate T lymphocytes in vitro.6
The airway epithelium functions as a protective physical and functional barrier. Increased numbers of T lymphocytes in the airway can contribute to cell damage and airway inflammation.7 We have shown that LMPs induce apoptosis of human bronchial epithelial cells,8 which indicated LMPs may change barrier function of bronchial epithelium in vivo. Apoptotic cells can be identified using the TUNEL method, which detects in situ DNA fragmentation. 
The overall goal of this protocol is to illustrate the in vitro production of LMPs from a T lymphocyte cell line, and to demonstrate their proapoptotic effect on airway epithelial cells. In situ cell death detection demonstrated that LMPs strongly induce airway bronchial epithelial cell death, suggesting that LMPs-mediated injury to the airway epithelium may impact barrier function of the damaged epithelium.

<table><tbody><tr><td>LMPs production and characterization</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CEM T cells&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ATCC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CCL-119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X-VIVO 15 medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cambrex, Walkersville</td><td>04-744Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flask T75</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>83.1813.502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flask T175</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>83.1812.502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Actinomycin&amp;nbsp;D&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Chemical Co.</td><td>A9415-2mg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Lifetechnologies</td><td>14190-144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m filter</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>83.1826.001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Annexin-VCy5</td><td>BD Pharmagen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>559933</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS flow solution</td><td>BD Bio-sciences</td><td>342003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent microbeads (1 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>Molecular Probes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>T8880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polysterene counting beads (7 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>Bangs laboratories</td><td>PS06N/6994</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene FACS tubes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml pipet</td><td>Fisher</td><td>13-678-11B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml pipet</td><td>Falcon</td><td>357543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 ml pipet</td><td>Ultident</td><td>DL-357551</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml conical polypropylene micro tube</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>72.690</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical polypropylene tube</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>62.554.205</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml conical polypropylene tube</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>62.547.205</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml high speed polypropylene copolymer tube</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>3119-0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 ml high speed polypropylene bottle</td><td>Beckman</td><td>356011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein assay (Bradford assay)</td><td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td><td>500-0006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein assay standard II</td><td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td><td>500-0007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Test tube 16 x 100</td><td>VWR</td><td>47729-576</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Test tube 12 x 75</td><td>Ultident</td><td>170-14100005B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell incubator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mandel</td><td>Heracell 150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low speed centrifuge</td><td>IEC</td><td>Centra8R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High speed centrifuge</td><td>Beckman</td><td>Avanti J8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High speed rotor for 250ml bottle</td><td>Beckman</td><td>JLA16.250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High speed rotor for 50ml tube</td><td>Beckman</td><td>JA30.50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fow cytometry&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Bio-sciences</td><td>FACS Calibur</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>Beckman</td><td>Series 600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bronchial tissue explants and sections&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6 mice (5-7 weeks old)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Charles River Laboratories, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Airway PrimaCell&amp;trade; System:</td><td>CHI Scientific, Inc.</td><td>2-82001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Rib-Back Carbon Steel Scalpel Blades</td><td>Becton Dickinson AcuteCare</td><td>371310</td><td>#10</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10003-12</td><td>#7</td></tr><tr><td>phase-contrast inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus Optical CO., LTD.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CK2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gas mixture&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VitalAire Canada Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>modular incubator chamber</td><td>Billups-Rothenberg Inc.</td><td>MIC-101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MaxQ 4000 incubated orbital shaker</td><td>Barnstead Lab-Line,&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SHKA4000-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12-well tissue culture plate</td><td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td><td>353043</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic tissue culture dishes (100 mm)</td><td>Sarstedt, Inc.</td><td>83.1802</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>14060-09</td><td>Straight, sharp, 9cm longth</td></tr><tr><td>Half-curved Graefe forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>11052-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>humidified CO2 incubator</td><td>Mandel Scientific Company Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SVH-51023421</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Histopathological examination&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>formalin formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HT5011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraffin</td><td>Fisher scientific&amp;nbsp; International, Inc.</td><td>T555</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethyl alcohol</td><td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt</td><td>EX0278-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;glutaraldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G6403</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cacodylate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>31533</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microscope slides</td><td>VWR Scientific Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>48300-025</td><td>25x75 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Fisher scientific&amp;nbsp; International, Inc.</td><td>X5-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mayer&#039;s hematoxylin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MHS16</td><td>Funnel with filter paper&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>HCl&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher scientific&amp;nbsp; International, Inc.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A144s-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>eosin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HT110116</td><td>Funnel with filter paper&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Permount&amp;trade; Mounting Medium</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SP15-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glass coverslip</td><td>surgipath medical industries, Inc.</td><td>84503</td><td>24&amp;times;24&amp;nbsp;#1&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>TUNEL detection kit</td><td>In Situ Cell Death Detection, POD</td><td>11 684 817 910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>oven</td><td>Despatch Industries Inc.</td><td>LEB-1-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rotary Microtome</td><td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td><td>RM2145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>filter paper</td><td>Whatman International Ltd.</td><td>1003150</td><td>#3</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>Nikon Imaging Japan Inc.</td><td>E800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>staining dish complete</td><td>Wheaton Industries, Inc.</td><td>900200</td><td>including dish, rack, cover</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml eppendorf tube</td><td>Sarstedt Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>72.69</td><td>39x10 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Orbital and Reciprocating Water Bath</td><td>ExpotechUSA</td><td>ORS200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffered saline&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>14190-144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>fume hood</td><td>Nicram RD Service</td><td>3707E</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of lymphocytic microparticles and detection of their proapoptotic effect on airway epithelial cells

細胞間コミュニケーションにおける細胞膜由来の小胞の生物学的役割への関心が近年増加している。微粒子（MPは）は0.1μm〜1μmの直径の範囲の、小胞のような一種類であり、そして典型的に活性化またはアポトーシスを起こして、真核細胞の細胞膜から脱落。ここでは、D.のLMPアクチノマイシンで刺激しアポトーシスCEM T細胞からTリンパ球由来の微粒子（のLMP）の生成が多段階分画遠心法によって単離し、フローサイトメトリーを使用して特徴づけられる記述する。このプロトコルはまた、マウス初代呼吸気管支組織外植片から派生気管支上皮細胞上のLMPのアポトーシス促進効果を実証するための、その場で細胞死検出法を提案する。本明細書に記載の方法は、in vitroでのアポトーシスリンパ球からのLMPの豊富な量を単離するための再現可能な手順を提供する。のLMPは、導出このように様々な疾患モデルの特性を評価するために使用され、薬理学および毒性試験のためにすることができる。気道上皮は、外部環境と下層組織との間に保護物理的および機能的なバリアを提供することを考慮すると、気管支組織外植片ではなく、不死化上皮細胞系の使用は、気道管組織を必要とする研究のための有効なモデルを提供する。

のLMPは（FACS）分析およびMPの97％（≤1μm）をアネキシンV-Cy5での陽性（ 図1Aおよび1B）であった1μmのビーズを使用してゲート制御を蛍光活性化細胞ソーティングによって、アネキシンV染色10で特徴付けた。典型的には、のLMPの約2.5mgが、このプロトコルに従って得た。 C57BL / 6マウスからの気管支組織外植片は、車両とのLMP処理を行った。気管支セクションの組織病理学的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

細胞膜小屋微粒子（MPS）を単離し、それらの病態生理学的効果は、様々なモデルで研究することができるアクティブな生物学的な小胞である。ここでは、Tリンパ球（のLMP）由来のMPを生成する気道上皮細胞に対するアポトーシス促進効果を実証するための方法を記載する。

気道上皮細胞上でのアポトーシス促進効果のリンパ球微粒子および検出の生成

Interest in the biological roles of cell membrane&#8211;derived vesicles in cell&#8211;cell communication has increased in recent years. Microparticles ...

generation-lymphocytic-microparticles-detection-their-proapoptotic

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.9K ビュー.  University of Montréal. 細胞膜小屋微粒子（MPS）を単離し、それらの病態生理学的効果は、様々なモデルで研究することができるアクティブな生物学的な小胞である。ここでは、Tリンパ球（のLMP）由来のMPを生成する気道上皮細胞に対するアポトーシス促進効果を実証するための方法を記載する。 

ビデオ: Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

Harvesting Murine Alveolar Macrophages and Evaluating Cellular Activation Induced by Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a versatile platform for the design and implementation of new intranasal vaccines against respiratory infectious diseases. Specifically, polyanhydride nanoparticles composed of the aliphatic sebacic acid (SA), the aromatic 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), or the amphiphilic 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) display unique bulk and surface erosion kinetics1,2 and can be exploited to slowly release functional biomolecules (e.g., protein antigens, immunoglobulins, etc.) in vivo3,4,5. These nanoparticles also possess intrinsic adjuvant activity, making them an excellent choice for a vaccine delivery platform6,7,8.
	In order to elucidate the mechanisms governing the activation of innate immunity following intranasal mucosal vaccination, one must evaluate the molecular and cellular responses of the antigen presenting cells (APCs) responsible for initiating immune responses. Dendritic cells are the principal APCs found in conducting airways, while alveolar macrophages (AM&#632;) predominate in the lung parenchyma9,10,11. AM&#632; are highly efficient in clearing the lungs of microbial pathogens and cell debris12,13. In addition, this cell type plays a valuable role in the transport of microbial antigens to the draining lymph nodes, which is an important first step in the initiation of an adaptive immune response9. AM&#632; also express elevated levels of innate pattern recognition and scavenger receptors, secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and prime na&iuml;ve T cells12,14. A relatively pure population of AM&#632; (e.g., greater than 80%) can easily be obtained via lung lavage for study in the laboratory. Resident AM&#632; harvested from immune competent animals provide a representative phenotype of the macrophages that will encounter the particle-based vaccine in vivo. Herein, we describe the protocols used to harvest and culture AM&#632; from mice and examine the activation phenotype of the macrophages following treatment with polyanhydride nanoparticles in vitro.

Herein, we describe protocols for harvesting murine alveolar macrophages, which are resident innate immune cells in the lung, and examining their activation in response to co-culture with polyanhydride nanoparticles.

マウス肺胞マクロファージを採取し、無水物ナノ粒子により誘導される細胞活性化を評価する

Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a  versatile platform for the design and implementation of new intranasal vaccines  against respiratory ...

生物工学

Generating 3D Spheres and 2D Air-Liquid Interface Cultures of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Type 2 Alveolar Epithelial Cells

In the lung, the alveolar epithelium is a physical barrier from environmental stimuli and plays an essential role in homeostasis and disease. Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AT2s) are the facultative progenitors of the distal lung epithelium. Dysfunction and injury of AT2s can result from and contribute to various lung diseases. Improved understanding of AT2 biology is, thus, critical for understanding lung biology and disease; however, primary human AT2s are generally difficult to isolate and limited in supply. To overcome these limitations, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (iAT2s) can be generated through a directed differentiation protocol that recapitulates in vivo lung development. iAT2s grow in feeder-free conditions, share a transcriptomic program with human adult primary AT2s, and execute key functions of AT2s such as production, packaging, and secretion of surfactant. This protocol details the methods for maintaining self-renewing iAT2s through serial passaging in three-dimensional (3D) culture or adapting iAT2s to air-liquid interface (ALI) culture. A single-cell suspension of iAT2s is generated before plating in 3D solubilized basement membrane matrix (hereafter referred to as &#34;matrix&#34;), where they self-assemble into monolayered epithelial spheres. iAT2s in 3D culture can be serially dissociated into single-cell suspensions to be passaged or plated in 2D ALI culture. In ALI culture, iAT2s form a polarized monolayer with the apical surface exposed to air, making this platform readily amenable to environmental exposures. Hence, this protocol generates an inexhaustible supply of iAT2s, producing upwards of 1 x 1030 cells per input cell over 15 passages while maintaining the AT2 program indicated by SFTPCtdTomato expression. The resulting cells represent a reproducible and relevant platform that can be applied to study genetic mutations, model environmental exposures, or screen drugs.

The present protocol describes human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived type 2 alveolar epithelial-like cells (iAT2s). These cells can be cultured as self-renewing spheres in 3D culture or adapted to air-liquid interface (ALI) culture.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来2型肺胞上皮細胞の3Dスフェアおよび2D気液界面培養物の生成

In the lung, the alveolar epithelium is a physical barrier from environmental stimuli and plays an essential role in homeostasis and disease. Type 2 ...

発生生物学

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.

インフラマソーム活性化とマウス骨髄由来マクロファージにおける Pyroptotic の細胞死の検出

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

免疫・感染学

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant that exacerbates and increases the incidence of chronic pulmonary diseases. O3 exposure is known to induce pulmonary inflammation, but little is known regarding how exposure alters processes important to the resolution of inflammation. Efferocytosis is a resolution process, whereby macrophages phagocytize apoptotic cells. The purpose of this protocol is to measure alveolar macrophage efferocytosis following O3-induced lung injury and inflammation. Several methods have been described for measuring efferocytosis; however, most require ex vivo manipulations. Described in detail here is a protocol to measure in vivo alveolar macrophage efferocytosis 24 h after O3 exposure, which avoids ex vivo manipulation of macrophages and serves as a simple technique that can be used to accurately represent perturbations in this resolution process. The protocol is a technically non-intensive and relatively inexpensive method that involves whole-body O3 inhalation followed by oropharyngeal aspiration of apoptotic cells (i.e., Jurkat T cells) while under general anesthesia. Alveolar macrophage efferocytosis is then measured by light microscopy evaluation of macrophages collected from bronchoalveolar (BAL) lavage. Efferocytosis is finally measured by calculating an efferocytic index. Collectively, the outlined methods quantify efferocytic activity in the lung in vivo while also serving to analyze the negative health effects of O3 or other inhaled insults.

This manuscript describes a protocol for determining whether exposure to ozone, a criteria air pollutant, impairs alveolar macrophage efferocytosis in vivo. This protocol utilizes commonly used reagents and techniques and can be adapted to multiple models of pulmonary injury to determine effects on alveolar macrophage efferocytosis.

オゾン暴露後の肺胞マクロファージエフェロサイトーシスの生体内評価

Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant that exacerbates and increases the incidence of chronic pulmonary diseases. O3 exposure is known to induce ...

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

Lungs are continually faced with direct and indirect insults in the form of sterile (particles or reactive toxins) and infectious (bacterial, viral or fungal) inflammatory conditions. An overwhelming host response may result in compromised respiration and acute lung injury, which is characterized by lung neutrophil recruitment as a result of the patho-logical host immune, coagulative and tissue remodeling response. Sensitive microscopic methods to visualize and quantify murine lung cellular adaptations, in response to low-dose (0.05 ppm) ozone, a potent environmental pollutant in combination with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a TLR4 agonist, are crucial in order to understand the host inflammatory and repair mechanisms. We describe a comprehensive fluorescent microscopic analysis of various lung and systemic body compartments, namely the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, lung vascular perfusate, left lung cryosections, and sternal bone marrow perfusate. We show damage of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, lung parenchymal tissue, as well as bone marrow cells in correlation with a delayed (up to 36-72 h) immune response that is marked by discrete chemokine gradients in the analyzed compartments. In addition, we present lung extracellular matrix and cellular cytoskeletal interactions (actin, tubulin), mitochondrial and reactive oxygen species, anti-coagulative plasminogen, its anti-angiogenic peptide fragment angiostatin, the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex V subunits, &#945; and &#946;. These surrogate markers, when supplemented with adequate in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo animal imaging techniques such as intravital microscopy, can provide vital information towards understanding the lung response to novel immunomodulatory agents.

Combined ozone and bacterial endotoxin exposed mice show wide-spread cell death, including that of neutrophils. We observed cellular adaptations such as disruption of cytoskeletal lamellipodia, increased cellular expression of complex V ATP synthase subunit &#946; and angiostatin in broncho-alveolar lavage, suppression of the lung immune response and delayed neutrophil recruitment.

オゾンとLPS誘発マウス急性肺損傷時の肺細胞適応の可視化

Lungs are continually faced with direct and indirect insults in the form of sterile (particles or reactive toxins) and infectious (bacterial, viral or ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

エア·液界面での人間の鼻上皮細胞の培養

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

生物学

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Overwhelming tissue accumulation of highly activated immune cells represents a hallmark of various chronic inflammatory diseases and emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in the clinical management of affected patients. In order to further optimize strategies aiming at therapeutic regulation of pathologically imbalanced tissue infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells, it will be of particular importance to achieve improved insights into disease- and organ-specific homing properties of peripheral lymphocytes. The here described experimental protocol allows to monitor lung accumulation of fluorescently labeled and adoptively transferred human lymphocytes in the context of papain-induced pulmonary inflammation. In contrast to standard in vitro assays frequently used for the analysis of immune cell migration and chemotaxis, the now introduced in vivo setting takes into account lung-specific aspects of tissue organization and the influence of the complex inflammatory scenario taking place in the living murine organism. Moreover, three-dimensional cross-sectional light-sheet fluorescence microscopic imaging does not only provide quantitative data on infiltrating immune cells, but also depicts the pattern of immune cell localization within the inflamed lung. Overall, we are able to introduce an innovative technique of high value for immunological research in the field of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, which can be easily applied by following the provided step-by-step protocol.

The here introduced protocol allows characterization of the lung homing capacity of primary human lymphocytes under in vivo inflammatory conditions. Pulmonary infiltration of adoptively transferred human immune cells in a mouse model of allergic inflammation can be imaged and quantified by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy of chemically cleared lung tissue.

In Vivo 光シート顕微鏡観察に基づくアレルギー性炎症の実験的肺ホーミング ヒトリンパ球のイメージング高度な

Overwhelming tissue accumulation of highly activated immune cells represents a hallmark of various chronic inflammatory diseases and emerged as an ...

医学

Isolating Bronchial Epithelial Cells from Resected Lung Tissue for Biobanking and Establishing Well-Differentiated Air-Liquid Interface Cultures

The airway epithelial cell layer forms the first barrier between lung tissue and the outside environment and is thereby constantly exposed to inhaled substances, including infectious agents and air pollutants. The airway epithelial layer plays a central role in a large variety of acute and chronic lung diseases, and various treatments targeting this epithelium are administered by inhalation. Understanding the role of epithelium in pathogenesis and how it can be targeted for therapy requires robust and representative models. In vitro epithelial culture models are increasingly being used and offer the advantage of performing experiments in a controlled environment, exposing the cells to different kinds of stimuli, toxicants, or infectious agents. The use of primary cells instead of immortalized or tumor cell lines has the advantage that these cells differentiate in culture to a pseudostratified polarized epithelial cell layer with a better representation of the epithelium compared to cell lines.
Presented here is a robust protocol, that has been optimized over the past decades, for the isolation and culture of airway epithelial cells from lung tissue. This procedure allows successful isolation, expansion, culture, and mucociliary differentiation of primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) by culturing at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and includes a protocol for biobanking. Furthermore, the characterization of these cultures using cell-specific marker genes is described. These ALI-PBEC cultures can be used for a range of applications, including exposure to whole cigarette smoke or inflammatory mediators, and co-culture/infection with viruses or bacteria. 
The protocol provided in this manuscript, illustrating the procedure in a step-by-step manner, is expected to provide a basis and/or reference for those interested in implementing or adapting such culture systems in their laboratory.

Presented here is a reproducible, affordable, and robust method for the isolation and expansion of primary bronchial epithelial cells for long-term biobanking and the generation of differentiated epithelial cells by culture at the air-liquid interface.

バイオバンキングのための切除肺組織からの気管支上皮細胞の単離と高分化気液界面培養の樹立

The airway epithelial cell layer forms the first barrier between lung tissue and the outside environment and is thereby constantly exposed to inhaled ...

THP-1細胞におけるLPS/ATP誘発細胞死メカニズムの解析

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Cell death is a fundamental process in all living organisms. The protocol establishes a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated lipid deposition in human monocyte (THP-1) macrophage model to observe cell death. LPS combined with ATP is a classic inflammatory induction method, often used to study pyroptosis, but apoptosis and necroptosis also respond to stimulation by LPS/ATP. Under normal circumstances, phosphatidylserine is only localized in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. However, in the early stages of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, the cell membrane remains intact and exposed to phosphatidylserine, and in the later stages, the cell membrane loses its integrity. Here, flow cytometry was used to analyze Annexin V and 7-Aminoactinomycin D (AAD) double staining to detect the cell death from the whole cells. The results show&#160;that substantial cells died after stimulation with LPS/ATP. Using scanning electron microscopy, we observe the possible forms of cell death in individual cells. The results indicate that cells may undergo pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis after stimulation with LPS/ATP. This protocol focuses on observing the death of macrophages after stimulation with LPS/ATP. The results showed that cell death after LPS and ATP stimulation is not limited to pyroptosis and that apoptosis and necrotic apoptosis can also occur, helping researchers better understand cell death after LPS and ATP stimulation and choose a better experimental method.

著者スポットライト:LPS/ATPに対するTHP-1マクロファージ応答 — ピロトーシス、アポトーシス、ネクロプトーシススペクトルの解明

This protocol is based on LPS and ATP-induced death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages. We use flow cytometry to analyze Annexin V and 7-AAD double staining to detect cell death, using the whole cell and employing scanning electron microscopy to observe the cell membrane morphology.

PMA分化型THP-1マクロファージのLPSおよびATP誘発死とその検証

Cell death is a fundamental process in all living organisms. The protocol establishes a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced ...

気道上皮細胞上でのアポトーシス促進効果のリンパ球微粒子および検出の生成

要約

さらに動画を探す

マウス肺胞マクロファージを採取し、無水物ナノ粒子により誘導される細胞活性化を評価する

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来2型肺胞上皮細胞の3Dスフェアおよび2D気液界面培養物の生成

インフラマソーム活性化とマウス骨髄由来マクロファージにおける Pyroptotic の細胞死の検出

オゾン暴露後の肺胞マクロファージエフェロサイトーシスの生体内評価

オゾンとLPS誘発マウス急性肺損傷時の肺細胞適応の可視化

エア·液界面での人間の鼻上皮細胞の培養

In Vivo 光シート顕微鏡観察に基づくアレルギー性炎症の実験的肺ホーミングヒトリンパ球のイメージング高度な

バイオバンキングのための切除肺組織からの気管支上皮細胞の単離と高分化気液界面培養の樹立

PMA分化型THP-1マクロファージのLPSおよびATP誘発死とその検証

PMA分化型THP-1マクロファージのLPSおよびATP誘発死とその検証

気道上皮細胞上でのアポトーシス促進効果のリンパ球微粒子および検出の生成

要約

さらに動画を探す

マウス肺胞マクロファージを採取し、無水物ナノ粒子により誘導される細胞活性化を評価する

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来2型肺胞上皮細胞の3Dスフェアおよび2D気液界面培養物の生成

インフラマソーム活性化とマウス骨髄由来マクロファージにおける Pyroptotic の細胞死の検出

オゾン暴露後の肺胞マクロファージエフェロサイトーシスの生体内評価

オゾンとLPS誘発マウス急性肺損傷時の肺細胞適応の可視化

エア·液界面での人間の鼻上皮細胞の培養

In Vivo 光シート顕微鏡観察に基づくアレルギー性炎症の実験的肺ホーミング ヒトリンパ球のイメージング高度な

バイオバンキングのための切除肺組織からの気管支上皮細胞の単離と高分化気液界面培養の樹立

PMA分化型THP-1マクロファージのLPSおよびATP誘発死とその検証

PMA分化型THP-1マクロファージのLPSおよびATP誘発死とその検証

In Vivo 光シート顕微鏡観察に基づくアレルギー性炎症の実験的肺ホーミングヒトリンパ球のイメージング高度な