我々は、ソフトウェア上のコメントにエミリージャクソン、ジョシュアZeidman、そしてニコラスレンに感謝します。この作品はGM95733（NM）に、BBBE 103316とMITスタートアップ資金（NMへ）によって賄われていた。

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著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

上記のプロトコルでは、マイクロ流体、またはソフトウェア開発の限られた経験を有する蛍光時系列データを取得して分析するための簡単​​な方法が記載されている。バーテン追跡および系統の割り当て;、関連するセルサイズおよび発現測定値を抽出し、それは1つは、単一の酵母細胞の経時蛍光ムービーを取得することができ、市販のマイクロ流体培養装置を用いて、時間と汎用性の高?...

遺伝子発現の単一細胞解析は遺伝子調節の多くの側面の我々の理解を進めたた。フローサイトメトリーまたは顕微鏡を用いて蛍光レポーター発現の静的なスナップショットは、単一セルの発現の分布に有用な情報を提供するが、直接遺伝子発現動態を通知するために必要な時系列データの履歴と進化を欠いている。蛍光タイムラプス顕微鏡は、単一セルの測定とその歴史の両方を取得する手段を提供します。種々の実験および解析技術は、このような遺伝子調節機能洞察を付与する、蛍光レポーター発現の映画を取得し、定量化するために開発されている（概説1を参照）は、セル間のばらつき2,3、細菌persister形成4、転写として開始と伸長5、6,7を破裂転写、細胞周期依存性8,9、および遺伝10。しかし、OBTaining品質単一細胞蛍光時系列は、培養の重要な技術的課題に制御環境で、取得した蛍光映画のハイスループット定量化における細胞の単層を伴う。ここでは、Sの蛍光ムービーを取得し、分析するための手順を説明細胞培養装置の製造における、またはソフトウェア開発の経験のない必須（ 図1） セレビシエ 。 まず、我々は詳細例プロトコルを一つ以上の蛍光レポーターを表現する出芽酵母用蛍光時系列ムービーを生成する。カスタマイズされたマイクロ流体文化室が建設され、成功した以前に11-13採用されてきたけれども、我々はCellAsic（ヘイワード、カリフォルニア州）から市販のマイクロ流体デバイスを使用しています。システム閉じ込める単分子層の成長への細胞とは、灌流環境の継続的な制御が可能になります。我々は提示顕微鏡プロトコルはfluorescを取得するための簡単​​な手段です。単一の酵母細胞の蛍光類似動画データを得レンス出芽酵母の映画が、任意の修飾実験プロトコルは、（カスタマイズ培養装置、代替メディア条件等 ）置換されていてもよい。 次に、時系列データを抽出するためにグラフィカルユーザーインターフェース（GUI）系蛍光時系列の迅速分析（移植片）のためのGUIと呼ばれるMATLABのソフトウェアパッケージ（Mathworks社、ナティック、MA）を使用して、映画の分析を概説単一細胞のために。移植片は、細胞をセグメント化し、追跡すると蛍光強度と幾何学的な情報を抽出することで汎用性の高い、オープンソースのソフトウェアパッケージセルID 14と同様の機能を備えています。しかし、移植片は重要な追加機能を提供します。まず、セ​​グメンテーションとデータの正確性ではなく、分析後の外れ値の領域のトレースだけ統計ゲーを確認するために追跡の結果を簡単にインタラクティブな編集を提供しています。また、分析にautomaticallに延びyは出芽酵母の関心系統および細胞周期の点を指定する。母と娘は、2つの独立したセル領域を形成するために分割したときに決定することは、セル全体（任意の接続つぼみ含む母）細胞周期8全体の測定値を決定する非常に重要です。スイートは、これらのタスクを達成するために3つのモジュールから構成されています。最初のセグメントはセル領域に焦点を当てたとやり場の明視野像との対比に基づいており、ユーザが定義し、視覚的にセグメントパラメータをテストすることができます。第二トラック（クロッカーら IDLルーチンのブレアとデュフレーヌのMATLAB実装を使用して、で入手可能：。 <a href="http://physics.georgetown.edu/matlab/" target="_blank">http://physics.georgetown.edu/MATLAB/</a> ）および時間を介して細胞領域を測定し、自動的に系統を割り当て、および目視検査を可能にする誤り訂正。シンプルなプロットのGUIは、クエリの単一セルのプロパティに含まれています。第三のモジュールは、つぼみ出現と分裂T​​Iを帰しMES、および全細胞時系列データならびにそれら第一及び第二の時間導関数を（9などを参照）を出力する。解析モジュールは、選択した統計ソフトウェアでその後の研究のためのスペース区切りのテキストフ​​ァイルとしてデータを出力します。したがって、パッケージは、ユーザがグラフィカル·インターフェースを介して高品質の時系列データを抽出することができます。我々は、細胞周期9の関数として単一出芽酵母細胞内でリアルタイムの転写率を推定するためにこの方法を使用している。モジュールは出芽酵母のために最適化されているが、パラメータや、必要に応じて、自由に利用可能なコードは、他の生物やイメージタイプに適合させることができる。セグメンテーション、トラッキング、系統割り当てアルゴリズムは、割り当てられたイメージングおよび問題の生物の種類に特異的であり得る。既存のアルゴリズムが置き換えられますが、それでもユーザーフレンドリーな目視検査とセグメンテーションの補正と常にoccuトラッキングエラーを可能にするGUIインタフェースを保持することができます任意のアルゴリズムでR。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Y04C Yeast Perfusion Plate</td><td>CellAsic</td><td>Y04C-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ONIX Microfluidic Perfusion Platform</td><td>CellAsic</td><td>EV-262</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Axio Observer.Z1 Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plan-Apochromat 63x/1.40 Oil DIC objective</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>440762-9904-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cascade II EMCCD camera</td><td>Photometrics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lumen 200 metal-halide arc lamp</td><td>PRIOR Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triple-bandpass dichroic filter cube and excitation and emission filter set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp</td><td>set #89006</td><td>Used for YFP (Venus/Citrine), CFP (Cerulean), RFP (mCherry/tdTomato)</td></tr><tr><td>MAC 5000 controller and filter wheels</td><td>Ludl Electronic Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB R2011a</td><td>Mathworks</td><td></td><td>64-bit version handles large data files better than 32-bit</td></tr></tbody></table>

acquiring fluorescence time-lapse movies of budding yeast and analyzing single-cell dynamics using grafts

蛍光タイムラプス顕微鏡は、単一細胞レベルでの多くの生物学的過程の研究の強力なツールとなっています。具体的には、遺伝子発現の時間依存性を示すムービーは、その規制のダイナミクスへの洞察を提供するが、単一細胞の蛍光ムービーを取得し、分析する多くの技術的課題がある。ここでは、そのようなデータを生成するために市販のマイクロ流体培養装置を用いた単純なプロトコル、およびMATLABベースのグラフィカル·ユーザー·インターフェース（GUI）系蛍光画像を定量化するためのソフトウェアパッケージを説明する。ソフトウェアセグメントとトラックセル、ユー​​ザが視覚的にデータのエラーをキュレーションすることができますし、自動的に系統と分裂時間を割り当てます。 GUIはさらに、全細胞トレースならびにそれら第一及び第二の時間導関数を生成するために時系列を解析する。ソフトウェアはS.のために設計されましたが出芽酵母は、そのモジュール性と多様性は、それトン許可する必要がありますいくつかの変更を他の細胞型を研究するためのプラットフォームとしての役割を果たす、Ø。

正常に実行され、分析実験は、現実的に割り当てられた芽の出現と分割時間を持つ単一の細胞全体のために主に連続的な時系列が得られます。例として、我々は表4、Y47の成長とグローバルな表現は、単一の細胞で、経時的に変化するかを観察するために構成的ADH1プロモーターによって駆動セルリアン蛍光タンパク質（CFP）（の統合されたコピーを表現ハプロイド酵...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS at JoVE.com

Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS

我々は、単一セルの時系列データを抽出するために蛍光成長酵母細胞の顕微鏡ムービー、GUIベースのソフトウェアパッケージを取得する単純なプロトコルを提示する。分析では、目視検査と追跡対象データの手動キュレーションと統合され自動化された系統と分裂時間の割り当てが含まれています。

出芽酵母の蛍光タイムラプス作品を取得し、移植片を使用したシングルセルダイナミクスの解析

Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of many biological processes at the single-cell level. In particular, movies ...

acquiring-fluorescence-time-lapse-movies-budding-yeast-analyzing

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.7K ビュー.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 我々は、単一セルの時系列データを抽出するために蛍光成長酵母細胞の顕微鏡ムービー、GUIベースのソフトウェアパッケージを取得する単純なプロトコルを提示する。分析では、目視検査と追跡対象データの手動キュレーションと統合され自動化された系統と分裂時間の割り当てが含まれています。

ビデオ: Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS

A Rapid Technique for the Visualization of Live Immobilized Yeast Cells

We present here a simple, rapid, and extremely flexible technique for the immobilization and visualization of growing yeast cells by epifluorescence microscopy. The technique is equally suited for visualization of static yeast populations, or time courses experiments up to ten hours in length. My microscopy investigates epigenetic inheritance at the silent mating loci in S. cerevisiae. There are two silent mating loci, HML and HMR, which are normally not expressed as they are packaged in heterochromatin. In the sir1 mutant background silencing is weakened such that each locus can either be in the expressed or silenced epigenetic state, so in the population as a whole there is a mix of cells of different epigenetic states for both HML and HMR. My microscopy demonstrated that there is no relationship between the epigenetic state of HML and HMR in an individual cell. sir1 cells stochastically switch epigenetic states, establishing silencing at a previously expressed locus or expressing a previously silenced locus. My time course microscopy tracked individual sir1 cells and their offspring to score the frequency of each of the four possible epigenetic switches, and thus the stability of each of the epigenetic states in sir1 cells. See also  Xu et al., Mol. Cell 2006.

A rapid technique for the visualization of growing immobilized yeast cells, here applied to fluorescent reporters at the silent mating loci HML and HMR

ライブ固定化酵母細胞の可視化のための高速手法

We present here a simple, rapid, and extremely flexible technique for the immobilization and visualization of growing yeast cells by epifluorescence ...

生物学

Continuous High-resolution Microscopic Observation of Replicative Aging in Budding Yeast

We demonstrate the use of a simple microfluidic setup, in which single budding yeast cells can be tracked throughout their entire lifespan. The microfluidic chip exploits the size difference between mother and daughter cells using an array of micropads. Upon loading, cells are trapped underneath these micropads, because the distance between the micropad and cover glass is similar to the diameter of a yeast cell (3-4 &mu;m). After the loading procedure, culture medium is continuously flushed through the chip, which not only creates a constant and defined environment throughout the entire experiment, but also flushes out the emerging daughter cells, which are not retained underneath the pads due to their smaller size. The setup retains mother cells so efficiently that in a single experiment up to 50 individual cells can be monitored in a fully automated manner for 5 days or, if necessary, longer. In addition, the excellent optical properties of the chip allow high-resolution imaging of cells during the entire aging process.

We describe here the operation of a microfluidic device that allows continuous and high-resolution microscopic imaging of single budding yeast cells during their complete replicative and/or chronological lifespan.

出芽酵母の老化複製の連続高分解能顕微鏡観察

We demonstrate the use of a simple microfluidic setup, in which single budding yeast cells can be tracked throughout their entire lifespan. The ...

生物工学

Analysis of the Development of a Morphological Phenotype as a Function of Protein Concentration in Budding Yeast

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this protocol is based on the overexpression of a protein, it can easily be adapted for morphological phenotypes dependent on suppression of protein expression. Our lab is interested in studying the signaling properties of the endocytic adaptor protein epsin. To that purpose we used a dominant negative approach in which we over-expressed the conserved Epsin N-Terminal Homology (ENTH) domain in order to interfere with the functions of endogenous epsin-2 (Ent2 or YLR206W). We observed that overexpression of the ENTH domain of Ent2 (ENTH2) in wild type cells led to a cell division defect that is dependent on the mislocalization of a family of scaffolding proteins, septins.

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

出芽酵母のタンパク質濃度の関数としての形態学的表現型の開発の分析

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of ...

Visualizing Yeast Organelles with Fluorescent Protein Markers

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a classic model system in studying organelle function and dynamics. In our previous works, we have constructed fluorescent protein-based markers for major organelles and endomembrane structures, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, endosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lipid droplets, and autophagosomes. The protocol presented here describes the procedures for using these markers in yeast, including DNA preparation for yeast transformation, selection and evaluation of transformants, fluorescent microscopic observation, and the expected outcomes. The text is geared toward researchers who are entering the field of yeast organelle study from other backgrounds. Essential steps are covered, as well as technical notes about microscope hardware considerations and several common pitfalls. It provides a starting point for people to observe yeast subcellular entities by live-cell fluorescent microscopy. These tools and methods can be used to identify protein subcellular localization and track organelles of interest in time-lapse imaging.

Here we describe the use of a set of fluorescent protein-based organelle markers in live-cell imaging of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a classic model system in studying organelle function and dynamics. In our previous works, we have ...

生化学

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular 1. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome2. The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP 3. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour 4. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast 5. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) 6. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM 7. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a good model system to study basic cellular processes. Here we describe a method to perform quantitative live cell analysis of fission yeast. In this particular experiment we focus on organisation of the genome within the cell nucleus, but the method can also be used to study cytosolic factors.

分裂酵母の定量的なライブセル蛍光-顕微鏡解析

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Microscopy of Fission Yeast Sexual Lifecycle

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been an invaluable model system in studying the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle progression, the mechanics of cell division and cell polarity. Furthermore, classical experiments on its sexual reproduction have yielded results pivotal to current understanding of DNA recombination and meiosis. More recent analysis of fission yeast mating has raised interesting questions on extrinsic stimuli response mechanisms, polarized cell growth and cell-cell fusion. To study these topics in detail we have developed a simple protocol for microscopy of the entire sexual lifecycle. The method described here is easily adjusted to study specific mating stages. Briefly, after being grown to exponential phase in a nitrogen-rich medium, cell cultures are shifted to a nitrogen-deprived medium for periods of time suited to the stage of the sexual lifecycle that will be explored. Cells are then mounted on custom, easily built agarose pad chambers for imaging. This approach allows cells to be monitored from the onset of mating to the final formation of spores.

We provide a reproducible basic method for the long-term microscopy of the fission yeast sexual lifecycle. With minor adjustments described, the presented protocol allows research focus on different steps of the reproductive process.

分裂酵母セクシャルライフサイクルの顕微鏡観察

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been an invaluable model system in studying the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle progression, the ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

シングル出芽酵母細胞での寿命と細胞表現型を測定するためのマイクロ流体デバイスを使用しました

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells regulate these processes and how genetic mutations impact regulation. The quantification of microtubule dynamics in metazoan models has a number of associated challenges, including a high microtubule density and limitations on genetic manipulations. In contrast, the budding yeast model offers advantages that overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method to measure the dynamics of single microtubules in living yeast cells. Cells expressing fluorescently tagged tubulin are adhered to assembled slide chambers, allowing for stable time-lapse image acquisition. A detailed guide for high-speed, four-dimensional image acquisition is also provided, as well as a protocol for quantifying the properties of dynamic microtubules in confocal image stacks. This method, combined with conventional yeast genetics, provides an approach that is uniquely suited for quantitatively assessing the effects of microtubule regulators or mutations that alter the activity of tubulin subunits.

Budding yeast is an advantageous model for studying microtubule dynamics in vivo due to its powerful genetics and the simplicity of its microtubule cytoskeleton. The following protocol describes how to transform and culture yeast cells, acquire confocal microscopy images, and quantitatively analyze microtubule dynamics in living yeast cells.

出芽酵母における高解像度画像と個人アストラル微小管動態の解析

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells ...

4D Microscopy of Yeast

The goal of this protocol is to characterize how membrane compartments form and transform in live cells of budding yeast. Many intracellular compartments in yeast are dynamic, and a full understanding of their properties requires time-lapse imaging. Multi-color 4D confocal fluorescence microscopy is a powerful method for tracking the behavior and composition of an intracellular compartment on a time scale of 5-15 min. Rigorous analysis of compartment dynamics requires the capture of thousands of optical sections. To achieve this aim, photobleaching and phototoxicity are minimized by scanning rapidly at very low laser power, and the pixel dimensions and Z-step intervals are set to the largest values that are compatible with sampling the image at full resolution. The resulting 4D data sets are noisy but can be smoothed by deconvolution. Even with high quality data, the analysis phase is challenging because intracellular structures are often numerous, heterogeneous, and mobile. To meet this need, custom ImageJ plugins were written to array 4D data on a computer screen, identify structures of interest, edit the data to isolate individual structures, quantify the fluorescence time courses, and make movies of the projected Z-stacks. 4D movies are particularly useful for distinguishing stable compartments from transient compartments that turn over by maturation. Such movies can also be used to characterize events such as compartment fusion, and to test the effects of specific mutations or other perturbations.

This protocol describes the analysis of fluorescently labeled intracellular compartments in budding yeast using multi-color 4D (time-lapse 3D) confocal microscopy. The imaging parameters are chosen to capture adequate signals while limiting photodamage. Custom ImageJ plugins allow labeled structures to be tracked and quantitatively analyzed.

酵母の4D顕微鏡検査

The goal of this protocol is to characterize how membrane compartments form and transform in live cells of budding yeast. Many intracellular compartments ...

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does not interfere with cell physiology, and requires minimal experimental handling. The low levels of technical interference enable researchers to study cells across multiple cycles of mitosis and to observe meiosis from beginning to end. Using fluorescent tags such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), researchers can analyze different factors whose functions are important for processes like transcription, DNA replication, cohesion, and segregation. Coupled with data analysis using Fiji (a free, optimized ImageJ version), live-cell imaging offers various ways of assessing protein movement, localization, stability, and timing, as well as nuclear dynamics and chromosome segregation. However, as is the case with other microscopy methods, live-cell imaging is limited by the intrinsic properties of light, which put a limit to the resolution power at high magnifications, and is also sensitive to photobleaching or phototoxicity at high wavelength frequencies. However, with some care, investigators can bypass these physical limitations by carefully choosing the right conditions, strains, and fluorescent markers to allow for the appropriate visualization of mitotic and meiotic events.

Here, we present live-cell imaging which is a non-toxic microscopy method that allows researchers to study protein behavior and nuclear dynamics in living fission yeast cells during mitosis and meiosis.

蛍光生細胞顕微鏡によるミトティック・マイオシス酵母核ダイナミクスの検討

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does ...