Gli autori vorrebbero riconoscere James A. Forrest aiuto per l&#39;idea iniziale di questa tecnica. 26 Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da un finanziamento della University of Pennsylvania ed è stato parzialmente sostenuto dal programma MRSEC della National Science Foundation sotto premio n. DMR-11- 20901 presso l&#39;Università della Pennsylvania.

1. Film Preparazione <ol><li> Pesare 0,04 g di polistirene, e posto in una fiala da 30 ml. </li><li> Pesare 2 g di toluene nel flaconcino. A 2% in peso di soluzione di polistirene in toluene produce un film di circa 100 nm. </li><li> Lasciate che la soluzione di sit O / N per sciogliere completamente il polistirolo e lasciare che le soluzioni si depositano. </li><li> Posizionare un 1 cm x 1 cm silicio (Si) su un wafer di Coater Spin. </li><li> Gira la cialda a 8000 rpm per 45 secondi. Mentre gira, goccia circa 1 ml di toluene sul wafer filatura. Nota: Tutti i passi che coinvolgono spin coating vengono eseguiti in una cappa aspirante. </li><li> Sulla ora stazionaria Si wafer, aggiungere la soluzione proveniente dal passaggio 1,3 goccia a goccia sul wafer di Si finché l&#39;intera superficie del wafer di Si è coperto. </li><li> Prima soluzione asciuga sul wafer, centrifugare Si wafer a 4.000 rpm per 20 sec. </li><li> Determinare lo spessore della pellicola utilizzando ellissometria (vedere fase 2). </li><li> Se la pellicola è lo spessore desiderato, Anneal il film in stufa da vuoto a 393 K per 15 h. </li></ol> 2. Determinazione dello spessore del film <ol><li> Collocare la pellicola lanciare filata sul palco ellissometro e misurano gli angoli ellissometriche Ψ (λ) e Δ (λ) ad un angolo di luce incidente di 70 ° con un tempo di acquisizione 1 sec e l&#39;impostazione del fuso media accesi. </li><li> Utilizzando il software ellissometro, montare il Ψ risultante (λ) ei dati Δ (λ) per un modello a tre livelli secondo il protocollo del produttore. Non ci sono input dell&#39;utente aggiuntive. Il primo strato è uno strato di substrato di Si, il secondo strato è uno strato di ossido nativo con uno spessore di 1,5 nm, e il terzo strato è un modello Cauchy (n = A + B / λ 2, k = 0), il che corrisponde alle proprietà ottiche del film di polistirene. In questo modello, A e B sono parametri adatti, e n e k sono le componenti reale e immaginaria dell&#39;indice di rifrazione, rispettivamente. </li><li> Per lo strato di Cauchy, montare il thickness e parametri A e B, se il film è superiore a 10 nm. Se il film è inferiore a 10 nm, solo adattarsi A. Nota: Questo sarà discusso ulteriormente nella sezione risultati rappresentativi. </li></ol> 3. Raffreddamento Tasso Dipendente T g Misure <ol><li> Ricoprire la superficie dell&#39;elemento di riscaldamento della fase ellissometro temperatura variabile con pasta termica. </li><li> Posizionare il film di polistirene ricotto sull&#39;elemento riscaldante. </li><li> Fissare la pellicola saldamente l&#39;elemento riscaldante. </li><li> Flusso 100% gas azoto secco attraverso lo stadio di temperatura ad una pressione di &lt;69 KPa. </li><li> Utilizzando il software stadio di temperatura, creare un profilo di temperatura. Questo profilo di temperatura comincia con una rampa di riscaldamento di 393 K a 150 K / min. Tenere la pellicola per 393K per 20 min. <ol><li> Poi, le rampe di raffreddamento supplenti 293 K a tassi di 150, 120, 90, 60, 30, 10, 7, 3, e 1 K / min con rampe di riscaldamento a 393 K a 150 K / min. Posizionare un 5 min tempetura attesa dopo ogni rampa. </li></ol></li><li> Nel software ellissometro, fare un modello ellissometria dipendente temperatura simile a quella nella sezione 2. I tre strati sono identici, tranne per il substrato è cambiato ad una temperatura dipendente modello SI. </li><li> Nello strato per la temperatura in base al modello di Si, attivare il &quot;Usa Ext Temp da Parm registro&quot; Parametro. </li><li> Utilizzando attrezzature di laboratorio software di controllo, hanno il software ellissometro leggere i valori di temperatura da palcoscenico temperatura. </li><li> Allineare il ellipsometer tale che il segnale raggiunge la massima intensità. </li><li> Sotto &quot;Configurazioni Modifica hardware&quot;, impostare il tempo di acquisizione veloce di 1 sec con alta accuratezza zona media. Impostare il normale tempo di acquisizione di 3 sec con alta accuratezza zona media. </li><li> Nella scheda &quot;in situ&quot; nel software ellissometro controllare la &quot;modalità di acquisizione veloce tempo&quot; scatola, e premere &quot;Start Acquisition&quot;. Quindi, avviareil profilo di temperatura. Prima della rampa / min raffreddamento 3 K, deselezionare la casella veloce tempo di acquisizione. </li></ol> 4. Determinazione dei valori di Tg <ol><li> Esportare la temperatura e profili di spessore nel software grafica e l&#39;analisi preferito, e separare i dati di temperatura e di spessore per tutti i 9 velocità di raffreddamento. </li><li> Per spiegare l&#39;effetto della zona media durante l&#39;acquisizione della temperatura, prendere ogni valore di temperatura, e media con il valore di temperatura che lo precede, tale che T = (T i + T i-1) / 2, dove T i è un valore di temperatura in un dato momento, e T i-1 è la temperatura del punto di tempo precedente. </li><li> Trama Spessore vs. temperatura per ogni velocità di raffreddamento. </li><li> Eseguire una misura lineare su una porzione del regime Liquid Super raffreddato (regime alta temperatura con il coefficiente di espansione più grande). Tale regime sarà di circa da 393 K a 380 K. </li><li> Perform un&#39;interpolazione lineare su una porzione del regime vetrosa dello stesso insieme di dati. Questo regime ha un coefficiente di espansione inferiore, e sarà approssimativamente da 293 a 340 K K. </li><li> Trovare il punto di intersezione di queste due linee. La temperatura alla quale queste linee si intersecano è la temperatura di transizione vetrosa. </li><li> Fate questo per tutti i nove rampe. </li></ol> 5. Analisi media a pellicola sottile Dynamics <ol><li> Per un dato appezzamento spessore del film Log (Tasso di raffreddamento (K / min)) vs. 1 / T g (K -1). </li><li> Confronta questo indirettamente alle misurazioni dirette delle dinamiche di massa e di superficie dalla relazione empirica: Tasso di raffreddamento * τ α = 1000. 23,24 </li></ol>

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The Authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Raffreddamento-velocità dipendente T g misurazioni sono high throughput esperimenti di caratterizzazione che possono determinare la g T, il coefficiente di dilatazione del vetro e il liquido super-raffreddato, la dipendenza dalla temperatura della dinamica media e la fragilità di un particolare materiale vetroso in un singolo esperimento. Inoltre, a differenza di fluorescenza, incorporamento o nanohole esperimenti di rilassamento, CR-T g esperimenti sono relativamente rapido e semplice...

Il lavoro seminale di Keddie Jones e Corey 1 ha mostrato che la temperatura di transizione vetrosa (Tg) di film di polistirene ultrasottili diminuisce rispetto al valore massa a spessori inferiori a 60 nm. Da allora, numerosi studi sperimentali 2-11 hanno sostenuto l&#39;ipotesi che le riduzioni osservate in T g sono causate da uno strato di una maggiore mobilità in prossimità della superficie libera di questi film. Tuttavia, questi esperimenti sono misure indirette di un unico tempo di rilassamento, e quindi non vi è un dibattito 12- 18 centrata su una correlazione diretta tra la media dinamica a film sottile e le dinamiche all&#39;interfaccia aria / polimero. Per rispondere a questo dibattito, molti studi hanno misurato direttamente la dinamica della superficie libera (superficie τ). Nanoparticelle incorporamento, 19,20 nanohole rilassamento, 21 e fluorescenza 22 studi dimostrano che l&#39;interfaccia aria / polimero hcome dinamica ordini di grandezza più veloce del tempo di rilassamento alfa massa (τ α) con una dipendenza dalla temperatura molto più debole di quella di τ α. A causa della sua debole dipendenza dalla temperatura, la superficie τ di questi film, 19-22 e migliorate dinamiche di film sottili di polistirene, 23,24 interseca il rilassamento alfa bulk (τ α) in un unico punto T *, che è a pochi gradi sopra T g, e ad un α τ di ≈ 1 sec. La presenza di T * potrebbe spiegare perché gli esperimenti che sondano tempi di rilassamento più veloce di * non riescono a vedere ogni dipendenza spessore sul g T di film in polistirene ultrasottili. 13-18 Infine, mentre le misurazioni dirette della maggiore manifestazione strato cellulare che ha uno spessore di 4-8 nm, 20-22 vi è evidenza che la lunghezza di propagazione delle dinamiche all&#39;interfaccia aria / polimero è molto più grande rispetto allo spessore del piano mobile layer. 5,25,26 La presente relazione mira a descrivere completamente un protocollo per l&#39;utilizzo di ellissometria per tasso dipendente T g (CR-T g) esperimenti di raffreddamento. CR-T g è stato precedentemente utilizzato per descrivere la dinamica medi di film ultrasottili di polistirene. 23,24,27,28 Inoltre, questa tecnica è stata recentemente utilizzata per mostrare una correlazione diretta tra la dinamica medi in film di polistirene ultrasottili , e le dinamiche sulla superficie libera. 23 Il vantaggio di CR-T g misurazioni rispetto ad altri tipi di misurazioni come la fluorescenza, nanoparticelle incorporamento, nanohole rilassamento, nanocalorimetry, spettroscopia dielettrica e light scattering Brillouin, studi è che sono relativamente veloce e semplici esperimenti che non utilizzano fluorofori o altre tecniche sperimentali complicate. I recenti progressi nella ellissometria spettroscopica consentono questa tecnica per essere utilizzato per determinare l&#39;efficienza ottica propertzioni del film ultrasottili di polimeri e di altri tipi di materiali ibridi con una precisione eccezionale. Come tale, questa tecnica sonda le dinamiche medi di film sottili tecnologicamente applicabili nei regimi di temperatura e di tempo relativi alla transizione vetrosa (T ≤ T g, τ α ≥ 100 sec). Inoltre, questa tecnica fornirà informazioni sui coefficienti di espansione del vitreo e cena raffreddato stati liquido e la fragilità del sistema, che può essere confrontato con i dati per film bulk. Infine, CR- T g esperimenti possono essere utilizzati per qualsiasi sistema vetroso fintanto che l&#39;integrità del film rimane tutto l&#39;esperimento.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>179418-1L</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>Atactic Polystyrene</td><td>Polymer Source Inc.</td><td>P-4092-S</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>THMS 600 temperature stage</td><td>Linkam</td><td>THMS 600</td><td>any temperature stage that can be fit to an ellipsometer could be used.</td></tr><tr><td>M2000V Spectroscopic Ellipsometer</td><td>J.A. Woollam</td><td>M200V</td><td>This procedure should be applicable for any spectroscopic ellipsometer.</td></tr><tr><td>Spin Coater</td><td>Laurell Technologies</td><td>WS-650-23B</td><td>This Procedure is possible with any spin coater</td></tr><tr><td>Sample vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-912-379</td><td>Any sample vials will do</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon wafers</td><td>Virginia semi conductors</td><td>325S1410694D</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cooling rate dependent ellipsometry measurements to determine the dynamics of thin glassy films

La presente relazione mira a descrivere pienamente la tecnica sperimentale di utilizzare ellissometria per tasso dipendente T g (CR-T g) esperimenti di raffreddamento. Queste misure sono semplici esperimenti di caratterizzazione di alto-rendimento, che possono determinare la temperatura di transizione vetrosa (T g), la dinamica media, fragilità e il coefficiente di dilatazione degli stati liquido e vetrosi super raffreddato per una varietà di materiali vetrosi. Questa tecnica permette di questi parametri da misurare in un singolo esperimento, mentre altri metodi devono combinare una varietà di tecniche diverse per indagare tutte queste proprietà. Misure di dinamica vicino ai Tg sono particolarmente impegnativi. Il vantaggio di raffreddamento dei tassi dipende Tg misure rispetto ad altri metodi che sondano direttamente le dinamiche di massa e di rilassamento superficie è che essi sono esperimenti relativamente semplici e veloci, che non utilizzano fluorofori o altri ex complicatotecniche sperimentali. Inoltre, questa tecnica sonda le dinamiche medi di film sottili tecnologicamente rilevanti di temperatura e tempo di rilassamento (τ α) regimi pertinenti alla transizione vetrosa (τ α&gt; 100 sec). La limitazione all&#39;utilizzo ellissometria per velocità di raffreddamento dipende T g esperimenti è che non può sondare tempi di rilassamento rilevanti per misurazioni di viscosità (τ α &lt;&lt; 1 sec). Altre velocità di raffreddamento dipende T tecniche di misura g, tuttavia, possono estendere il metodo CR-T g per tempi di rilassamento veloce. Inoltre, questa tecnica può essere utilizzata per qualsiasi sistema vetroso fintanto che l&#39;integrità del film rimane tutto l&#39;esperimento.

Raccordo grezzo ellissometria dati Film polistirolo sono trasparenti nella gamma di lunghezze d&#39;onda della ellissometro (500-1,600 nm). Così un modello Cauchy è un buon modello per descrivere l&#39;indice di rifrazione del film di polistirene. La figura 1A mostra un esempio di Ψ (λ) e Δ (λ) per una spessa (274 nm) pellicole di polistirene, e la misura ottenuta al modello di Cauchy <i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films at JoVE.com

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per velocità di raffreddamento esperimenti dipendenti ellissometria, che possono determinare la temperatura di transizione vetrosa (Tg), dinamica media, fragilità e il coefficiente di dilatazione del liquido super-raffreddato e vetro per una varietà di materiali vetrosi.

Raffreddamento Vota dipendenti Misure ellissometria per determinare la dinamica dei Thin Films Glassy

This report aims to fully describe the experimental technique of using ellipsometry for cooling rate dependent Tg (CR-Tg) experiments. These measurements ...

cooling-rate-dependent-ellipsometry-measurements-to-determine

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.1K Views.  University of Pennsylvania.  Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per velocità di raffreddamento esperimenti dipendenti ellissometria, che possono determinare la temperatura di transizione vetrosa (Tg), dinamica media, fragilità e il coefficiente di dilatazione del liquido super-raffreddato e vetro per una varietà di materiali vetrosi. 

Video: Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

Ad alta risoluzione termica micro-imaging Utilizzando europio chelato luminescenti Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

Ricerca

Ingegneria

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

Evanescente campo fotoacustica based: ottico valutazione delle proprietà a Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

Electrospray Deposizione di uniformità di spessore Ge<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt; Sb<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt; E As<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt; calcogenuri vetro Cinema

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

La ricombinazione Dynamics nel fotovoltaici a film sottile Materiali tramite risolta nel tempo Microonde Conducibilità

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

Transizione orientativa in un cristallo liquido innescata dalla crescita termodinamica delle lastre di interfaccia

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

Preparazione delle reti di cristalli liquidi per moto oscillatorio macroscopica indotta da luce

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (Cu variant) entropy-stabilized oxides. Phase pure and chemically homogeneous (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.20, 0.27, 0.33) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.11, 0.27) ceramic pellets are synthesized and used in the deposition of ultra-high quality, phase pure, single crystalline thin films of the target stoichiometry. A detailed methodology for the deposition of smooth, chemically homogeneous, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-oriented MgO substrates is described. The phase and crystallinity of bulk and thin film materials are confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Composition and chemical homogeneity are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface topography of thin films is measured with scanning probe microscopy. The synthesis of high quality, single crystalline, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films enables the study of interface, size, strain, and disorder effects on the properties in this new class of highly disordered oxide materials.

The synthesis of high quality bulk and thin film (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O entropy-stabilized oxides is presented.

Massa e sintesi di Film sottile di ossidi compositivamente varianti entropia-stabilizzato

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and ...

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous studies on flowing liquid films have neglected the contributions of spatial structures of waves to the impact outcome, while this has recently been shown to have a significant influence on the drop impact dynamics. In this report, we outline a step-by-step procedure to investigate the effect of periodic inlet forcing of a flowing liquid film leading to the production of spatiotemporally regular wave structures on drop impact dynamics. A function generator in connection with a solenoid valve is used to excite these spatiotemporally regular wave structures on the film surface while the impact dynamics of uniform-sized droplets are captured using a high-speed camera. Three distinct regions are then studied; viz. the capillary wave region preceding the large wave peak, the flat film region, and the wave hump region. The effects of important dimensionless quantities such as film Reynolds, drop Weber and Ohnesorge numbers parameterized by the film flow rate, drop speed, and drop size are also examined. Our results show interesting, hitherto undiscovered dynamics brought about by this application of film inlet forcing of the flowing film for both low and high inertia drops.

A protocol to study the contributions of waves to droplet impact dynamics on flowing liquid films is presented.

Controllo del film di studiare i contributi delle onde a goccia impatto Dynamics su pellicole liquide sottile che scorre

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous ...

Thin Film Composite Silicon Elastomers for Cell Culture and Skin Applications: Manufacturing and Characterization

In this protocol, we present methods to fabricate thin elastomer composite films for advanced cell culture applications and for the development of skin adhesives. Two different poly-(dimethyl siloxanes) (PDMS and soft skin adhesive (SSA)), have been used for in depth investigation of biological effects and adhesive characteristics. The composite films consist of a flexible backing layer and an adhesive top coating. Both layers have been manufactured by doctor blade application technique. In the present investigation, the adhesive behavior of the composite films has been investigated as a function of the layer thickness or a variation of the Young&#39;s modulus of the top layer. The Young&#39;s modulus of PDMS has been changed by varying the base to crosslinker mixing ratio. In addition, the thickness of SSA films has been varied from approx. 16 &#181;m to approx. 320 &#181;m. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy have been used for thickness measurements. The adhesive properties of elastomer films depend strongly on the film thickness, the Young&#39;s modulus of the polymers and surface characteristics. Therefore, normal adhesion of these films on glass substrates exhibiting smooth and rough surfaces has been investigated. Pull-off stress and work of separation are dependent on the mixing ratio of silicone elastomers.
Additionally, the thickness of the soft skin adhesive placed on top of a supportive backing layer has been varied in order to produce patches for skin applications. Cytotoxicity, proliferation and cellular adhesion of L929 murine fibroblasts on PDMS films (mixing ratio 10:1) and SSA films (mixing ratio 50:50) have been conducted. We have shown here, for the first time, the side by side comparison of thin composite films manufactured of both polymers and present the investigation of their biological- and adhesive properties.

A protocol for the manufacturing process of polymeric thin film composite structures possessing either different Young&#39;s moduli or thicknesses is presented. Films are produced for advanced cell culture studies or as skin adhesives.

Thin Film composito silicone elastomeri per colture cellulari e applicazioni della pelle: produzione e caratterizzazione

In this protocol, we present methods to fabricate thin elastomer composite films for advanced cell culture applications and for the development of skin ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Smart viscoelastic materials that respond to specific stimuli are one of the most attractive classes of materials important to future technologies, such as on-demand switchable adhesion technologies, actuators, molecular clutches, and nano-/microscopic mass transporters. Recently it was found that through a special solid-liquid transition, rheological properties can exhibit significant changes, thus providing suitable smart viscoelastic materials. However, designing materials with such a property is complex, and forward and backward switching times are usually long. Therefore, it is important to explore new working mechanisms to realize solid-liquid transitions, shorten the switching time, and enhance the contrast of rheological properties during switching. Here, a light-induced crystal-liquid phase transition is observed, which is characterized by means of polarizing light microscopy (POM), photorheometry, photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The light-induced crystal-liquid phase transition presents key features such as (1) fast switching of crystal-liquid phases for both forward and backward reactions and (2) a high contrast ratio of viscoelasticity. In the characterization, POM is advantageous in offering information on the spatial distribution of LC molecule orientations, determining the type of liquid crystalline phases appearing in the material, and studying the orientation of LCs. Photorheometry allows measurement of a material&#8217;s rheological properties under light stimuli and can reveal the photorheological switching properties of materials. Photo-DSC is a technique to investigate thermodynamic information of materials in darkness and under light irradiation. Lastly, XRD allows studying of microscopic structures of materials. The goal of this article is to clearly present how to prepare and measure the discussed properties of a photorheological material.

This protocol demonstrates the preparation of a photorheological material that exhibits a solid phase, various liquid crystalline phases, and an isotropic liquid phase by increasing temperature. Presented here are methods for measuring the structure-viscoelasticity relationship of the material.

Commutazione fotorheologica ad alto contrasto e veloce di un cristallo liquido nematico Twist-Bend

Smart viscoelastic materials that respond to specific stimuli are one of the most attractive classes of materials important to future technologies, such ...