1。 H.とマクロファージの感染カプスラーツム、C.アルビカンス <ol><li> 16感染前にHR、24ウェルプレート中で所望の密度でシードマクロファージ。このプロトコルでは、ウェル3.0×10 5細胞の密度/を使用した。 </li><li>感染の所望多重度（MOI）で対数増殖期における真菌細胞を追加します。このプロトコルは、MOI（ - 5.0 0.2）の範囲を収容することができます。 H.とRAW264.7マクロファージの感染カプスラーツム 、私たちは、MOI 0.2を使用していました。 </li><li>食作用を可能にするために1.5時間後に、細胞外の菌を除去するためにPBSでマクロファージを三回洗浄する。 </li><li>試料分析の前に、所望の数の時間インキュベートする。 （我々の実験では0.2）、低MOIで感染したマクロファージ細胞は数日間生存したままで、そしてサンプルは、およそ12〜24時間を分析することができる。 </li></ol> 2。マクロファージ溶解<ol><li>マクロファージ細胞から真菌を解放するには、メディアを取り出し、PBSで3回洗浄し、0.5ミリリットル滅菌水を追加します。これらの条件下では、マクロファージが溶解され、真菌細胞は、そのまま残ります。 </li><li>室温で5分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>滅菌チューブにライセートを移し、氷上に保つ。 </li><li>別のチューブに20μlのライセートを移し、その後20μlのAO / PIソリューションを追加します。ステップ5に直接進んでください： &quot;画像サイトメトリー分析のためのサンプルの準備&quot; </li></ol> 3。 CFUメッキ<ol><li>メディアにおける溶解物の10倍希釈（ステップ2.3から）実行します。 </li><li> HMM-アガロースプレート上重複の各希釈のプレートを100μl、、。 7-8日、5％CO 2で37℃で加湿チャンバー内のプレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>手動で100の最小値と1,000異なるコロニーの最大値を表示するプレート上のコロニーを数える。 </li></ol> 4。ライブマクロファージ内の菌の可視化<ol><li>ライブマクロファージを収集するには、PBSで細胞を3回洗浄する。 4℃で30分、0.5 mlのPBSとインキュベートを追加</li><li>組織培養ウェルからマクロファージを削除するには、軽く数回上下にピペッティングし。滅菌チューブに液体を移し、氷上に保つ。 </li><li>別のチューブに20μlのサンプルを転送し、次に20μlのAO / PIソリューションを追加します。 &quot;画像サイトメトリー分析のためのサンプルの準備&quot;：ステップ5に直接進んでください。 </li></ol> 5。画像サイトメトリー分析のためのサンプル調製<ol><li>徹底的にターゲットサンプルをピペットで、その後使い捨て細胞計数室にサンプルを20μlを移す。 </li><li>細胞は、30秒のためにチャンバー内に定住することができます。 </li><li>画像サイトメーターにカウントチャンバーを挿入します。 </li></ol> 6。 Cellometer機器設定<ol><li>システムにVB-535から402とVB-660から502まで、それらが所定の位置にロックされていることを確認してください：蛍光光学モジュールを挿入します。 <ol><li> VB-535から402（475 nmで励起、535 nmでの発光）がアクリジンオレンジおよびGFPの検出に用いられる。 </li><li> VB-660から502（excitati上で540nmで、660nmの放射）を、ヨウ化プロピジウムの検出に用いられる。 </li></ol></li><li>画像サイトメーターの電源を入れ、付属のソフトウェアを開きます。 </li></ol> 7。 Cellometerソフトウェアのセットアップ<ol><li>プリセット &quot;アッセイタイプ&quot;とアッセイドロップダウンメニューで &quot;セルの種類&quot;を選択します。 <ol><li>生存率については、アッセイは、アクリジンオレンジおよびヨウ化プロピジウム検出のために最適化されている。 </li><li> カンジダ·アルビカンス感染の検出のために、アッセイはGFP検出のために最適化される。 </li></ol></li><li>上部の &quot;オプション&quot;を選択し、 &quot;を取る背景画像&quot;をクリックし、操作を完了することができます。 </li><li> &quot;プレビュー明視野像&quot;をクリックしてください。 </li></ol> 8。画像の取得手順<ol><li>画像サイトメーターに準備試料室に挿入します。 </li><li>フォーカスノブを使用して、フォーカスを調整します。 </li><li>一度ピントで、 &quot;カウント&quot;をクリックし、画像取得操作を完了することができます。 </li><li>レモ使い捨てカウンティングチャンバーをもらって適切に処分する。 </li></ol> 9。画像データ解析<ol><li>濃度及び生存率測定<ol><li>カウントが完了すると、標的細胞の濃度及び生存率を結果ページに表示される。 </li><li> カンジダ·アルビカンス感染実験におけるGFPの細胞集団の解析のためにFCSエクスプレス4にデータをエクスポートするには、 &quot;エクスポート&quot;をクリックしてください。 </li></ol></li><li> カンジダ感染細胞のFCSエクスプレス分析<ol><li> FCSエクスプレス4へ &quot;。NXDAT&quot;ファイルをインポートし、蛍光ヒストグラムの結果をプロットします。 </li><li> カンジダ·アルビカンス感染細胞の集団のパーセンテージを決定するためにヒストグラムに細胞集団ゲートを適用する。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作家レオ李英ちゃんとベンジャミンパラディはNexcelomバイオサイエンスLLCの従業員です。

イメージサイトメトリーにより、ユーザは高品質の画像をキャプチャし、特殊なソフトウェアを使用して、細胞の迅速な定量化を行うことができる。病原微生物学分野における画像メトリーの適用つの潜在的課題は、カウントされる微生物は、哺乳動物宿主細胞を含む細胞の混合集団中に存在することである。ここでは、イメージサイトメトリーをin vitroマクロファージ感染中?...

彼らのホストおよび/または宿主細胞に伴う病原性真菌の研究は、多くの場合、時間経過を介して、または別の感染条件下で実行可能な真菌細胞の定量化を必要とする。コロニー形成単位（CFU）の列挙は、生菌数を測定したが、この手法はいくつかの欠点と限界を有することによって標準的な方法である。まず、多くの真菌種は成長が遅いです。固体培地上に見えるコロニーの成長が著しく、研究のペースを遅くする、1〜2週間かかる場合があります。いくつかの希釈がコロニーの可算数を確保するためにメッキしなければならないので、第二に、CFUメッキ中にサンプルの操作は、骨の折れるプロセスです。メッキ効率がよく、100％を下回っているので、第三に、CFU数が蒔い生菌の数よりも一般的に低くなっています。例えば、二形真菌病原体ヒストプラスマカプするめっき効率は90％と高いよいが、日常的な限り低くすることができ30％とは、関連する真菌dimorphのParacoccidioidesのパラゴムノキ 1、2のために（10％）であっても低くなっています。 カンジダ用めっき効率も変動3の対象となります。最後に、固体培地上で成長を確立することができる唯一の​​ライブと活発に分裂する細胞のためのCFU分析アカウントは、多くの状況で、一方、それは死んで、および/または代謝的に不活性な細胞の存在と濃度を決定することは有用であろう。 以前は、いくつかの病原性真菌種の定量化のためのフローサイトメトリーの方法は4-6に記載されている。ただし、共有フローサイトメーター上のバイオセーフティレベル2（BSL2）またはBSL3レベルの病原体の使用に関わるバイオセーフティ封じ込めの問題のために、この手法の採用が限定されている。フローサイトメトリーのように、イメージサイトメトリーは、細胞の定量化の感度かつ迅速な方法である。しかし、画像サイトメトリーを同等の結果7と数分の一のコストで行うことができます-11。ここでは、宿主細胞に伴って病原性真菌のイメージサイトメトリーを実行するための方法が記載されている。我々は2つの人間の真菌病原体を使用して、私たちの方法を実証： ヒストプラスマカプとカンジダをH.。カプは、呼吸器疾患を引き起こす二形真菌病原体であり、ヒトでは、出芽酵母として成長し、肺胞マクロファージ内で複製カンジダは時折カンジダ症の原因となる人間の共生種である。我々は、画像メトリが可視化機能と一緒に、これらの酵母の迅速な定量化を可能にすることを示している。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;REAGENTS&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11965-084</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>16000044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AO/PI Solution</td><td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td><td>CSK-0102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable Counting Chamber</td><td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td><td>CHT4-SD100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;EQUIPMENT&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Cellometer Vision</td><td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellometer Vision Software</td><td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

use of image cytometry for quantification of pathogenic fungi in association with host cells

例えば、 カンジダ·アルビカンス 、 ヒストプラスマカプ 、およびクリプトコッカス·ネオフォルマンスなどの病原性酵母の細胞病原性機構の研究は、一般に、単位分析またはフローサイトメトリーを形成するコロニーを用いて酵母定量化に続いて、哺乳動物宿主又は宿主細胞（ すなわち、マクロファージ）の感染を用いる。コロニー形成単位の列挙は、フィールドで最も一般的に使用される方法であったが、この技術は成長を比較するときに特に懸念される固体培地および低および/または可変メッキ効率、上のいくつかの真菌種のゆっくりとした成長を含めて、不利な点と制限があります野生型および変異株である。フローサイトメトリーは、酵母の生存率に関する迅速な定量的情報を提供することができるが、病原性酵母のフローサイトメトリー検出の適用は、その高コスト及び生物学的安全性の考慮を含む実用的な理由の数が限られている。ここでは、イメージベースのデモンストレーションマクロファージとの共培養中の生存病原性酵母の定量化のためのCellometerビジョン（バイオサイエンスNexcelom、LLC）を使用してフローサイトメトリーの方法論。 2人間の真菌病原体の検出に関する我々の研究の焦点： ヒストプラスマカプとカンジダH.。カプはマクロファージファゴソーム内で複製することによって肺胞マクロファージコロニーを形成し、ここで、我々は定量H.の成長を評価するイメージサイトメトリーと組み合わせて、アクリジンオレンジ/ヨウ化プロピジウム染色を用いてRAW 264.7マクロファージにおけるカプ酵母。我々の忠実方法従来のコロニー形成単位の列挙によって測定された反復するの成長傾向が、大幅に増加した感度。さらに、我々は直接Cの GFP発現株でライブマクロファージの感染性を評価アルビカンス 。我々の方法論は、アソシエーションのウィットに重要なヒトの真菌病原体の検出および定量のために、迅速、正確、かつ経済的な手段を提供しています時間宿主細胞。

我々は、H.の成長を監視するCellometerビジョン画像サイトメーターを用いマクロファージ細胞内カプスラーツム 。 RAW 264.7細胞はH.に感染していたカプ酵母細胞及び様々な時点で、サンプルは画像ベースのサイトメトリー解析に続いAO / PI染色を行った。並行して、サンプルは、従来のCFU列挙によって分析した。各時点において、サンプルは、マクロファージを溶解す?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Image Cytometry for Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi in Association with Host Cells at JoVE.com

Use of Image Cytometry for Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi in Association with Host Cells

ここでは、イメージサイトメトリー、培養中の宿主細胞に対応付けて病原性真菌の定量に使用することができる方法を示す。この技術は、CFU列挙の代替として使用することができる。

宿主細胞に関連して病原性真菌の定量化のための画像サイトメトリーの使用

Studies of the cellular pathogenesis mechanisms of pathogenic yeasts such as Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Cryptococcus neoformans ...

use-image-cytometry-for-quantification-pathogenic-fungi-association

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.9K ビュー.  Merrimack College. ここでは、イメージサイトメトリー、培養中の宿主細胞に対応付けて病原性真菌の定量に使用することができる方法を示す。この技術は、CFU列挙の代替として使用することができる。

ビデオ: Use of Image Cytometry for Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi in Association with Host Cells

Live-cell Video Microscopy of Fungal Pathogen Phagocytosis

Phagocytic clearance of fungal pathogens, and microorganisms more generally, may be considered to consist of four distinct stages: (i) migration of phagocytes to the site where pathogens are located; (ii) recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs); (iii) engulfment of microorganisms bound to the phagocyte cell membrane, and (iv) processing of engulfed cells within maturing phagosomes and digestion of the ingested particle. Studies that assess phagocytosis in its entirety are informative1, 2, 3, 4, 5 but are limited in that they do not normally break the process down into migration, engulfment and phagosome maturation, which may be affected differentially. Furthermore, such studies assess uptake as a single event, rather than as a continuous dynamic process. We have recently developed advanced live-cell imaging technologies, and have combined these with genetic functional analysis of both pathogen and host cells to create a cross-disciplinary platform for the analysis of innate immune cell function and fungal pathogenesis. These studies have revealed novel aspects of phagocytosis that could only be observed using systematic temporal analysis of the molecular and cellular interactions between human phagocytes and fungal pathogens and infectious microorganisms more generally. For example, we have begun to define the following: (a) the components of the cell surface required for each stage of the process of recognition, engulfment and killing of fungal cells1, 6, 7, 8; (b) how surface geometry influences the efficiency of macrophage uptake and killing of yeast and hyphal cells7; and (c) how engulfment leads to alteration of the cell cycle and behavior of macrophages 9, 10.
In contrast to single time point snapshots, live-cell video microscopy enables a wide variety of host cells and pathogens to be studied as continuous sequences over lengthy time periods, providing spatial and temporal information on a broad range of dynamic processes, including cell migration, replication and vesicular trafficking. Here we describe in detail how to prepare host and fungal cells, and to conduct the video microscopy experiments. These methods can provide a user-guide for future studies with other phagocytes and microorganisms.

We describe methods for live-cell video microscopy of Candida albicans phagocytosis by macrophages. These methods enable stage-specific analysis of macrophage migration, recognition, engulfment and phagosome maturation and reveal novel aspects of phagocytosis.

真菌病原体の食作用の生細胞ビデオ顕微鏡

Phagocytic clearance of fungal pathogens, and microorganisms more generally, may be considered to consist of four distinct stages: (i) migration of ...

免疫・感染学

A Microscopic Phenotypic Assay for the Quantification of Intracellular Mycobacteria Adapted for High-throughput/High-content Screening

Despite the availability of therapy and vaccine, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly and widespread bacterial infections in the world. Since several decades, the sudden burst of multi- and extensively-drug resistant strains is a serious threat for the control of tuberculosis. Therefore, it is essential to identify new targets and pathways critical for the causative agent of the tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and to search for novel chemicals that could become TB drugs. One approach is to set&#160;up methods suitable for the genetic and chemical screens of large scale libraries enabling the search of a needle in a haystack. To this end, we developed a phenotypic assay relying on the detection of fluorescently labeled Mtb within fluorescently labeled host&#160;cells using automated confocal microscopy. This in vitro assay allows an image based quantification of the colonization process of Mtb&#160;into the host and was optimized for the 384-well microplate format, which is proper for screens of siRNA-, chemical compound- or Mtb mutant-libraries. The images are then processed for multiparametric analysis, which provides read&#160;out inferring on the pathogenesis of Mtb&#160;within host cells.

Here, we describe a phenotypic assay applicable to the High-throughput/High-content screens of small-interfering synthetic RNA (siRNA), chemical compound, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutant libraries. This method relies on the detection of fluorescently labeled Mycobacterium tuberculosis within fluorescently labeled host&#160;cell using automated confocal microscopy.

高スループット/高含有スクリーニングに適応した細胞内マイコバクテリアの定量化のための顕微鏡表現型アッセイ

Despite the availability of therapy and vaccine, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly and widespread bacterial infections in the world. Since ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

共焦点顕微鏡による絶縁型肺胞マクロファージの抗真菌活性を評価する

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research investigating immunological responses against A. fumigatus has been limited by the lack of consistent and reliable assays for measuring the antifungal activity of specific immune cells in vitro. A new method is described to assess the antifungal activity of primary monocytes and neutrophils from human donors against A. fumigatus using FLuorescent Aspergillus REporter (FLARE) conidia. These conidia contain a genetically encoded dsRed reporter, which is constitutively expressed by live FLARE conidia, and are externally labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, which is resistant to degradation within the phagolysosome, thus allowing a distinction between live and dead A. fumigatus conidia. Video microscopy and flow cytometry are subsequently used to visualize the interaction between conidia and innate immune cells, assessing fungicidal activity whilst also providing a wealth of information on phagocyte migration, phagocytosis and the inhibition of fungal growth. This novel technique has already provided exciting new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus. It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.
It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Here, we describe a protocol to assess antifungal activity of primary human immune cells in real-time using fluorescent Aspergillus reporter conidia in conjunction with live-cell video microscopy and flow cytometry. Generated data provide insight into host cell-Aspergillus interactions such as fungicidal activity, phagocytosis, cell migration and inhibition of fungal growth.

に応答したヒト一次好中球及び単球による抗カビ活動のライブイメージング<em&gt; A。フミガーツス</em

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research ...

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

The quantification of lung fungal burden is critical for the determination of the relative levels of immune protection and fungal virulence in mouse models of pulmonary fungal infection. Although multiple methods are used to assess fungal burden, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of fungal DNA has emerged as a technique with several advantages over previous culture-based methods. Currently, a comprehensive assessment of lung pathology, leukocyte recruitment, fungal burden, and gene expression in mice with invasive aspergillosis (IA) necessitates the use of a significant number of experimental and control animals. Here the quantification of lung histological staining to determine fungal burden using a reduced number of animals was examined in detail. Lung sections were stained to identify fungal structures with Gomori&#39;s modified methanamine silver (GMS) staining. Images were taken from the GMS-stained sections from 4 discrete fields of each formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung. The GMS stained areas within each image were quantified using an image analysis program, and from this quantification, the mean percentage of stained area was determined for each sample. Using this strategy, eosinophil-deficient mice exhibited decreased fungal burden and disease with caspofungin therapy, while wild-type mice with IA did not improve with caspofungin. Similarly, fungal burden in mice lacking &#947;&#948; T cells were also improved by caspofungin, as measured by qPCR and GMS quantification. GMS quantification is therefore introduced as a method for the determination of relative lung fungal burden that may ultimately reduce the quantity of experimental animals required for comprehensive studies of invasive aspergillosis.

Here we describe a protocol to determine pulmonary fungal burden in mice with invasive aspergillosis by quantification of Gomori&#39;s modified methanamine silver staining in histological sections. Use of this method resulted in comparable results with less animals compared to assessment of fungal burden by quantitative PCR of lung fungal DNA.

アスペルギルス症では実験的肺真菌負担を決定する組織の定量化

The quantification of lung fungal burden is critical for the determination of the relative levels of immune protection and fungal virulence in mouse ...

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most colonized hosts, the commensal reservoir does serve as a repository for infectious disease, and the presence of high fungal titers in the gut is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we describe a method to visualize C. albicans cell morphology and localization in a mouse model of stable gastrointestinal colonization. Colonization is established using a single dose of C. albicans in animals that have been treated with oral antibiotics. Segments of gut tissue are fixed in a manner that preserves the architecture of luminal contents (microorganisms and mucus) as well as the host mucosa. Finally, fluorescent in situ hybridization is performed using probes against fungal rRNA to stain for C. albicans and hyphae. A key advantage of this protocol is that it allows for simultaneous observation of C. albicans cell morphology and its spatial association with host structures during gastrointestinal colonization.

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize Candida albicans cell shape and localization in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract.

上皮内蛍光を用いたマウス消化管におけるカンダアルビカンスの可視化

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most ...

Measuring Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by Human Leukocytes using Flow Cytometry

Invasive pulmonary infection by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus poses a great threat to immunocompromised patients. Inhaled fungal conidia (spores) are cleared from the human lung alveoli by being phagocytosed by innate monocytes and/or neutrophils. This protocol offers a fast and reliable measurement of phagocytosis by flow cytometry using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled conidia for co-incubation with human leukocytes and subsequent counterstaining with an anti-FITC antibody to allow discrimination of internalized and cell-adherent conidia. Major advantages of this protocol are its rapidness, the possibility to combine the assay with cytometric analysis of other cell markers of interest, the simultaneous analysis of monocytes and neutrophils from a single sample and its applicability to other cell wall-bearing fungi or bacteria. Determination of percentages of phagocytosing leukocytes provides a means to microbiologists for evaluating virulence of a pathogen or for comparing pathogen wildtypes and mutants as well as to immunologists for investigating human leukocyte capabilities to combat pathogens.

Measuring Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by Human Leukocytes using Flow Cytometry

This protocol provides a fast and reliable method to quantitatively measure phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by human primary phagocytes using flow cytometry and to discriminate phagocytosis of conidia from mere adhesion to leukocytes.

フローサイトメトリーを用いたヒト白血球によるアスペルギルス・フミガトゥス・コニディアの食細胞症の測定

Invasive pulmonary infection by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus poses a great threat to immunocompromised patients. Inhaled fungal conidia (spores) are ...

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s global proteome under varying conditions. This powerful strategy applied to the interactions of microbial pathogens with the desired host comprehensively characterizes both perspectives towards infection. Herein, the workflow describes label-free quantification (LFQ) of the infectome of Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal facultative intracellular pathogen that is the causative agent of the deadly disease cryptococcosis, in the presence of immortalized macrophage cells. The protocol details the proper protein preparation techniques for both pathogen and mammalian cells within a single experiment, resulting in appropriate peptide submission for liquid-chromatography (LC)-MS/MS analysis. The high throughput generic nature of LFQ allows a wide dynamic range of protein identification and quantification, as well as transferability to any host-pathogen infection setting, maintaining extreme sensitivity. The method is optimized to catalogue extensive, unbiased protein abundance profiles of a pathogen within infection-mimicking conditions. Specifically, the method demonstrated here provides essential information on C. neoformans pathogenesis, such as protein production necessary for virulence and identifies critical host proteins responding to microbial invasion.

Here, we present a protocol to profile the interplay between host and pathogen during infection by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. This protocol uses label-free quantification to measure changes in protein abundance of both host (e.g., macrophages) and pathogen (e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans) in a single experiment.

発見駆動型宿主間相互作用のためのラベルフリー定量プロテオミクスワークフロー

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>真菌およびウイルス免疫の分析に最適化された全血イムノアッセイ

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Rapid and resource-efficient sample processing, high throughput, and high robustness are critical for effective scientific and clinical application of advanced antigen-specific immunoassays. Traditionally, such immunoassays, especially antigen-specific T-cell analysis by flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays, often rely on the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This process is time-consuming, subject to many pre-analytic confounders, and requires large blood volumes. Whole blood-based assays provide a facile alternative with increased pre-analytic robustness and lower blood volume requirements. Furthermore, whole blood-based assays allow for the preservation of inter-cellular interactions that are not captured by assays using isolated cell subsets. Recently, a refined whole blood immunoassay with dual anti-CD28 and anti-CD49d co-stimulation for comprehensive analysis of both antigen-specific T-cell functions and complex intercellular interactions in response to various fungal and viral antigens has been proposed. This protocol provides guidance for the preparation of stimulation tubes, blood stimulation, and downstream sample processing for flow cytometry, cytokine secretion assays, and transcriptional analyses. This includes a validated and functionally equivalent, previously unpublished, low-volume protocol (250 &#181;L) to make flow cytometric and cytokine-based T-cell monitoring more accessible for studies in pediatric patients or preclinical studies in small animals (e.g., mice). Altogether, these protocols provide a versatile toolbox for complex antigen-specific immune analysis in both clinical and translational research settings.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:全血アッセイを使用した救命救急患者における免疫モニタリングの進歩

Whole blood-based immunoassays provide a facile and resource-efficient tool to analyze antigen-specific immunity for diagnostic and research purposes. This article provides an optimized whole blood-based protocol with dual co-stimulation for comprehensive analysis of host immunity to fungal and viral pathogens, including a low-volume version for pediatric patients and small animals.

真菌およびウイルス性病原体に対する宿主免疫の抗原特異的解析のための二重共刺激による全血アッセイ

Rapid and resource-efficient sample processing, high throughput, and high robustness are critical for effective scientific and clinical application of ...

宿主細胞に関連して病原性真菌の定量化のための画像サイトメトリーの使用

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真菌病原体の食作用の生細胞ビデオ顕微鏡

高スループット/高含有スクリーニングに適応した細胞内マイコバクテリアの定量化のための顕微鏡表現型アッセイ

共焦点顕微鏡による絶縁型肺胞マクロファージの抗真菌活性を評価する

に応答したヒト一次好中球及び単球による抗カビ活動のライブイメージング

アスペルギルス症では実験的肺真菌負担を決定する組織の定量化

上皮内蛍光を用いたマウス消化管におけるカンダアルビカンスの可視化

フローサイトメトリーを用いたヒト白血球によるアスペルギルス・フミガトゥス・コニディアの食細胞症の測定

発見駆動型宿主間相互作用のためのラベルフリー定量プロテオミクスワークフロー

真菌およびウイルス性病原体に対する宿主免疫の抗原特異的解析のための二重共刺激による全血アッセイ

真菌およびウイルス性病原体に対する宿主免疫の抗原特異的解析のための二重共刺激による全血アッセイ