Gli autori sono grati a Dale Leitman per la formazione iniziale nell'uso di saggi transitori di trasfezione per determinare l'attività estrogenica degli alimenti vegetali primati. Grazie a Bradford Westrich e C. Eric Johnson per aver contribuito alla creazione di attrezzature di laboratorio e alla formazione degli studenti sui metodi di estrazione. Infine, grazie all'Università dell'Indiana per aver finanziato questa ricerca.

1. Preparazione di materiali vegetali
<ol><li>Congelare gli oggetti vegetali secchi che sono stati raccolti freschi utilizzando un liofilizzatore.<ol>
<li>Per proteggere i campioni dalla luce, coprire le camere con un foglio di alluminio durante il processo di asciugatura.</li>
		<li>Per assicurarsi che i campioni siano completamente asciutti, lyophilize fino a quando le camere non si sentono più fredde al tatto e i materiali vegetali non perdono più massa quando pesati.</li>
		<li>Conservare le piante essiccate in sacchetti sterili a basso residuo in assenza di luce fino alla macinazione.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Macinare finemente i campioni utilizzando una rettificatrice con schermo a rete da 0,85 mm.<ol>
<li>Conservare i campioni macinati nei sacchetti in assenza di luce fino all'estrazione.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. Estrazione di metaboliti secondari vegetali
<ol><li>Per estrarre i metaboliti vegetali secondari, utilizzare un rapporto di 1 g di campione essiccato a 10 mL di metanolo di grado HPLC.<ol>
<li>Pesare il campione su una bilancia analitica e aggiungerlo a un pallone Erlenmeyer di dimensioni appropriato (125 - 250 mL). Quindi aggiungere un volume appropriato di metanolo. Registrare la massa del campione estratto.</li>
		<li>Coprire la soluzione pianta-metanolo con un foglio di alluminio, quindi impostare per ruotare a 100 giri/min di velocità a temperatura ambiente (RT) per 3 giorni su uno shaker orbitale, consentendo ai composti potenzialmente estrogenici di dissolversi nel metanolo.</li>
		<li>Decantare il supernatante in un sistema di filtrazione a goccia utilizzando carta da filtro (125 mm).</li>
		<li>Utilizzando un evaporatore rotante, asciugare l'estratto vegetale fino a quando il campione non viene ispessito, ma versabile, in un pallone a fondo rotondo da 300 ml. Versare il campione in un pallone a fondo rotondo da 50 ml, risciacquando il pallone grande con una piccola quantità di metanolo. Continuare ad asciugare il campione nel piccolo pallone fino a quando il metanolo non viene completamente evaporato.</li>
		<li>Pesare il residuo del campione utilizzando una bilancia analitica. Registrare la massa dei residui.</li>
		<li>Sciogliere l'estratto vegetale in solfossido di dimetile (DMSO) ad una concentrazione di 0,1 g di estratto a 2 mL di DMSO. Vortice fino all'omogeneizzazione.</li>
		<li>Conservare la soluzione di estratto vegetale-DMSO a 4 °C in fiale di vetro ambrato fino al dosaggio.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>ATTENZIONE: Le piante possono produrre sostanze chimiche biologicamente attive sconosciute e DMSO è un veicolo in grado di trasportarle attraverso le membrane cellulari. Utilizzare dispositivi di protezione individuale appropriati e prestare attenzione durante la manipolazione di questi campioni.
3. Recettore degli estrogeni umani β saggio di trasfezione12
NOTA: La tecnica aseptica e una cappa di flusso laminare sono necessarie per il primo giorno del protocollo di dosaggio.
<ol><li>Preparare diluizioni di 17β-estradiolo per la curva standard.<ol>
<li>Trasferire il mezzo di recupero cellulare e il mezzo di screening composto (CSM) dallo stoccaggio e dal disgelo del congelatore in un bagno d'acqua a 37 °C.</li>
		<li>Etichettare i tubi a microcentrifugo Intermedio 1 e 2 (INT1, INT2) e 1-8.</li>
		<li>Riempire INT1 con 995 μL di CSM, INT2 con 615 μL di CSM, tubo 1 con 900 μL di CSM e tubi 2-8 con 600 μL di CSM. Mettere da parte il tubo 8.</li>
		<li>Trasferire 5 μL di 100 μM 17β-Estradiolo Stock in INT1. Scartare la punta. Vortice.</li>
		<li>Prima di ogni trasferimento, sciacquare la pipetta 3 volte, quindi trasferire 10 μL da INT1 in INT2. Scartare la punta.</li>
		<li>Risciacquare pipetta 3 volte, quindi trasferire 100 μL da INT2 nel tubo 1. Scartare la punta. Trasferire 300 μL dal tubo 1 nel tubo 2. Ripetere per i tubi da 3 a 7. Scartare 300 μL dal tubo 7 nel contenitore dei rifiuti. Il tubo 8 è uno Zero e non riceve estradiolo. Le concentrazioni finali di standard placcati sono: 400, 133.3, 44.44, 14.815, 4.938, 1.646, 0.5487 e 0 pM estradiolo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Preparare composti campione.<ol>
<li>Campioni di vortice.</li>
		<li>Prendere 4 μL di ogni campione vegetale in DMSO e aggiungere a 496 μL di CSM per produrre una soluzione DMSO allo 0,8%.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Scongelare rapidamente reporter cells.<ol>
<li>Recuperare il tubo di Cell Recovery Medium dal bagno d'acqua a 37 °C. Disinfettare la superficie esterna utilizzando il 70% di etanolo.</li>
		<li>Recupera reporter cells da -80 °C di stoccaggio e disgelo trasferendo 10 ml del CRM pre-riscaldato nel tubo delle celle congelate.</li>
		<li>Chiudere il tubo di Reporter Cells e trasferirlo in un bagno d'acqua a 37 °C per 5-10 minuti.</li>
		<li>Recupera il tubo di Reporter Cell Suspension dal bagno d'acqua. Invertire il tubo delle cellule più volte delicatamente per rompere gli aggregati di cellule e produrre una sospensione omogenea. Pulire la superficie del tubo con il 70% di etanolo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Placcatura del saggio<ol>
<li>Distribuire 100 μL della sospensione reporter cell in ogni pozzo utilizzando una pipetta multicanale.</li>
		<li>Distribuire 100 μL di campioni in triplice copia in pozzi di dosaggio appropriati.</li>
		<li>Trasferire la piastra in un incubatore di CO2 da 37 °C, umidificato al 5% per 22-24 ore.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Scongelare il substrato di rilevamento e il buffer di rilevamento in un frigorifero scuro durante la notte per prepararsi al secondo giorno.</li>
	<li>Appena prima della fine dell'incubazione della piastra, rimuovere il substrato di rilevamento e il buffer di rilevamento dal frigorifero e posizionarsi in un'area in condizioni di scarsa illuminazione fino a raggiungere l'equilibrio con RT. Una volta a RT, invertire delicatamente ogni tubo più volte per mescolare accuratamente le soluzioni.<ol>
<li>Immediatamente prima del completamento dell'incubazione, versare l'intero contenuto del buffer di rilevamento nel tubo del substrato di rilevamento per creare il reagente di rilevamento luciferasi. Mescolare delicatamente in modo da non produrre schiuma.</li>
		<li>Una volta completata l'incubazione, invertire la piastra per scartare il contenuto in un contenitore di rifiuti appropriato. Toccare delicatamente la piastra su un tovagliolo di carta assorbente pulito per rimuovere le ultime goccioline dai pozzi.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 100 μL del reagente di rilevamento luciferasi ad ogni pozzo. Lasciare riposare la piastra di dosaggio a RT per 15 minuti. Non scuotere il piatto.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Quantificare la luminescenza utilizzando un luminometro a lettura della piastra a 96 po'.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+plant+defensive+chemistry+on+nutrient+availability+predict+reproductive+success+in+a+mammal.">The effects of plant defensive chemistry on nutrient availability predict reproductive success in a mammal.</a> Ecology. 90 (3), 711-719 (2009).</li><li>Wasserman, M. D., Steiniche, T., Despr&#233;s-Einspenner, M. -. L., Lambert, J. E., Rothman, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Primate Diet &amp; Nutrition. , (2020).</li><li>Benavidez, K. M., Chapman, C. A., Leitman, D. C., Harris, T. R., Wasserman, M. 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Environmental pollution and estrogen receptor binding.</a> Science of The Total Environment. 225 (1), 49-57 (1999).</li><li>Felcyn, J. R., Davis, J. C. C., Tran, L. H., Berude, J. C., Latch, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquatic+Photochemistry+of+Isoflavone+Phytoestrogens:+Degradation+Kinetics+and+Pathways.">Aquatic Photochemistry of Isoflavone Phytoestrogens: Degradation Kinetics and Pathways.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 46 (12), 6698-6704 (2012).</li><li>Jeng, Y. -. J., Kochukov, M. Y., Watson, C. 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Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Il saggio ERβ reporter sviluppato per lo screening individuale di agenti farmaceutici è adatto anche per lo screening di alimenti vegetali per fitoestrogeni biologicamente attivi attraverso l'ERβ. Importanti considerazioni nel protocollo includono il trattamento dei campioni vegetali con cura: il materiale vegetale fresco deve essere asciugato rapidamente per prevenire lo stampaggio o altre degradazioni biologiche e deve essere tenuto lontano dalla luce per prevenire la fotolisi dei composti18....

Le piante sono una fonte necessaria di cibo per molti animali, fornendo calorie e sostanze nutritive fondamentali per la sopravvivenza, la riproduzione, la crescita, lo sviluppo e ilcomportamento 1. Le piante producono migliaia di sostanze chimiche, molte delle quali adattamenti per la propria crescita, manutenzione stomatica e riproduzione. Altri composti, considerati metaboliti secondari vegetali (PS), hanno funzioni meno chiare, anche se alcuni sono tossici e probabilmente utilizzati come difesa contro l'erbivoro e il parassitismo (ad esempio, alcaloidi, tannini)2,3. Alcune di queste sostanze chimiche hanno la capacità di influenzare i processi fisiologici a lungo termine negli animali, come il funzionamento endocrino, anche se il motivo per cui questi fitochimici attivi dal punto di vista endocrino interagiscono con il sistema endocrino vertebrato non èancora chiaro 2,4.
I fitoestrogeni, i fitochimici endocrino-attivi più studiati, sono le PS polifenoliche che imitano strutturalmente e funzionalmente gli estrogeni, interagendo direttamente con l'asse gonadale ipotalomo-ipofisario del sistema endocrino vertebrato5. L'ingestione di fitoestrogeni nella dieta umana è associata alla protezione contro alcuni tumori, malattie cardiache e sintomi della menopausa, sebbene altri effetti includano problemi di fertilità. Infatti, gli effetti fisiologici di questi composti sono stati scoperti negli anni '40 quando l'infertilità negli ovini è stata attribuita al loro pascolo su trifoglio ricco di fitoestrogeni(Trifolium subterrareum)6. Quando ingeriti, i fitoestrogeni possono passare nelle cellule e imitare gli effetti degli estrogeni. Mentre i fitoestrogeni hanno avuto effetti negativi sulla fertilità delle pecore, la relazione tra fitoestrogeni e fisiologia non è semplice. Come le pecore, i rinoceronti bianchi meridionali mostrano sensibilità ai composti estrogenici nei mangimi derivati da elevate quantità di soia e erba medica. Le figlie di femmine nutrite con questa dieta durante la gravidanza hanno meno probabilità di riprodursi7. Tuttavia, altri studi hanno dimostrato che anche i fitoestrogeni possono avere effetti positivi, tra cui la maturazione dei follicoli ovarico neitopi più anziani 8,la prevenzione di alcuni tumori, l'attività antiossidante e gli effetti antiproliferativi9.
L'ampiezza degli effetti dei fitoestrogeni non è sorprendente dato che gli estrogeni influenzano una vasta gamma di funzioni biologiche, tra cui crescita, sviluppo e regolazione del sistema nervoso riproduttivo e centrale10. Sebbene ci siano molti meccanismi di azione, i fitoestrogeni hanno spesso la capacità di modificare, migliorare o interrompere la segnalazione degli estrogeni attraverso la loro capacità di agire come ligandi per i recettori degli estrogeni intranucleari alfa e beta (ERα ed ERβ). Molti fitoestrogeni hanno una struttura ad anello fenolica simile agli estrogeni che consente loro di legare i recettori degli estrogeni. Quelli con attività estrogenica agonistica funzionano come estrogeni, formando un complesso ER-ligando attivato che può dimerizzare e legarsi a un elemento di risposta estrogenica (ERE) e innescare la trascrizione genica11. Pertanto, estrogeni e fitoestrogeni regolano l'attività cellulare e il sistema funziona attraverso le loro azioni come fattori di trascrizione.
Qui presentiamo il nuovo uso di un saggio a base cellulare per migliorare gli estratti vegetali per la presenza di composti che hanno attività biologica estrogenica. Questo saggio utilizza cellule cho dell'ovaio criceto cinese progettate per esprimere molto ERβ, che sono state trasfette con il gene della lucciola (Photinus pyralis) luciferasi collegato a un promotore ERE12. Quando i composti estrogenici sono presenti, si legano al ER, dimerizzano e si legano all'ERE, portando alla trascrizione del gene della luciferasi. Dopo l'aggiunta di una soluzione di substrato, la luciferasi catalizza una reazione che porta all'emissione di fotoni. Pertanto, i campioni positivi producono campioni leggeri e negativi no.
Questo saggio disponibile in commercio elimina la necessità per i laboratori di trasfetto le cellule di mammifero con il gene reporter e il recettore degli estrogeni13,14, che era instabile e variabile nell'efficacia. Il saggio fornisce una piattaforma di trasfezione stabile che consente di determinare rapidamente e semplicemente se una pianta ha attività estrogenica tramite legame del recettore.
Testiamo l'ipotesi che la soia abbia un'attività estrogenica più elevata rispetto a tutti gli altri alimenti date le loro concentrazioni conosciute di isoflavoni estrogenici15 usando alimenti umani di generi alimentari locali.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:721px;" width="722">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">1000 &#181;L pipette</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:308px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">20 &#181;L pipette</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">200 &#181;L pipette</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">37 &#8451; water bath</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:215px;">37 &#8451;, humidified 5% CO2 incubator</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">70% ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">analytical balance</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">cell culture-rated laminar flow hood</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">disposable media basin, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">drip filtration system</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Erlenmeyer flasks</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>125 mL and 250 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">HPLC grade methanol</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Human ER&#946; Reporter Assay System, 1 x 96-well format assays</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Indigo Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IB00411</td>
			<td>Assay kit - analyzes 24 samples plus standard curve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">lyophilizer</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">multi-channel pipette</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">orbital shaker</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">plate-reading luminometer</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>ex. Bioteck Synergy HTX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">rotory evaporator</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">round bottom flasks</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>50 mL and 300 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">sterile microcentrifuge tubes or sterile multi-channel media basins</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">sterile tips</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>200 &#181;L and 1000 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Whatman grade 1 paper</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">whirl-pak bags</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>sterile polyethylene bags</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening for phytoestrogens using a cell-based estrogen receptor  &#946; reporter assay

Le piante sono una fonte di cibo per molti animali e possono produrre migliaia di sostanze chimiche. Alcuni di questi composti influenzano i processi fisiologici nei vertebrati che li consumano, come la funzione endocrina. I fitoestrogeni, i fitochimici endocrino-attivi più studiati, interagiscono direttamente con l'asse gonadale ipotalamo-ipofisi del sistema endocrino vertebrato. Qui presentiamo il nuovo uso di un saggio a base cellulare per migliorare gli estratti vegetali per la presenza di composti che hanno attività biologica estrogenica. Questo saggio utilizza cellule di mammifero progettate per esprimere altamente il recettore degli estrogeni beta (ERβ) e che sono state trasfette con un gene luciferasi. L'esposizione a composti con attività estrogenica provoca che le cellule producano luce. Questo test è un modo affidabile e semplice per testare l'attività estrogenica biologica. Ha diversi miglioramenti rispetto ai saggi transitori di trasfezione, in particolare la facilità d'uso, la stabilità delle cellule e la sensibilità del saggio.

Ventidue estratti di frutta e verdura comunemente trovati nelle diete umane sono stati vengono vengono Una varietà di alimenti sono stati saggiati, tra cui legumi, come soia, piselli da neve e piselli, poiché la famiglia dei piselli è una fonte nota di fitoestrogeni16, così come fichi, datteri, mais, carote, mele, banane, fragole, pomodoro, cavolo e cavolo. I composti interferenti endocrini si trovano in sostanze comuni (ad esempio plastica e pesticidi) e alcuni sono biologicamente attivi attr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor  ÃŽÂ² Reporter Assay at JoVE.com

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor  &#946; Reporter Assay

Abbiamo ottimizzato un recettore degli estrogeni disponibile in commercio β reporter per lo screening di alimenti primati umani e non umani per l'attività estrogenica. Abbiamo convalidato questo saggio mostrando che la soia alimentare umana estrogenica nota si registra in alto, mentre altri alimenti non mostrano alcuna attività.

Screening per fitoestrogeni utilizzando un recettore degli estrogeni a base cellulare β test reporter

Plants are a source of food for many animals, and&#160;they can produce thousands of chemicals. Some of these compounds affect physiological processes in ...

screening-for-phytoestrogens-using-cell-based-estrogen-receptor

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

4.8K Views.  Indiana University. Abbiamo ottimizzato un recettore degli estrogeni disponibile in commercio β reporter per lo screening di alimenti primati umani e non umani per l'attività estrogenica. Abbiamo convalidato questo saggio mostrando che la soia alimentare umana estrogenica nota si registra in alto, mentre altri alimenti non mostrano alcuna attività.

Video: Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor  β Reporter Assay

High-throughput Screening of Carbohydrate-degrading Enzymes Using Novel Insoluble Chromogenic Substrate Assay Kits

Carbohydrates active enzymes (CAZymes) have multiple roles in vivo and are widely used for industrial processing in the biofuel, textile, detergent, paper and food industries. A deeper understanding of CAZymes is important from both fundamental biology and industrial standpoints. Vast numbers of CAZymes exist in nature (especially in microorganisms) and hundreds of thousands have been cataloged and described in the carbohydrate active enzyme database (CAZy). However, the rate of discovery of putative enzymes has outstripped our ability to biochemically characterize their activities. One reason for this is that advances in genome and transcriptome sequencing, together with associated bioinformatics tools allow for rapid identification of candidate CAZymes, but technology for determining an enzyme's biochemical characteristics has advanced more slowly. To address this technology gap, a novel high-throughput assay kit based on insoluble chromogenic substrates is described here. Two distinct substrate types were produced: Chromogenic Polymer Hydrogel (CPH) substrates (made from purified polysaccharides and proteins) and Insoluble Chromogenic Biomass (ICB) substrates (made from complex biomass materials). Both CPH and ICB substrates are provided in a 96-well high-throughput assay system. The CPH substrates can be made in four different colors, enabling them to be mixed together and thus increasing assay throughput. The protocol describes a 96-well plate assay and illustrates how this assay can be used for screening the activities of enzymes, enzyme cocktails, and broths.

A high-throughput assay for enzyme screening is described. This multiplexed ready-to-use assay kit comprises of pre-chosen Chromogenic Polymer Hydrogel (CPH) substrates and complex Insoluble Chromogenic Biomass (ICB) substrates. Target enzymes are polysaccharide degrading endo-enzymes and proteases.

High-throughput screening degli enzimi carboidrati di degradazione Utilizzando Novel insolubile Chromogenic Substrate Assay Kit

Carbohydrates active enzymes (CAZymes) have multiple roles in vivo and are widely used for industrial processing in the biofuel, textile, detergent, paper ...

Ricerca

Biochimica

Bacterial Inner-membrane Display for Screening a Library of Antibody Fragments

Antibodies engineered for intracellular function must not only have affinity for their target antigen, but must also be soluble and correctly folded in the cytoplasm. Commonly used methods for the display and screening of recombinant antibody libraries do not incorporate intracellular protein folding quality control, and, thus, the antigen-binding capability and cytoplasmic folding and solubility of antibodies engineered using these methods often must be engineered separately. Here, we describe a protocol to screen a recombinant library of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies for antigen-binding and proper cytoplasmic folding simultaneously. The method harnesses the intrinsic intracellular folding quality control mechanism of the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway to display an scFv library on the E. coli inner membrane. The Tat pathway ensures that only soluble, well-folded proteins are transported out of the cytoplasm and displayed on the inner membrane, thereby eliminating poorly folded scFvs prior to interrogation for antigen-binding. Following removal of the outer membrane, the scFvs displayed on the inner membrane are panned against a target antigen immobilized on magnetic beads to isolate scFvs that bind to the target antigen. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based secondary screen is used to identify the most promising scFvs for additional characterization. Antigen-binding and cytoplasmic solubility can be improved with subsequent rounds of mutagenesis and screening to engineer antibodies with high affinity and high cytoplasmic solubility for intracellular applications.

We provide a method to simultaneously screen a library of antibody fragments for binding affinity and cytoplasmic solubility by using the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation pathway, which has an inherent quality control mechanism for intracellular protein folding, to display the antibody fragments on the inner membrane.

Display interno-membrana batterica per lo screening di una libreria di frammenti di anticorpi

Antibodies engineered for intracellular function must not only have affinity for their target antigen, but must also be soluble and correctly folded in ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages for identifying biologically active chemical structures that can modify complex phenotypes such as lifespan. Described here is a simple protocol for producing hundreds of 96-well culture plates with fairly consistent numbers of C. elegans in each well. Next, we specified how to use these cultures to screen thousands of chemicals for effects on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. This protocol makes use of temperature sensitive sterile strains, agar plate conditions, and simple animal handling to facilitate the rapid and high throughput production of synchronized animal cultures for screening.

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Here we describe a simple protocol for rapidly producing hundreds of nematode growth media agar, 96-well culture plates with consistent numbers of Caenorhhabditis elegans per well. These cultures are useful for the phenotypic screening of whole organisms. We focus here on using these cultures to screen chemicals for pro-longevity effects.

Un metodo semplice per High Throughput Screening chimico in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Extracellular Protein Microarray Technology for High Throughput Detection of Low Affinity Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Secreted factors, membrane-tethered receptors, and their interacting partners are main regulators of cellular communication and initiation of signaling cascades during homeostasis and disease, and as such represent prime therapeutic targets. Despite their relevance, these interaction networks remain significantly underrepresented in current databases; therefore, most extracellular proteins have no documented binding partner. This discrepancy is primarily due to the challenges associated with the study of the extracellular proteins, including expression of functional proteins, and the weak, low affinity, protein interactions often established between cell surface receptors. The purpose of this method is to describe the printing of a library of extracellular proteins in a microarray format for screening of protein-protein interactions. To enable detection of weak interactions, a method based on multimerization of the query protein under study is described. Coupled to this microbead-based multimerization approach for increased multivalency, the protein microarray allows robust detection of transient protein-protein interactions in high throughput. This method offers a rapid and low sample consuming-approach for identification of new interactions applicable to any extracellular protein. Protein microarray printing and screening protocol are described. This technology will be useful for investigators seeking a robust method for discovery of protein interactions in the extracellular space.

Here, we present a protocol to screen extracellular protein microarrays for identification of novel receptor-ligand interactions in high throughput. We also describe a method to enhance detection of transient protein-protein interactions by using protein-microbead complexes.

Tecnologia di Microarray di proteina extracellulare per il rilevamento di Throughput elevato di interazioni recettore-ligando bassa affinità

Secreted factors, membrane-tethered receptors, and their interacting partners are main regulators of cellular communication and initiation of signaling ...

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Postmenopausal women are at greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases than premenopausal women. Female mice ovariectomized (OVX) at weaning display increased atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta compared with female mice with intact ovarian function. However, laboratory models involving estrogen-deficient mice with atherosclerosis-prone status are lacking. This deficit is crucial because clinical estrogen deficiency in menopausal women may aggravate the incidence of pre-existing or ongoing lipid disruption and atherosclerosis. In this study, we establish an in vivo estrogen-deficient mouse model by bilateral ovariectomy via a double dorsal-lateral incision in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-/- mice. We then compare the effects of 17&#946;-estradiol and pseudoprotodioscin (PPD) (a phytoestrogen) perorally administered via hazelnut spread. We find that although PPD exerts some effect on reducing final body weight and plasma TG in OVX apoE-/- mice, it has anti-atherosclerotic and cardiac-protective capacities comparable with its 17&#946;-estradiol counterpart. PPD is a phytoestrogen that has been reported to exert anti-tumor properties. Thus, the proposed method is applicable for screening phytoestrogens via peroral administration to substitute for traditional hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, which has been reported to have potentially deleterious tumorigenetic capacity. Peroral administration via hazelnut spread is noninvasive, rendering it widely applicable to many patients. This article contains step-by-step demonstrations of bilateral ovariectomy via the double dorsal-lateral incision in apoE-/- mice and peroral 17&#946;-estradiol or phytoestrogen hormone replacement via hazelnut spread. Plasma lipid and cardiovascular function analyses using echocardiography follow.

Clinically, estrogen deficiency in menopausal women may aggravate the incidence of lipid disruption and atherosclerosis. We established an in vivo estrogen deficiency model by bilateral ovariectomy via a double dorsal-lateral incision in apoE-/- mice. The mouse model is applicable for screening exogenous estrogen treatments of cardiovascular dysfunction after menopause.

Un modello di topo a carenza di estrogeni in vivo per lo screening dei trattamenti estrogeni esogeni della disfunzione cardiovascolare dopo la menopausa

Postmenopausal women are at greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases than premenopausal women. Female mice ovariectomized (OVX) at weaning ...

Kinetic Screening of Nuclease Activity using Nucleic Acid Probes

Nucleases are a class of enzymes that break down nucleic acids by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds that link the ribose sugars. Nucleases display a variety of vital physiological roles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, ranging from maintaining genome stability to providing protection against pathogens. Altered nuclease activity has been associated with several pathological conditions including bacterial infections and cancer. To this end, nuclease activity has shown great potential to be exploited as a specific biomarker. However, a robust and reproducible screening method based on this activity remains highly desirable.
Herein, we introduce a method that enables screening for nuclease activity using nucleic acid probes as substrates, with the scope of differentiating between pathological and healthy conditions. This method offers the possibility of designing new probe libraries, with increasing specificity, in an iterative manner. Thus, multiple rounds of screening are necessary to refine the probes&#39; design with enhanced features, taking advantage of the availability of chemically modified nucleic acids. The considerable potential of the proposed technology lies in its flexibility, high reproducibility, and versatility for the screening of nuclease activity associated with disease conditions. It is expected that this technology will allow the development of promising diagnostic tools with a great potential in the clinic.

Altered nuclease activity has been associated with different human conditions, underlying its potential as a biomarker. The modular and easy to implement screening methodology presented in this paper allows the selection of specific nucleic acid probes for harnessing nuclease activity as a biomarker of disease.

Screening cinetico dell'attività nucleana utilizzando sonde con acido Nucleic

Nucleases are a class of enzymes that break down nucleic acids by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds that link the ribose sugars. ...

A Semi-High-Throughput Adaptation of the NADH-Coupled ATPase Assay for Screening Small Molecule Inhibitors

ATPase enzymes utilize the free energy stored in adenosine triphosphate to catalyze a wide variety of endergonic biochemical processes in vivo that would not occur spontaneously. These proteins are crucial for essentially all aspects of cellular life, including metabolism, cell division, responses to environmental changes and movement. The protocol presented here describes a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-coupled ATPase assay that has been adapted to semi-high throughput screening of small molecule ATPase inhibitors. The assay has been applied to cardiac and skeletal muscle myosin II's, two actin-based molecular motor ATPases, as a proof of principle. The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to the oxidation of NADH by enzymatic reactions in the assay. First, the ADP generated by the ATPase is regenerated to ATP by pyruvate kinase (PK). PK catalyzes the transition of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate in parallel. Subsequently, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the oxidation of NADH in parallel. Thus, the decrease in ATP concentration is directly correlated to the decrease in NADH concentration, which is followed by change to the intrinsic fluorescence of NADH. As long as PEP is available in the reaction system, the ADP concentration remains very low, avoiding inhibition of the ATPase enzyme by its own product. Moreover, the ATP concentration remains nearly constant, yielding linear time courses. The fluorescence is monitored continuously, which allows for easy estimation of the quality of data and helps to filter out potential artifacts (e.g., arising from compound precipitation or thermal changes).

A nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-coupled ATPase assay has been adapted to semihigh throughput screening of small molecule myosin inhibitors. This kinetic assay is run in a 384-well microplate format with total reaction volumes of only 20 &#181;L per well. The platform should be applicable to virtually any ADP producing enzyme.

Adattamento semi-alto/throughput del saggio ATPase accoppiato NADH per lo screening degli inibitori delle piccole molecole

ATPase enzymes utilize the free energy stored in adenosine triphosphate to catalyze a wide variety of endergonic biochemical processes in vivo that would ...

Visualization of Estrogen Receptors in Colons of Mice with TNBS-Induced Crohn's Disease using Immunofluorescence

Crohn&#39;s disease is the most diagnosed type of inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammation developing in the intestine leads to peristalsis disorder and damage of intestinal mucosa and seems to be associated with an increased risk of colon neoplastic transformation. Accumulating evidence indicates that estrogens and estrogen receptors affect not only hormone-sensitive tissues, but also other tissues not directly related to estrogens, such as the lungs or colon. Here, we describe the protocol for the successful immunofluorescence staining of estrogen receptors in colon obtained from a murine model of TNBS-induced Crohn&#39;s disease. A detailed protocol for the induction of Crohn&#39;s disease in mice and intestine preparation is provided as well as a step-by-step immunohistochemical procedure using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded intestine sections. The described methods are not only useful for estrogen receptor detection and estrogen signaling investigation in vivo but can also be applied to for other proteins which may be involved in the development of colitis.

The protocol presents a complete validated TNBS-induced murine model of Crohn&#39;s disease and methods for visualization of estrogen receptors by immunohistochemistry using immunofluorescence of formalin-fixed colon sections embedded in paraffin.

Visualizzazione dei recettori degli estrogeni nei coloni dei topi con la malattia di Crohn indotta da TNBS utilizzando l'immunofluorescenza

Crohn&#39;s disease is the most diagnosed type of inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammation developing in the intestine leads to peristalsis ...

Parallel Interrogation of &#946;-Arrestin2 Recruitment for Ligand Screening on a GPCR-Wide Scale using PRESTO-Tango Assay

As the largest and most versatile gene superfamily and mediators of a gamut of cellular signaling pathways, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most promising targets for the pharmaceutical industry. Ergo, the design, implementation, and optimization of GPCR ligand screening assays is crucial, as they represent remote-control tools for drug discovery and for manipulating GPCR pharmacology and outcomes. In the past, G-protein dependent assays typified this area of research, detecting ligand-induced events and quantifying the generation of secondary messengers. However, since the advent of functional selectivity, as well as an increased awareness of several other G protein-independent pathways and the limitations associated with G-protein dependent assays, there is a greater push towards the creation of alternative GPCR ligand screening assays. Towards this endeavor, we describe the application of one such resource, the PRESTO-Tango platform, a luciferase reporter-based system that enables the parallel and simultaneous interrogation of the human GPCR-ome, a feat which was previously considered technically and economically unfeasible. Based on a G-protein independent &#946;-arrestin2 recruitment assay, the universality of &#946;-arrestin2-mediated trafficking and signaling at GPCRs makes PRESTO-TANGO an apt tool for studying approximately 300 non-olfactory human GPCRs, including approximately 100 orphan receptors. PRESTO-Tango&#39;s sensitivity and robustness make it suitable for primary high-throughput screens using compound libraries, employed to uncover new GPCR targets for known drugs or to discover new ligands for orphan receptors.

Given that GPCRs are attractive druggable targets, GPCR ligand screening is thus indispensable for the identification of lead compounds and for deorphanization studies. Towards these efforts, we describe PRESTO-Tango, an open-source resource platform used for simultaneous profiling of transient &#946;-arrestin2 recruitment at approximately 300 GPCRs using a TEV-based reporter assay.

Interrogatorio parallelo del reclutamento di z-Arrestin2 per lo screening dei ligandi su una scala a livello GPCR utilizzando PRESTO-Tango Assay

As the largest and most versatile gene superfamily and mediators of a gamut of cellular signaling pathways, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent ...

NMR-Based Fragment Screening in a Minimum Sample but Maximum Automation Mode

Fragment-based screening (FBS) is a well-validated and accepted concept within the drug discovery process both in academia and industry. The greatest advantage of NMR-based fragment screening is its ability not only to detect binders over 7-8 orders of magnitude of affinity but also to monitor purity and chemical quality of the fragments and thus to produce high quality hits and minimal false positives or false negatives. A prerequisite within the FBS is to perform initial and periodic quality control of the fragment library, determining solubility and chemical integrity of the fragments in relevant buffers, and establishing multiple libraries to cover diverse scaffolds to accommodate various macromolecule target classes (proteins/RNA/DNA). Further, an extensive NMR-based screening protocol optimization with respect to sample quantities, speed of acquisition and analysis at the level of biological construct/fragment-space, in condition-space (buffer, additives, ions, pH, and temperature) and in ligand-space (ligand analogues, ligand concentration) is required. At least in academia, these screening efforts have so far been undertaken manually in a very limited fashion, leading to limited availability of screening infrastructure not only in the drug development process but also in the context of chemical probe development. In order to meet the requirements economically, advanced workflows are presented. They take advantage of the latest state-of-the-art advanced hardware, with which the liquid sample collection can be filled in a temperature-controlled fashion into the NMR-tubes in an automated manner. 1H/19F NMR ligand-based spectra are then collected at a given temperature. High-throughput sample changer (HT sample changer) can handle more than 500 samples in temperature-controlled blocks. This together with advanced software tools speeds up data acquisition and analysis. Further, application of screening routines on protein and RNA samples are described to make aware of the established protocols for a broad user base in biomacromolecular research.

Fragment-based screening by NMR is a robust method to rapidly identify small molecule binders to biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, or proteins). Protocols describing automation-based sample preparation, NMR experiments &#38; acquisition conditions, and analysis workflows are presented. The technique allows for optimal exploitation of both 1H and 19F NMR-active nuclei for detection.

Screening dei frammenti basato su NMR in un campione minimo ma in modalità di automazione massima

Fragment-based screening (FBS) is a well-validated and accepted concept within the drug discovery process both in academia and industry. The greatest ...