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1. Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake
NOTE: This protocol is for parallel assessment of two brains, but it&#160;can&#160;also successfully be used to perform synaptosomal dopamine (DA) uptake experiments with four brains in parallel.
<ol>
	<li>Preparations
	<ol>
		<li>Label 48 1.5 mL micro-centrifuge tubes per&#160;Table 1&#160;(24 for each brain). Use different colors for the tubes belonging to each brain to prevent confusion between samples.</li>
		<li>Label 51 scintillation tubes #1-51.</li>
		<li>Place phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice. This will be used to keep brains chilled.</li>
		<li>Turn on the centrifuge to allow it to pre-cool to 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Pre-weigh two micro-centrifuge tubes to get the exact tissue weight during the synaptosomal preparation (section 2.6).</li>
		<li>Prepare homogenization buffer by mixing 4 mM HEPES and 0.32 M sucrose. Adjust the pH to 7.4 and keep on ice. 
		NOTE: Homogenization buffer can be kept in aliquots at -20 &#176;C and thawed on the day of the experiment.</li>
		<li>Prepare uptake buffer by combining the following: 25 mM HEPES, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM ascorbic acid (0.194 g/L), 5 mM D-glucose (0.991 g/L). Adjust pH to 7.4 with NaOH (leads to a sodium concentration of approximately 130 mM) and keep on ice. 
		NOTE: For 2 brains, prepare 1500 mL uptake buffer. Prepare uptake buffer as a 10x stock solution without ascorbic acid and glucose kept at 4 &#176;C. Make 1x working solution freshly on the day, supplementing with ascorbic acid and glucose. Adjust pH with NaOH to 7.4.</li>
		<li>Prepare uptake buffer + ligand by combining the following: 25 mM HEPES, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM ascorbic acid (0.194 g/L), 5 mM D-glucose (0.991 g/L), 1 &#956;M pargyline, 100 nM desipramine, 10 nM Catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibitor. Adjust to pH 7.4 with NaOH and keep on ice. 
		NOTE: Use 50 mL uptake buffer and add ligand. Pargyline is added to help prevent degradation of DA by oxidation through monoamine oxidase (MAO). COMT inhibitor (RO-41-0960) is added to prevent degradation of DA (catecholamines in general) through COMT. Desipramine is added to inhibit uptake through the norepinephrine and serotonin transporters, and thereby make the uptake results specific for dopamine transporter (DAT).</li>
		<li>Prepare uptake buffer + ligand + cocaine (coc) by combining the following: 25 mM HEPES, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM ascorbic acid (0.194 g/L), 5 mM D-glucose (0.991 g/L), 1 &#956;M pargyline, 100 nM desipramine, 10 nM COMT inhibitor, 500 &#956;M cocaine. Adjust pH to 7.4 with NaOH and keep on ice. 
		NOTE: Use 7 mL uptake buffer + ligand and add cocaine. Cocaine is added to obtain a background measurement of non-specific DA uptake to subtract from the data, leaving only the DAT-specific uptake (since SERT and NET are inhibited by desipramine, as described above). Alternatively, a highly potent and specific DAT inhibitor GBR-12935, can be used instead. 
		Important: Keep everything on ice from now on.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Synaptosomal preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Sacrifice one mouse at a time by cervical dislocation and decapitation.</li>
		<li>Cut the skin using scissors to reveal the skull and cut off any excess tissue posterior of the skull left from decapitation. Cut the skull with small straight scissors along the&#160;sutura sagittalis,&#160;ending up as anteriorly as possible.</li>
		<li>Place the two scissor tips in each eye of the mouse and cut through the skull to remove the remainder of the skull and the intact brain. Rapidly remove the brain and place it in ice-cold PBS. This will keep it cold while the second brain is dissected.</li>
		<li>Using a brain matrix, dissect a 3 mm coronal slice of the striatum (anterior-posterior: +1.5 mm to -1.5 mm), followed by finer dissection with a puncher. See&#160;Figure 1&#160;for punch area.</li>
		<li>Keep the tissue on ice at all times moving forward.</li>
		<li>Transfer the tissue to a 1.5 mL micro-centrifuge tube for weighing. 
		NOTE: This weight will be used in step 1.2.14.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps 1.2.1-1.2.6 for the second brain.</li>
		<li>Once the weight has been obtained for both brains, transfer the tissue to a homogenization glass containing 1 mL of ice-cold homogenization buffer.</li>
		<li>Homogenize the tissue using a motor driven pestle at 800 rpm, 10 even strokes. 
		NOTE: One stroke equals one up and down action. The first stroke should be about 5 s, the following 3-4 s. Homogenization in isotonic medium is important to prevent bursting of the synaptosomes. Using appropriate force and isotonic medium will allow the presynaptic terminals to reseal enclosing cytoplasm, synaptic vesicles, mitochondria and cytoskeleton.</li>
		<li>Transfer the homogenate to a 1.5 mL micro-centrifuge tube and collect the remaining homogenate from the homogenization glass by rinsing it with 0.5 mL additional homogenization buffer.</li>
		<li>Keep the sample on ice while tissue from the other brain is homogenized. Run the two brains in parallel in steps 1.2.12-1.2.13.</li>
		<li>Pellet the nuclei and cell debris by centrifugation (1,000 x g, 10 min, 4&#176;C).</li>
		<li>Transfer the supernatant (S1) (containing cell membranes and cytoplasm) to new 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes and centrifuge at 16,000 x g for 20 min at 4&#176;C.</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatant (containing cytoplasm) and resuspend the pellet (P2) (containing crude synaptosomes) in 40 &#956;L homogenization buffer/ mg tissue (based on the weight obtained in step 1.2.6). Gently resuspend the crude synaptosomal fraction with a p1000 pipette, as too much force will break the synaptosomes. 
		NOTE: It is important to end up with at least 280 &#956;L. If not, diluting with more than 40 &#956;L per mg will be necessary. Steps 1.2.1-1.2.13 must be performed as fast as possible, and everything has to be kept on ice. As soon as the crude synaptosomes have been resuspended in homogenization buffer they are fairly stable as long as they are kept on ice.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Uptake Experiment
<ol>
	<li>Add 440 &#956;L uptake buffer + ligand + cocaine to the designated 12 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes and 440 &#956;L uptake buffer + ligand to the 36 remaining 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes (see&#160;Table 1&#160;for the layout). 
	NOTE: Remove them from ice 15 min before the start of the experiment to bring them to room temperature but keep on ice until then to conserve inhibitors.</li>
	<li>Prepare saturation curve (dopamine (2, 5, 6-[3H]-DA) (3-H dopamine) (91.1 Ci/mmol) at various final concentrations (0.031, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 &#956;M)).
	<ol>
		<li>Label six 2 mL microcentrifuge tubes as 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.62, and 0.31.</li>
		<li>Add 750 &#956;L uptake buffer + ligand to the 5 microcentrifuge tubes with the lowest number.</li>
		<li>Add 1,455.4 &#956;L uptake buffer + ligand, 14.6 &#956;L dopamine (1 mM), 30 &#956;l 3-H dopamine (11 &#956;M) to the tube labelled 10.</li>
		<li>Transfer 750 &#956;L from the tube labeled 10 to the tube labeled 5. Mix well and transfer 750 &#956;L from this tube to the 2.5 tube. Repeat this dilution with the remaining tubes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Pre-rinse the glass microfiber filters with 4 mL uptake buffer after placing them on a 12 well filter bucket.</li>
	<li>Add 10 &#956;L of the synaptosomal membrane suspension to the first 24 1.5 mL micro-centrifuge tubes (see&#160;Table 1&#160;for the layout) containing 440 &#956;L buffer. Vortex carefully and spin down shortly to ensure that the synaptosomes are submerged in the buffer. Leave at 37&#160;oC for 10 min. 
	NOTE: It is important to be exact on the times during the uptake experiment for fair comparison between brains. Use a stopwatch for precision.</li>
	<li>Add 50 &#956;L of dopamine at concentrations 10 and 5 &#956;M (section 2.2) to the first two columns and leave at 37&#160;oC for 5 min with shaking. After exactly 5 min, stop the reaction by adding 1 mL ice-cold uptake buffer. Do the same with concentrations 2.5 and 1.25 &#956;M (section 2.2) and then with concentrations 0.62 and 0.31 &#956;M.</li>
	<li>Add the samples to the pre-rinsed microfiber filters and wash with 5 x 4 mL ice-cold uptake buffer. When the first 12 samples have been added to the filters, move the filters to scintillation tubes. Repeat this with the next 12 samples.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2.4-2.6 for the next brain.</li>
	<li>Prepare 3 max-counting tubes by placing a microfiber filter in the bottom of scintillation tubes 49-51 and adding 25 &#181;L of the maximum dopamine concentration on top (10 &#956;M).</li>
	<li>Leave all 51 scintillation tubes in a fume hood for 1 h.</li>
	<li>Add 3 mL scintillation fluid to each scintillation tube and shake vigorous on a shaker for 1 h.</li>
	<li>Count [3H]-DA in a beta-counter for 1 min.
	<ol>
		<li>Open the program and choose: Label: H-3, Plate/Filter: 4 mL vial, 4 by 6, Assay type: Normal and Counting time: 1 min. 
		NOTE: This step can be performed the following day if more convenient. Leave samples covered with tin foil overnight.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Protein determination
	<ol>
		<li>Use a standard BCA Protein Assay kit to determine protein concentrations of the synaptosomes for adjustments from counts per min (cpm) to fmol/min/&#956;g and for proper comparison of uptake between samples.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Data Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Use the data from the uptake experiment to make a saturation curve for each group and calculate the rate of the reaction (Vmax) and the Michaelis Menten constant (KM). 
	NOTE: The KM&#160;value reflects the substrate concentration required to reach half of Vmax. Accordingly, Vmax&#160;directly reflects the function of DAT (maximum uptake capacity), which depends on the number of DAT on the surface and on how its activity might be modulated by posttranslational modifications and/or interacting proteins as well as on alterations in ion gradients. The KM&#160;value is an indirect measure of substrate affinity for the transporter that, importantly also can be modulated by posttranslational modifications and/or interacting proteins. To fully assess functional changes, it is therefore important to directly determine surface expression levels by, for instance, a surface biotinylation assay.</li>
</ol>
Table 1: Microcentrifuge tube layout for synaptosomal preparation.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>2.5</td>
			<td>1.25</td>
			<td>0.62</td>
			<td>0.31</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>2.5</td>
			<td>1.25</td>
			<td>0.62</td>
			<td>0.31</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>2.5</td>
			<td>1.25</td>
			<td>0.62</td>
			<td>0.31</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10+coc</td>
			<td>5+coc</td>
			<td>2.5+coc</td>
			<td>1.25+coc</td>
			<td>0.62+coc</td>
			<td>0.31+coc</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>COMT inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>RO-41-0960</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[3H]-Dopamine</td>
			<td>Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA, USA</td>
			<td>NET67-3001MC</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microfiber filters</td>
			<td>GF/C Whatman, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire</td>
			<td>1822-024</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiSafe Scintillation fluid</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>1200-437</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroBeta2</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>S7903</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA</td>
			<td>10043-52-4</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>63065</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>A0278</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pargyline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P-8013</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desipramine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D3900</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dopamine</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>H8502</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cocaine</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>C5776</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain matrix</td>
			<td>ASI instruments</td>
			<td>RBM2000C</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cafano mechanical teflon disrupter</td>
			<td>Buch &#38; Holm</td>
			<td>Discontinued</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol (homogenization)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring dopamine uptake in mouse brain synaptosomes using radiolabeled dopamine

Source: Jensen, K. L., et al., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/56093">Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates the assessment of dopamine uptake in synaptosomes harvested from mouse brains. It outlines steps for preparing synaptosomes for dopamine uptake via dopamine transporters, treating them with varying concentrations of radiolabeled dopamine, isolating the synaptosomes, and measuring radioactivity to quantify dopamine uptake.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/23196/23196_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic workflow depicting the different steps in the synaptosomal DA uptake experiment protocol.&#160;The mouse is sacrificed by cervical dislocation, followed by brain dissection and placement in a brain matrix. A 3 mm thick coronal slice is dissected from the brain, and fine dissection is performed by a bilateral punch of a small area immediately underneath the corpus callosum. The...

Measuring Dopamine Uptake in Mouse Brain Synaptosomes Using Radiolabeled Dopamine

Source: Jensen, K. L., et al., Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal ...

Harvest synaptosomes, membrane-bound structures derived from the intact presynaptic terminals of neuronal synapses that contain dopamine transporters (DAT), from a mouse brain.
Fill test tubes with buffer containing ligands and reference tubes with buffer containing ligands and a DAT inhibitor.
Add the synaptosomes.
The ligands inhibit dopamine-degrading enzymes and other transporters, preventing dopamine degradation and nonspecific uptake.
Introduce unlabeled and radiolabeled dopamine.
In the test condition, synaptosomal DAT takes up the dopamine.
In the reference condition, the inhibitor prevents DAT-mediated dopamine uptake, allowing only background uptake.
Add the samples to microfiber filters that retain the synaptosomes.
Wash to remove unbound dopamine.
Transfer the filters to scintillation tubes.
Add scintillation fluid containing a radiosensitive compound.
Place the tubes in a scintillation counter.
Radioactive emissions from dopamine excite the compound to emit light, which is measured by the counter.
Subtract the reference from the test data to measure synaptosomal dopamine uptake.

measuring-dopamine-uptake-mouse-brain-synaptosomes-using-radiolabeled

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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Neurodegenerative Diseases

37 Views. Source: Jensen, K. L., et al., Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake. J. Vis. Exp. (2017). This video demonstrates the assessment of dopamine uptake in synaptosomes harvested from mouse brains. It outlines steps for preparing synaptosomes for dopamine uptake via dopamine transporters, treating them with varying concentrations of radiolabeled dopamine, isolating the synaptosomes, and measuring rad...

Video: Measuring Dopamine Uptake in Mouse Brain Synaptosomes Using Radiolabeled Dopamine - Concept

Modeling Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data from Electrically Stimulated Dopamine Neurotransmission Data Using QNsim1.0

Central dopaminergic (DAergic) pathways have an important role in a wide range of functions, such as attention, motivation, and movement. Dopamine (DA) is implicated in diseases and disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Thus, DA neurotransmission and the methods to study it are of intense scientific interest. In vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a method that allows for selectively monitoring DA concentration changes with fine temporal and spatial resolution. This technique is commonly used in conjunction with electrical stimulations of ascending DAergic pathways to control the impulse flow of dopamine neurotransmission. Although the stimulated DA neurotransmission paradigm can produce robust DA responses with clear morphologies, making them amenable for kinetic analysis, there is still much debate on how to interpret the responses in terms of their DA release and clearance components. To address this concern, a quantitative neurobiological (QN) framework of stimulated DA neurotransmission was recently developed to realistically model the dynamics of DA release and reuptake over the course of a stimulated DA response. The foundations of this model are based on experimental data from stimulated DA neurotransmission and on principles of neurotransmission adopted from various lines of research. The QN model implements 12 parameters related to stimulated DA release and reuptake dynamics to model DA responses. This work describes how to simulate DA responses using QNsim1.0 and also details principles that have been implemented to systematically discern alterations in the stimulated dopamine release and reuptake dynamics.

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry can monitor in vivo dopamine neurotransmission in the context of drugs, disease, and other experimental manipulations. This work describes the implementation of QNsim1.0, a software to model electrically stimulated dopamine responses according to the quantitative neurobiological model to quantify estimates of dopamine release and reuptake dynamics.

Modellazione di voltammetria ciclica veloce dei dati da dati neurotrasmettivali elettromagnetici a dopamina utilizzando QNsim1.0

Central dopaminergic (DAergic) pathways have an important role in a wide range of functions, such as attention, motivation, and movement. Dopamine (DA) is ...

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Neuroscienze

Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System

Exosomes between 40 and 200 nm in size constitute the smallest subgroup of extracellular vesicles. These bioactive vesicles secreted by cells play an active role in intercellular cargo and communication. Exosomes are mostly found in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, colostrum, breast milk, joint fluid, semen, and pleural acid. Considering the size of exosomes, it is thought that they may play an important role in central nervous system diseases because they can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence, this study aimed to develop an exosome-based nanocarrier system by encapsulating dopamine into exosomes isolated from Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs). Exosomes that passed the characterization process were incubated with dopamine. The dopamine-loaded exosomes were recharacterized at the end of incubation. Dopamine-loaded exosomes were investigated in drug release and cytotoxicity assays. The results showed that dopamine could be successfully encapsulated within the exosomes and that the dopamine-loaded exosomes did not affect fibroblast viability.

Here, we aimed to obtain a formulation by dopamine loading of the isolated exosomes of stem cells from Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Exosome isolation and characterization, drug loading into the resulting exosomes, and the cytotoxic activity of the developed formulation are described in this protocol.

Formulazione e caratterizzazione di un sistema di trasporto della dopamina basato sugli esosomi

Exosomes between 40 and 200 nm in size constitute the smallest subgroup of extracellular vesicles. These bioactive vesicles secreted by cells play an ...

Bioingegneria

A Plate-Based Assay for the Measurement of Endogenous Monoamine Release in Acute Brain Slices

Monoamine neurotransmitters are associated with numerous neurologic and psychiatric ailments. Animal models of such conditions have shown alterations in monoamine neurotransmitter release and uptake dynamics. Technically complex methods such as electrophysiology, Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV), imaging, in vivo&#160;microdialysis, optogenetics, or use of radioactivity are required to study monoamine function. The method presented here is an optimized two-step approach for detecting monoamine release in acute brain slices using a 48-well plate containing tissue holders for examining monoamine release, and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) for monoamine release measurement. Briefly, rat brain sections containing regions of interest, including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and dorsal striatum were obtained using a tissue slicer or vibratome. These regions of interest were dissected from the whole brain and incubated in an oxygenated physiological buffer. Viability was examined throughout the experimental time course, by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The acutely dissected brain regions were incubated in varying drug conditions that are known to induce monoamine release through the transporter (amphetamine) or through the activation of exocytotic vesicular release (KCl). After incubation, the released products in the supernatant were collected and analyzed through an HPLC-ECD system. Here, basal monoamine release is detected by HPLC from acute brain slices. This data supports previous in vivo and in vitro results showing that AMPH and KCl induce monoamine release. This method is particularly useful for studying mechanisms associated with monoamine transporter-dependent release and provides an opportunity to screen compounds affecting monoamine release in a rapid and low-cost manner.

This method introduces a simple technique for the detection of endogenous monoamine release using acute brain slices. The setup uses a 48-well plate containing a tissue holder for monoamine release. Released monoamine is analyzed by HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection. Additionally, this technique provides a screening method for drug discovery.

Un test basato su piastre per la misurazione del rilascio di monoamina endogena in fette cerebrali acute

Monoamine neurotransmitters are associated with numerous neurologic and psychiatric ailments. Animal models of such conditions have shown alterations in ...

Measuring Dopamine Uptake in Mouse Brain Synaptosomes Using Radiolabeled Dopamine

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Measuring Dopamine Uptake in Mouse Brain Synaptosomes Using Radiolabeled Dopamine

Modellazione di voltammetria ciclica veloce dei dati da dati neurotrasmettivali elettromagnetici a dopamina utilizzando QNsim1.0

Formulazione e caratterizzazione di un sistema di trasporto della dopamina basato sugli esosomi

Un test basato su piastre per la misurazione del rilascio di monoamina endogena in fette cerebrali acute