Gli autori ringraziano il Land Baden-Württemberg e l&#39;Unione-Europäischer Europäische Fonds für die Entwicklung regionale - per il finanziamento ZAFH PHOTON-n, il Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) per assegno di ricerca finanziamento n. 1792C08 così come il Baden-Württemberg-Stiftung GmbH per il finanziamento del progetto &quot;Aurami&quot;.

1. Semina ed incubazione di cellule <ol><li> Seme singole cellule, per es U373-MG o U-251-MG cellule di glioblastoma ad una densità tipica di 100 cellule / mm 2 su un vetrino e farle crescere per 4872 ore in terreno di coltura (per es RPMI 1640 integrato con 10% siero di vitello fetale e antibiotici) utilizzando un incubatore a 37 ° C e 5% di CO 2. </li><li> Incubare le cellule con un marcatore di membrana, per esempio 6-dodecanoile dimetilammino-2-naftalene (laurdan) applicata per 60 minuti ad una concentrazione di 8 mM (in mezzo di coltura) 4, o un marcatore citoplasma, ad esempio calceina acetomethlyester applicato per 40 min a concentrazione di 5 pM 3, o una membrana associata fotosensibilizzatore, ad esempio protoporfirina IX indotta upon 4 ore di incubazione con il suo precursore acido 5-aminolevulinico (5-ALA; 1 mM) 4,5. </li><li> Lavare le cellule con mezzo di coltura o tampone fosfato salino (PBS) prima di microscopia a fluorescenza. &lt;/ Li&gt; </ol> 2. VA-TIRFM <ol><li> Utilizzare un microscopio verticale, ad esempio Zeiss Axioplan, e sostituire il suo condensatore da un dispositivo di illuminazione, come descritto in rif. 3 con una emisferica o semicilindrica prisma di vetro accoppiato otticamente alla slitta oggetto (vedi Figura 1). </li><li> Utilizzano un fascio laser collimato parallelo che dopo l&#39;imaging dal prisma di vetro e altri componenti ottici (ad es specchio concavo) risultati anche in un fascio parallelo sulla superficie del campione (raggio pupilla telecentrico). Fare attenzione che il vettore campo elettrico è perpendicolare alla polarizzata piano di incidenza. </li><li> Utilizzare uno specchio orientabile situato all&#39;interno del condensatore che è ripreso nel piano campione e illumina il campione con un angolo di incidenza variabile (raggio oggetto). Lo specchio regolabile può essere azionato da un motore passo passo, dove ogni posizione corrisponde un angolo ben definito di incidenza, come determinato dalle misurazioni goniometriche 3 </sup&gt;. </li><li> Calibrare la posizione angolare dello specchio regolabile utilizzando l&#39;angolo critico Θ = 61,3 ° C per un bicchiere di acqua transizione come valore fisso. Θ c possono essere visualizzati al variare della Θ quando un colorante fluorescente (ad esempio, 1 mM flavina mononucleotide, FMN) è disciolto in acqua. La posizione dello specchio con Θ = Θ c è memorizzato nel programma di posizionamento specchio. </li><li> Impostare i parametri della telecamera (retro illuminato Andor Ixon EMCCD, DV887DC, ANDOR Tecnologia, Belfast, Regno Unito 6), tra cui la temperatura, il guadagno, il tempo di registrazione e la velocità di spostamento. </li><li> Utilizzare una lente obiettivo di ingrandimento adeguato e preferenzialmente moderata apertura numerica (per esempio 40 × / 0,75 o 63 × / 0,90 immersione in acqua) e localizzare la slitta oggetto nel microscopio. Usare olio di immersione per assicurarne il contatto con ottica del campione con il prisma di vetro. Registrare immagini di fluorescenza di campioni identici al variare dellaangolo di illuminazione (Θ ≥ Θ Θ c con c corrispondente a 64,5 ° per una cella di vetro interfaccia). Una gamma angolare di 66 ° -74 ° con passi di 0,5 ° o 1 ° è raccomandato. Utilizzare un adeguato passaggio lungo o filtro passa banda per il rilevamento di fluorescenza. </li></ol> 3. Analisi dei dati <ol><li> Leggere le immagini (ad esempio in formato ASCII) registrate a vari angoli Θ, nonché le impostazioni della fotocamera per discriminazione (sfondo), la lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione e gli indici di rifrazione del vetro (n 1 = 1,52) e cellule (n 2 = 1,37) nel programma di valutazione (LabView, nanocellula). Per ogni set di parametri della profondità di penetrazione d (Θ) e la trasmissione fattore T (Θ) sono calcolati automaticamente. </li><li> Selezionare le immagini utilizzate per la valutazione della cellula-substrato distanze Δ secondo l&#39;equazione 5 (marker di membrana) o equazione 4 (marcatore citoplasma), le immagini individuali con disomogeneailluminazione (e rivelatrice, g. strisce) possono essere esclusi. </li><li> Calcola le immagini di cellule-substrato topologia e selezionare un codice di colore appropriato per la visualizzazione. Durante profili di valutazione dei singoli pixel possono essere visualizzati, come illustrato nella Figura 2. Questi profili possono essere utilizzati come indicatore per la qualità della calzata. </li><li> Memorizzare il protocollo di valutazione. </li></ol> 4. Risultati rappresentativi Esperimenti rappresentativi sono eseguite con tecniche di ingegneria genetica cellule di glioblastoma U251-MG gentilmente fornite dal Prof. Jan Mollenhauer, Dipartimento di Oncologia Molecolare, University of South Denmark, Odense. In due subcloni di tali cellule U251 geni oncosoppressori TP53 o PTEN sono sovra-espressi utilizzando un Tet-On sistema inducibile di espressione, in modo tale che queste cellule presentano un potenziale oncogeno ridotta e può essere considerato meno maligna. Altamente maligni U251-MG cellule senza gene soppressore vengono utilizzati come controlli, e U251-Cellule di tipo MG selvatici in carica per un ulteriore confronto. Un diodo laser che emette una serie quasi continua di impulsi picosecondi (LDH400 con conducente PDL 800-B, Picoquant, Berlin, Germany, lunghezza d&#39;onda: 391 nm; impulso di energia: 12 pJ; tasso di ripetizione: 40 MHz) è utilizzato come una sorgente di eccitazione. Nella Figura 3 immagini TIRFM di U251-MG cellule di glioblastoma con un attivato TP53 gene soppressore del tumore e incubate con laurdan (8 uM, 60 min), sono raffigurati per gli angoli di incidenza di 66,0 °, 69,0 ° e 73,0 ° corrispondenti a profondità di penetrazione del campo elettromagnetico evanescente di circa 140 nm, 75 nm e 60 nm, rispettivamente. Con profondità decrescente fluorescenza penetrazione diminuisce di intensità (vedi tabelle) e proviene da altri siti superficiali delle cellule (ad esempio contatti focali sui bordi). Cell-substrato distanze (visualizzato in 3d figura da un codice colore che va 0-600 nm) fortemente variare nel corso del le celle comprese tra illy pochi nanometri (bianco-giallo) e 250-300 nm (rosso scuro), vale a dire i contatti focali e grandi cellule substrato distanze sono nelle immediate vicinanze. Lo stesso vale per U251-MG cellule di glioblastoma con un gene PTEN attivato soppressore (Figura 4d), ​​mentre la cellula-substrato distanze sono piuttosto costanti per U251-MG di controllo e cellule wild type con i valori tipici di 80-100 nm (giallo; Figura 4b ) e 150-200 nm (rosso-arancio; la figura 4a). <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4133/4133fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Dispositivo di illuminazione per VA-TIRFM in un microscopio verticale. Uno specchio orientabile comandata da un motore passo permette una risoluzione angolare di ± 0,25 °. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/4133/4133fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Profilo di valutazione per un pixel (schematica). Quando ln [I F / T (Θ)] viene tracciata in funzione di 1 / d (Θ), rappresenta la pendenza della cellula-substrato distanza Δ. Tale pendenza è comunemente determinata con una precisione di circa ± 10%. Un valore - derivante dalla illuminazione disomogenea - è stata segnata ed esclusi dalla valutazione. <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4133/4133fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3 immagini TIRFM di U251-MG cellule di glioblastoma con attivata TP53 gene soppressore su incubazione con laurdan (8 uM, 60 min). Registrato a vari angoli di illuminazione (ac); cellula-substrato distanze nell&#39;intervallo 0-600 nm mostrato da un codice colore (d); lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione: 391 nm, la rilevazione: ≥ 420 nm, dimensioni immagine: 210 micron. × 210 micron <a href="http://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/4133/4133fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per ingrandire la figura</a> . Figura 4 Cell-substrato distanze U251-MG cellule glioblatoma nell&#39;intervallo 0-600 nm indicati da un codice colore,. (A) di tipo selvatico (b) i controlli, (c) cellule con attivata gene soppressore TP53, (d) cellule con attivato PTEN gene soppressore; lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione: 391 nm, la rilevazione: ≥ 420 nm, dimensioni immagine: 210 micron. × 210 micron <a href="http://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/4133/4133fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per ingrandire la figura</a> .

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Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Un metodo è descritto per cella di misura-substrato distanze con precisione nanometrica. Attualmente, i metodi di super-risoluzione microscopia, ad esempio sulla base di illuminazione strutturata 7 o 8-10 singoli rilevazione molecola nonché deplezione emissione stimolata (STED) microscopia 11 sono di notevole interesse. Nessuna di queste tecniche, tuttavia, consente una risoluzione assiale inferiore a 50 nm. Inoltre, irradianza piuttosto elevato di 50.100 W / cm 2 ?...

Quando un fascio di luce che si propaga attraverso un mezzo di indice di rifrazione n 1 incontra un&#39;interfaccia ad un secondo mezzo di rifrazione n 2 &lt;n 1, riflessione interna totale avviene a tutti gli angoli di incidenza Θ, che sono maggiore dell&#39;angolo critico Θ = c arcsin (n 2 / n 1). Nonostante sia totalmente riflesso del fascio di luce incidente evoca un campo evanescente elettromagnetico che penetra nel secondo mezzo e decade esponenzialmente con la distanza z perpendicolare dall&#39;interfaccia secondo I (z) = I 0 ez / d (Θ). I (z) corrisponde all&#39;intensità del campo elettromagnetico e d (Θ) alla profondità di penetrazione alla lunghezza d&#39;onda λ, come indicato da d (Θ) = (λ/4π) (n 1 2 sin 2 Θ - n 2 2) -1 / 2 Come riportato in letteratura 1,2, I 0 </sub&gt; corrisponde all&#39;intensità della luce incidente I e moltiplicato per il coefficiente di trasmissione T (Θ) e il rapporto n 2 / n 1. Se il vettore di campo elettrico di questo fascio di luce polarizzata è perpendicolare al piano di incidenza (cioè il piano attraversato dal incidente e il raggio riflesso), questo fattore di trasmissione è data dalla T (Θ) = 4 cos 2 Θ / [1 - (2 n / NL 1) 2] Per l&#39;intensità di fluorescenza rilevata in misurazioni TIRFM, assorbimento di luce deve essere integrati su tutti gli strati del campione e moltiplicato per il rendimento η quantica di fluorescenza del colorante rilevante e con l&#39;angolo solido di rilevamento Ω. Come riportato in precedenza 3, questa intensità può essere descritto da I F (Θ) = AT (Θ) OC (z) e-z / d (Θ) dz se tutti i fattori che sono indipendenti f<html> rom l&#39;angolo di incidenza e Θ coordinata z sono inclusi nella equazione sperimentale A. costante 3 può essere risolto analiticamente, se la concentrazione c (z) di fluorofori è considerato essere quasi costante - O affatto coordinate z ≥ Δ, ad esempio all&#39;interno del citoplasma delle cellule aventi una distanza Δ dall&#39;interfaccia. In questo caso, l&#39;integrale deve essere calcolata da z = Δ per z = ∞ conseguente I F = A c T (Θ) d (Θ) e-Δ / d (Θ) - O tra z = Δ - t / 2 e z = + Δ t / 2, ossia in un sottile strato di spessore t, ad esempio una membrana cellulare a una distanza Δ dall&#39;interfaccia. In questo caso, l&#39;intensità di fluorescenza può essere calcolato come I F = A c T (Θ) te-Δ / d (Θ), se t è piccolo in confronto con Δ. ent &quot;&gt; dalle equazioni (4) e (5) cellula-substrato distanze Δ può essere calcolato, se le immagini di fluorescenza I F sono registrati per angoli variabili Θ, e se ln (I F / T d) (Eq. 4) o ln (I F / T) (Eq. 5) viene valutato come una funzione di 1 / d per questi angoli. Per la membrana marcatore laurdan impiegate in questo documento (vedi sotto), la valutazione è stata eseguita secondo l&#39;Eq. 5. Come riportato in precedenza 3, l&#39;acquisizione delle immagini e la valutazione richiede - Distribuzione omogenea della luce di eccitazione sul campione, - Validità di un 2-strato del modello (con gli indici di rifrazione n 1 e n 2 per il substrato e il citoplasma, rispettivamente). Ciò vale, se la membrana plasmatica è molto sottile, e se il livello del mezzo extracellulare (tra la cella e il substrato) è piccolo rispetto alla lunghezza d&#39;onda della luce incidente. Inoltre, un&#39;apertura numerica moderata(Tipicamente A ≤ 0,90) della lente di obiettivo microscopio è vantaggioso per evitare deviazioni di luminosità dovuta alla anisotropia della radiazione nel campo vicino dell&#39;interfaccia dielettrico.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Tipo </td><td> Commenti </td></tr><tr><td> Incubatrice </td><td> Nunc </td><td> Nunc Cellstar QM1300SVBA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> A flusso laminare </td><td> Holten sicuro </td><td> S2010 1.2 IT GG 1LN </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM + 10% FCS + 1% di penicillina / streptomicina </td><td> Biochrom </td><td></td><td> Coltivazione media </td></tr><tr><td> Vetro oggetto diapositive </td><td> Marienfeld </td><td> Pure vetro bianco </td><td> Pulizia Procedura speciale utilizzato </td></tr><tr><td> 6-dodecanoile dimetilammino-2-naftalene (laurdan) </td><td> Molecular Probes </td><td></td><td> Marcatore fluorescente (soluzione stock: 2 mM in etanolo) </td></tr><tr><td> Microscopio </td><td> Carl Zeiss </td><td> Axioplan 1 </td&gt; <td></td></tr><tr><td> Diodo laser </td><td> PicoQuant </td><td> LDH 400 con autista PDL 800-B </td><td> Lunghezza d&#39;onda: 391 nm </td></tr><tr><td> Singola modalità del sistema di fibra </td><td> Punto di Origine </td><td> kineFlex </td><td> Usato con ottiche collimanti </td></tr><tr><td> EMCCD fotocamera </td><td> Andor </td><td> DV887DC </td><td> Fotocamera posteriore illuminato </td></tr></tbody></table>

nanotopology of cell adhesion upon variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (va-tirfm)

Topologia superficiale, ad esempio di cellule che crescono su un substrato, è determinata con precisione nanometrica Variable-Angle Microscopy Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (VA-TIRFM). Cellule sono coltivate su vetrini trasparenti ed incubate con un marcatore fluorescente omogeneamente distribuiti nella loro membrana plasmatica. L&#39;illuminazione avviene mediante un raggio laser parallelo sotto angoli variabili di riflessione interna totale (TIR) ​​con differenti profondità di penetrazione del campo elettromagnetico evanescente. Registrazione di immagini di fluorescenza upon irradiazione a circa 10 diverse angolazioni permette di calcolare cellula-substrato distanze con una precisione di pochi nanometri. Differenze di adesione tra varie linee cellulari, cellule tumorali e cellule es meno maligne, sono così determinato. Inoltre, eventuali modifiche di adesione cellulare su di trattamento chimico o fotodinamica può essere esaminato. In confronto con altri metodi di super-risoluzione microscopia luce di esposizione rimanedanni molto piccola, e non di cellule viventi ci si aspetta.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanotopology of Cell Adhesion upon Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy VA-TIRFM at JoVE.com

Nanotopology of Cell Adhesion upon Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy VA-TIRFM

Topologia di adesione cellulare su un substrato viene misurata con precisione nanometrica variabile-angolo microscopia a fluorescenza di riflessione interna totale (VA-TIRFM).

Nanotopology dell&#39;adesione cellulare su angolo di inclinazione variabile Microscopia Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (VA-TIRFM)

Surface topology, e.g. of cells growing on a substrate, is determined with nanometer precision by Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence ...

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Nanotopology of Cell Adhesion upon Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (VA-TIRFM)

10.1K Views.  Institut für Angewandte Forschung. Topologia di adesione cellulare su un substrato viene misurata con precisione nanometrica variabile-angolo microscopia a fluorescenza di riflessione interna totale (VA-TIRFM).

Video: Nanotopology of Cell Adhesion upon Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy VA-TIRFM

Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

Atomic force spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study molecules at surfaces and interfaces. An experimental protocol to couple a large variety of single molecules covalently onto an AFM tip is presented. At the same time the AFM tip is passivated to prevent unspecific interactions between the tip and the substrate, which is a prerequisite to study single molecules attached to the AFM tip. Analyses to determine the adhesion force, the adhesion length, and the free energy of these molecules on solid surfaces and bio-interfaces are shortly presented and external references for further reading are provided. Example molecules are the poly(amino acid) polytyrosine, the graft polymer PI-g-PS and the phospholipid POPE (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine). These molecules are desorbed from different surfaces like CH3-SAMs, hydrogen terminated diamond and supported lipid bilayers under various solvent conditions. Finally, the advantages of force spectroscopic single molecule experiments are discussed including means to decide if truly a single molecule has been studied in the experiment.

A protocol to couple a large variety of single molecules covalently onto an AFM tip is presented. Procedures and examples to determine the adhesion force and free energy of these molecules on solid supports and bio-interfaces are provided.

Indagare singola molecola di adesione da Atomic Spectroscopy Forza

Atomic force spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study molecules at surfaces and interfaces. An experimental protocol to couple a large variety of single ...

Ricerca

Ingegneria

Visualization of Cortex Organization and Dynamics in Microorganisms, using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

TIRF microscopy has emerged as a powerful imaging technology to study spatio-temporal dynamics of fluorescent molecules in vitro and in living cells1. The optical phenomenon of total internal reflection occurs when light passes from a medium with high refractive index into a medium with low refractive index at an angle larger than a characteristic critical angle (i.e. closer to being parallel with the boundary). Although all light is reflected back under such conditions, an evanescent wave is created that propagates across and along the boundary, which decays exponentially with distance, and only penetrates sample areas that are 100-200 nm near the interface2. In addition to providing superior axial resolution, the reduced excitation of out of focus fluorophores creates a very high signal to noise ratios and minimizes damaging effects of photobleaching2,3. Being a widefield technique, TIRF also allows faster image acquisition than most scanning based confocal setups.
At first glance, the low penetration depth of TIRF seems to be incompatible with imaging of bacterial and fungal cells, which are often surrounded by thick cell walls. On the contrary, we have found that the cell walls of yeast and bacterial cells actually improve the usability of TIRF and increase the range of observable structures4-8. Many cellular processes can therefore be directly accessed by TIRF in small, single-cell microorganisms, which often offer powerful genetic manipulation techniques. This allows us to perform in vivo biochemistry experiments, where kinetics of protein interactions and activities can be directly assessed in living cells.
We describe here the individual steps required to obtain high quality TIRF images for Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Bacillus subtilis cells. We point out various problems that can affect TIRF visualization of fluorescent probes in cells and illustrate the procedure with several application examples. Finally, we demonstrate how TIRF images can be further improved using established image restoration techniques.

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a powerful approach to observe structures close to the cell surface at high contrast and temporal resolution. We demonstrate how TIRF can be employed to study protein dynamics at the cortex of cell wall-enclosed bacterial and fungal cells.

Visualizzazione di Cortex Organizzazione e Dynamics in microrganismi, utilizzando Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

TIRF microscopy has emerged as  a powerful imaging technology to study spatio-temporal dynamics of fluorescent molecules  in vitro and in living cells1. ...

Bioingegneria

Simultaneous Interference Reflection and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy for Imaging Dynamic Microtubules and Associated Proteins

Several techniques have been employed for the direct visualization of cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins. Total-internal-reflection-fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy has a high signal-to-background ratio, but it suffers from photobleaching and photodamage of the fluorescent proteins. Label-free techniques such as interference reflection microscopy (IRM) and interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT) circumvent the problem of photobleaching but cannot readily visualize single molecules. This paper presents a protocol for combining IRM with a commercial TIRF microscope for the simultaneous imaging of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and dynamic microtubules in vitro. This protocol allows for high-speed observation of MAPs interacting with dynamic microtubules. This improves on existing two-color TIRF setups by eliminating both the need for microtubule labeling and the need for several additional optical components, such as a second excitation laser. Both channels are imaged on the same camera chip to avoid image registration and frame synchronization problems. This setup is demonstrated by visualizing single kinesin molecules walking on dynamic microtubules.

We present a protocol for implementing interference-reflection microscopy and total-internal-reflection-fluorescence microscopy for the simultaneous imaging of dynamic microtubules and fluorescently labeled microtubule-associated proteins.

Microscopia a fluorescenza a riflessione interna simultanea e riflessione interna totale per l'imaging di microtubuli dinamici e proteine associate

Several techniques have been employed for the direct visualization of cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins. ...

Biochimica

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy

Traditionally, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons have been studied as separate entities, restricted to specific cellular regions or processes, and regulated by different suites of binding proteins unique for each polymer. Many studies now demonstrate that the dynamics of both cytoskeletal polymers are intertwined and that this crosstalk is required for most cellular behaviors. A number of proteins involved in actin-microtubule interactions have already been identified (i.e., Tau, MACF, GAS, formins, and more) and are well characterized with regard to either actin or microtubules alone. However, relatively few studies showed assays of actin-microtubule coordination with dynamic versions of both polymers. This may occlude emergent linking mechanisms between actin and microtubules. Here, a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based in vitro reconstitution technique permits the visualization of both actin and microtubule dynamics from the one biochemical reaction. This technique preserves the polymerization dynamics of either actin filament or microtubules individually or in the presence of the other polymer. Commercially available Tau protein is used to demonstrate how actin-microtubule behaviors change in the presence of a classic cytoskeletal crosslinking protein. This method can provide reliable functional and mechanistic insights into how individual regulatory proteins coordinate actin-microtubule dynamics at a resolution of single filaments or higher-order complexes.

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence TIRF Microscopy

This protocol is a guide for visualizing dynamic actin and microtubules using an in vitro total internal fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy assay.

Visualizzazione delle dinamiche di accoppiamento di actina e microtubuli in vitro mediante microscopia a fluorescenza a riflessione interna totale (TIRF)

Traditionally, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons have been studied as separate entities, restricted to specific cellular regions or processes, and ...

Visualizing Adhesion Formation in Cells by Means of Advanced Spinning Disk-Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

In living cells, processes such as adhesion formation involve extensive structural changes in the plasma membrane and the cell interior. In order to visualize these highly dynamic events, two complementary light microscopy techniques that allow fast imaging of live samples were combined: spinning disk microscopy (SD) for fast and high-resolution volume recording and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy for precise localization and visualization of the plasma membrane. A comprehensive and complete imaging protocol will be shown for guiding through sample preparation, microscope calibration, image formation and acquisition, resulting in multi-color SD-TIRF live imaging series with high spatio-temporal resolution. All necessary image post-processing steps to generate multi-dimensional live imaging datasets, i.e. registration and combination of the individual channels, are provided in a self-written macro for the open source software ImageJ. The imaging of fluorescent proteins during initiation and maturation of adhesion complexes, as well as the formation of the actin cytoskeletal network, was used as a proof of principle for this novel approach. The combination of high resolution 3D microscopy and TIRF provided a detailed description of these complex processes within the cellular environment and, at the same time, precise localization of the membrane-associated molecules detected with a high signal-to-background ratio.

An advanced microscope that permit fast and high-resolution imaging of both, the isolated plasma membrane and the surrounding intracellular volume, will be presented. The integration of spinning disk and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in one setup allows live imaging experiments at high acquisition rates up to 3.5 s per image stack.

Visualizzazione di formazione di aderenze in cellule per mezzo di avanzati filatura microscopia di fluorescenza di riflessione interna totale disco

In living cells, processes such as adhesion formation involve extensive structural changes in the plasma membrane and the cell interior. In order to ...

Control of Cell Adhesion using Hydrogel Patterning Techniques for Applications in Traction Force Microscopy

Traction force microscopy (TFM) is the main method used in mechanobiology to measure cell forces. Commonly this is being used for cells adhering to flat soft substrates that deform under cell traction (2D-TFM). TFM relies on the use of linear elastic materials, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or polyacrylamide (PA). For 2D-TFM on PA, the difficulty in achieving high throughput results mainly from the large variability of cell shapes and tractions, calling for standardization. We present a protocol to rapidly and efficiently fabricate micropatterned PA hydrogels for 2D-TFM studies. The micropatterns are first created by maskless photolithography using near-UV light where extracellular matrix proteins bind only to the micropatterned regions, while the rest of the surface remains non-adhesive for cells. The micropatterning of extracellular matrix proteins is due to the presence of active aldehyde groups, resulting in adhesive regions of different shapes to accommodate either single cells or groups of cells. For TFM measurements, we use PA hydrogels of different elasticity by varying the amounts of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide and tracking the displacement of embedded fluorescent beads to reconstruct cell traction fields with regularized Fourier Transform Traction Cytometry (FTTC).
To further achieve precise recording of cell forces, we describe the use of a controlled dose of patterned light to release cell tractions in defined regions for single cells or groups of cells. We call this method local UV illumination traction force microscopy (LUVI-TFM). With enzymatic treatment, all cells are detached from the sample simultaneously, whereas with LUVI-TFM traction forces of cells in different regions of the sample can be recorded in sequence. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol (i) to study cell traction forces as a function of controlled adhesion to the substrate, and (ii) to achieve a greater number of experimental observations from the same sample.

Near-UV lithography and traction force microscopy are combined to measure cellular forces on micropatterned hydrogels. The targeted light-induced release of single cells enables a high number of measurements on the same sample.

Controllo dell'adesione cellulare mediante tecniche di modellazione dell'idrogel per applicazioni nella microscopia a forza di trazione

Traction force microscopy (TFM) is the main method used in mechanobiology to measure cell forces. Commonly this is being used for cells adhering to flat ...

Oligomerization Dynamics of Cell Surface Receptors in Living Cells by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Combined with Number and Brightness Analysis

Despite the importance and ubiquity of receptor oligomerization, few methods are applicable for detecting clustering events and measuring the degree of clustering. Here, we describe an imaging approach to determine the average oligomeric state of mEGFP-tagged-receptor homocomplexes in the membrane of living cells. The protocol is based on Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy combined with Number and Brightness (N&#38;B) analysis. N&#38;B is a method similar to fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and photon counting histogram (PCH), which are based on the statistical analysis of the fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity of fluorophores diffusing in and out of an illumination volume during an observation time. In particular, N&#38;B is a simplification of PCH to obtain information on the average number of proteins in oligomeric mixtures. The intensity fluctuation amplitudes are described by the molecular brightness of the fluorophore and the average number of fluorophores within the illumination volume. Thus, N&#38;B considers only the first and second moments of the amplitude distribution, namely, the mean intensity and the variance. This is, at the same time, the strength and the weakness of the method. Because only two moments are considered, N&#38;B cannot determine the molar fraction of unknown oligomers in a mixture, but it only estimates the average oligomerization state of the mixture. Nevertheless, it can be applied to relatively small time series (compared to other moment methods) of images of live cells on a pixel-by-pixel basis, simply by monitoring the time fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity. It reduces the effective time-per-pixel to a few microseconds, allowing acquisition in the time range of seconds to milliseconds, which is necessary for fast oligomerization kinetics. Finally, large cell areas as well as sub-cellular compartments can be explored.

We describe an imaging approach for the determination of the average oligomeric state of mEGFP-tagged-receptor oligomers induced by ligand binding in the plasma membrane of living cells. The protocol is based on Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy combined with Number and Brightness (N&#38;B) analysis.

Dinamica di oligomerizzazione dei recettori delle superfici cellulari nelle cellule viventi mediante microscopia a fluorescenza totale di riflessione interna combinata con l'analisi del numero e della luminosità

Despite the importance and ubiquity of receptor oligomerization, few methods are applicable for detecting clustering events and measuring the degree of ...

Biologia

Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay

Rolling adhesion, facilitated by selectin-mediated interactions, is a highly dynamic, passive motility in recruiting leukocytes to the site of inflammation. This phenomenon occurs in postcapillary venules, where blood flow pushes leukocytes in a rolling motion on the endothelial cells. Stable rolling requires a delicate balance between adhesion bond formation and their mechanically-driven dissociation, allowing the cell to remain attached to the surface while rolling in the direction of flow. Unlike other adhesion processes occurring in relatively static environments, rolling adhesion is highly dynamic as the rolling cells travel over thousands of microns at tens of microns per second. Consequently, conventional mechanobiology methods such as traction force microscopy are unsuitable for measuring the individual adhesion events and the associated molecular forces due to the short timescale and high sensitivity required. Here, we describe our latest implementation of the adhesion footprint assay to image the P-selectin: PSGL-1 interactions in rolling adhesion at the molecular level. This method utilizes irreversible DNA-based tension gauge tethers to produce a permanent history of molecular adhesion events in the form of fluorescence tracks. These tracks can be imaged in two ways: (1) stitching together thousands of diffraction-limited images to produce a large field of view, enabling the extraction of adhesion footprint of each rolling cell over thousands of microns in length, (2) performing DNA-PAINT to reconstruct super-resolution images of the fluorescence tracks within a small field of view. In this study, the adhesion footprint assay was used to study HL-60 cells rolling at different shear stresses. In doing so, we were able to image the spatial distribution of the P-selectin: PSGL-1 interaction and gain insight into their molecular forces through fluorescence intensity. Thus, this method provides the groundwork for the quantitative investigation of the various cell-surface interactions involved in rolling adhesion at the molecular level.

This protocol presents the experimental procedures to perform the adhesion footprint assay to image the adhesion events during fast cell rolling adhesion.

Imaging dell'adesione molecolare nel laminaggio cellulare mediante analisi dell'impronta di adesione

Rolling adhesion, facilitated by selectin-mediated interactions, is a highly dynamic, passive motility in recruiting leukocytes to the site of ...

Tension Gauge Tether Probes for Quantifying Growth Factor Mediated Integrin Mechanics and Adhesion

Multicellular organisms rely on interactions between membrane receptors and cognate ligands in the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) to orchestrate multiple functions, including adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Mechanical forces can be transmitted from the cell via the adhesion receptor integrin to ligands in the ECM. The amount and spatial organization of these cell-generated forces can be modulated by growth factor receptors, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The tools currently available to quantify crosstalk-mediated changes in cell mechanics and relate them to&#160;focal adhesions, cellular morphology, and signaling are limited. DNA-based molecular force sensors known as tension gauge tethers (TGTs) have been employed to quantify these changes. TGT probes are unique in their ability to both modulate the underlying force threshold and report piconewton scale receptor forces across the entire adherent cell surface at diffraction-limited spatial resolution. The TGT probes used here rely on the irreversible dissociation of a DNA duplex by receptor-ligand forces that generate a fluorescent signal. This allows quantification of the cumulative integrin tension (force history) of the cell. This article describes a protocol employing TGTs to study the impact of EGFR on integrin mechanics and adhesion formation. The assembly of&#160;the TGT mechanical sensing platform is systematically detailed and the procedure to image forces, focal adhesions, and cell spreading is outlined. Overall, the ability to modulate the underlying force threshold of the probe, the adhesion ligand, and the type and concentration of growth factor employed for stimulation make this a robust platform for studying the interplay of diverse membrane receptors in regulating integrin-mediated forces.

TGT surface is an innovative platform to study growth factor-integrin crosstalk. The flexible probe design, specificity of the adhesion ligand, and precise modulation of stimulation conditions allow robust quantitative assessments of EGFR-integrin interplay. The results highlight EGFR as a 'mechano-organizer' tuning integrin mechanics, influencing focal adhesion assembly and cell spreading.

Sonde tether per tensiometri per quantificare la meccanica e l'adesione dell'integrina mediata dal fattore di crescita

Multicellular organisms rely on interactions between membrane receptors and cognate ligands in the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) to orchestrate ...

TIRF Microscopy to Visualize Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics

Source: Henty-Ridilla, J.L., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/64074">Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video describes TIRF, a total internal reflection microscopy-based technique to visualize actin and microtubule polymerization dynamics. The method allows the high-resolution imaging of actin and microtubule coupling dynamics in real-time, which is essential for understanding cellular crosstalks.

Microscopia TIRF per visualizzare la dinamica dell'accoppiamento di actina e microtubuli

Source: Henty-Ridilla, J.L., Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy. J. ...

Nanotopology dell'adesione cellulare su angolo di inclinazione variabile Microscopia Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (VA-TIRFM)

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