Questo lavoro è stato supportato da MH084494 (CJL), e MH079276 e NS060658 (PAC).

1. Fetta di preparazione <ol><li> Tagliare fettine di cervello utilizzando un microtomo vibrante. Abbiamo preparato 240 micron fette mesencefalo orizzontale da un isoflurano-anethetized ratto Sprague-Dawley (Charles River Laboratories) utilizzando un microtomo vibrante (Microm HM 650V) in conformità con l&#39;Università del Texas a cura San Antonio degli animali e del Comitato Istituzionale Usa. </li><li> Tenere le fette in una camera di incubazione fino al momento di registrare. Utilizziamo un contenitore di incubazione riscaldata a 32 ° C e riempito con liquido cerebrospinale artificiale (aCSF; in mm): 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1,25 NaH 2 PO 4, 4 MgCl 2, 2 CaCl 2, 10 destrosio, 25 NaHCO 3, 1,3 acido ascorbico, 2.4 piruvato di sodio e 0,05 glutatione. </li></ol> 2. Registrazione elettrofisiologiche <ol><li> Trasferire la sezione per l&#39;impianto di registrazione intracellulare in cui un fluido cerebrospinale artificiale (aCSF) a 35 ° C viene perfuso. Usiamo il aCSF stesso punto 1.2 eccetto che 2mM MgCl 2 è stato utilizzato e glutatione è stato omesso. Per fette orizzontalmente preparato, di solito dividono in due la fetta lungo la linea mediana. </li><li> Visualizza il neurone bersaglio. Noi visualizzati i singoli neuroni dopaminergici della substantia nigra con un sistema di imaging gradiente di contrasto. </li><li> Tirare un elettrodo con un estrattore elettronico elettrodo. Tiriamo elettrodi con una resistenza punta di 4-10 MΩ con una P97 Micropipetta estrattore (Instrument Company Sutter). </li><li> Riempire un elettrodo con la soluzione desiderata interno. Noi utilizziamo una soluzione contenente (in mm): 138 K-gluconato, 10 HEPES, 2 MgCl 2, 0,2 EGTA, 0,0001 CaCl 2, 4 Na-ATP, 0,4 Na-GTP. La soluzione interna è stata regolata a pH 7,3 con KOH 1M e osmolarità di 270-275 mOsms. </li><li> Fare un sigillo gigaohm sul neurone desiderato. Rottura del sigillo con aspirazione. Si tratta di una registrazione a cellula intera. Un amplificatore Multiclamp 700B è stato utilizzato nella nostra configurazione. L&#39;amplificatore dovrebbe poi essere posto in modalità morsetto corrente &#39;I = 0&#39;. </li></ol> 3. Applicazione della conduttanza con morsetto dinamica <ol><li> RTXI (www.rtxi.org) è stato eseguito sul computer morsetto dinamico. Un modello personalizzato scritta contenente un recettore NMDA è stato caricato in memoria. La corrente da iniettare nella cella in tempo reale è calcolato dalla seguente equazione: I NMDA =-g NMDA * [1 / (1 ​​+ ([Mg] / 3.57) * e (-V m * 0,062))] * (V m - E NMDA) dove g è la conduttanza NMDA desiderata (in nS; di default impostato a 0 nS), [Mg] è la concentrazione di magnesio (impostata a 1,5 mm nel nostro esempio qui sotto), E NMDA è il potenziale di inversione per il recettore NMDA (impostato a 0 mV), e V m è il potenziale di membrana della cellula misurata dall&#39;amplificatore (in millivolt). </li><li> L&#39;uscita dal computer pinza dinamico è stato collegato all&#39;ingresso di comando dell&#39;amplificatore tramite un convertitore analogico-digitale convertitore. </li><li> L&#39;amplificatore è stato posto in modalità morsetto corrente del &#39;IC&#39;. </li><li> Inserisci il tuo conduttanza desiderato recettore NMDA in RTXI (ad esempio 40ns). Si dovrebbe vedere una raffica fasica di potenziali d&#39;azione. In alternativa, una conduttanza può essere somministrato a RTXI tramite un&#39;uscita analogica (Figura 1A, &#39;g (t)&#39;). Un fattore di scala appropriato deve essere utilizzato entro RTXI per convertire il segnale da volt a Siemens. </li></ol> 4. Rappresentante Risultati Una configurazione di successo per l&#39;applicazione di una conduttanza utilizzando il morsetto dinamica è mostrata in Figura 1A. Questa impostazione, abbiamo fatto un intero registrazione cellula somatica di un neurone dopaminergico nella substantia nigra pars compacta. Cellule dopaminergiche tipicamente fuoco spontaneamente a prezzi convenienti con un pacemaker-come il modello. Una raffica di potenziali d&#39;azione può essere evocato mediante l&#39;applicazione di una conduttanza fasica del recettore NMDA con morsetto dinamico (Figura 1B). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2275/2275fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1: applicazione di una conduttanza recettore NMDA con la tecnica della dinamica morsetto. Configurazione hardware A. illustra le connessioni tra l&#39;impianto di registrazione intracellulare e computer morsetto dinamico. B. Una raffica di potenziali d&#39;azione è evocata dalla applicazione di una conduttanza 40ns recettore NMDA in una registrazione da una cellula intera substantia nigra pars compacta neurone dopaminergico.

<ol>
	<li>Robinson, H. P., Kawai, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injection+of+digitally+synthesized+synaptic+conductance+transients+to+measure+the+integrative+properties+of+neurons.">Injection of digitally synthesized synaptic conductance transients to measure the integrative properties of neurons.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 49, 157-165 (1993).</li><li>Sharp, A. A., O'Neil, M. B., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+clamp:+artificial+conductances+in+biological+neurons.">The dynamic clamp: artificial conductances in biological neurons.</a> Trends Neurosci. 16, 389-394 (1993).</li><li>Sharp, A. A., O'Neil, M. B., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+clamp:+computer-generated+conductances+in+real+neurons.">Dynamic clamp: computer-generated conductances in real neurons.</a> J Neurophysiol. 69, 992-995 (1993).</li><li>Prinz, A. A., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+clamp+comes+of+age.">The dynamic clamp comes of age.</a> Trends Neurosci. 27, 218-224 (2004).</li><li>Deister, C. A., Teagarden, M. A., Wilson, C. J., Paladini, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+intrinsic+neuronal+oscillator+underlies+dopaminergic+neuron+bursting.">An intrinsic neuronal oscillator underlies dopaminergic neuron bursting.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 15888-15897 (2009).</li><li>Lobb, C. J., Wilson, C. J., Paladini, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dynamic+role+for+GABA+receptors+on+the+firing+pattern+of+midbrain+dopaminergic+neurons.">A dynamic role for GABA receptors on the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.</a> J Neurophysiol. 104, 403-413 (2010).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

La tecnica di bloccaggio dinamico dimostrato qui migliora la tecnica tradizionale di iniezione diretta in corso, consentendo lo sperimentatore di imitare gli effetti elettrici della attivazione di un recettore. In questo video, abbiamo dimostrato che si possono aggiungere gli effetti di attivazione di un recettore NMDA per l&#39;attività spontanea dei neuroni dopaminergici, cioè una raffica di potenziali d&#39;azione sono evocati. Grazie alla flessibilità di hardware / software di implementazione, una varietà di estensioni possono essere utilizzati. Il segno della corrente iniettata può essere commutato da negativo a positivo, che rappresenta uno scenario in cui viene rimosso gli effetti del recettore attivato da un neurone. Neuroni modello, rappresentato sotto forma di una serie di equazioni differenziali, può anche essere risolto numericamente e consentire lo sperimentatore di indagare le reti di piccole dimensioni.

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<td>K-gluconate anhydrous</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>HEPES</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>CaCl2 X 2H2O</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(B-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&#x2019;,N&#x2019;-tetraacetic acid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EGTA; Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Reagent</td>
<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
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<td>Reagent</td>
<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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<td>KCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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<td>NaH2PO4, Anhydrous</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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<td>Glucose</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>NaCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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<td>CholCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
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<td>Olympus BX51WI Microscope (with 40x objective)</td>
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<td>2 A/D converters</td>
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<td>e.g. Heka Instruments Inc. ITC-18, National Instruments BNC-2090A</td>
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<td>Multiclamp 700B with CV-7B headstage</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Molecular Devices</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument Company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Microfil syringe needles</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Micromanipulator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Siskiyou, Inc.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Monitor</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Triview</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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application of a nmda receptor conductance in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons using the dynamic clamp technique

Neuroscienziati studiare la funzione del cervello, indagando come i neuroni nel cervello comunicano. Molti ricercatori guardare i cambiamenti nell&#39;attività elettrica di uno o più neuroni in risposta ad un ingresso controllato sperimentalmente. L&#39;attività elettrica dei neuroni possono essere registrati in fettine di cervello isolato utilizzando tecniche di patch clamp con micropipette di vetro. Tradizionalmente, gli sperimentatori possono mimare ingresso neuronale con iniezione diretta di corrente attraverso la stimolazione pipetta, elettrica delle cellule o altri collegamenti assonale nella sezione o manipolazione farmacologica di recettori situati sulla membrana della cellula neuronale registrata. Iniezione diretta di corrente ha il vantaggio di passare una forma d&#39;onda predeterminata corrente con elevata precisione temporale presso il sito della registrazione (di solito il soma). Tuttavia, non cambia la resistenza della membrana neuronale come canali ionici non sono fisicamente aperte. Iniezione di corrente impiega di solito impulsi rettangolari e quindi non modello la cinetica dei canali ionici. Infine, l&#39;iniezione di corrente non può simulare i cambiamenti chimici nella cella che si verifica con l&#39;apertura dei canali ionici. Recettori possono essere fisicamente attivata dalla stimolazione elettrica o farmacologica. Lo sperimentatore ha una buona precisione temporale di attivazione del recettore con la stimolazione elettrica della fetta. Tuttavia, vi è limitata precisione spaziale di attivazione del recettore e la natura esatta di ciò che viene attivata su stimolazione è sconosciuta. Quest&#39;ultimo problema può essere parzialmente alleviati da specifici agenti farmacologici. Purtroppo, il decorso temporale di attivazione di agenti farmacologici è di solito lenta e la precisione spaziale degli ingressi sul cellulare registrato è sconosciuta. La tecnica del clamp dinamica consente uno sperimentatore di modificare l&#39;attuale passato direttamente nella cella in base feedback in tempo reale del potenziale di membrana della cellula (Robinson e Kawai 1993, Sharp et al, 1993a, b;. Per la revisione, si veda Prinz et al. 2004). Questo permette uno sperimentatore di imitare i cambiamenti elettrici che si verificano nel sito della registrazione in risposta all&#39;attivazione di un recettore. Tempo reale i cambiamenti della corrente applicata sono determinati da una equazione matematica implementato in hardware. Abbiamo recentemente utilizzato la tecnica dinamica morsetto per indagare la generazione di raffiche di potenziali d&#39;azione per l&#39;attivazione fasica dei recettori NMDA nei neuroni dopaminergici della substantia nigra pars compacta (Deister et al, 2009;. Lobb et al, 2010).. In questo video, dimostriamo le procedure necessarie per applicare una conduttanza recettore NMDA in un neurone dopaminergico.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique at JoVE.com

Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

In questo video ci dimostra come applicare una conduttanza in un neurone dopaminergico registrato nella configurazione cellule intere fette di cervello di ratto. Questa tecnica è chiamata la pinza dinamica.

L&#39;applicazione di una conduttanza recettore NMDA nei neuroni dopaminergici mesencefalo Rat Utilizzando la tecnica dinamica morsetto

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the ...

application-nmda-receptor-conductance-rat-midbrain-dopaminergic

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K Views.  University of Texas San Antonio - UTSA. In questo video ci dimostra come applicare una conduttanza in un neurone dopaminergico registrato nella configurazione cellule intere fette di cervello di ratto. Questa tecnica è chiamata la pinza dinamica.

Video: Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

Culture Slice organotipica del mesencefalo ventrale embrionali: un sistema per studiare dopaminergici sviluppo neuronale In vitro</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

Odorizzante indotte risposte registrate da neuroni recettori olfattivi con la tecnica della pipetta di aspirazione

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

In elettroporazione ovo nel mesencefalo Chick per lo Studio la funzione dei geni nello sviluppo dopaminergici Neuron

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

Implementing Dynamic Clamp with Synaptic and Artificial Conductances in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs arising from specific neural circuits. Patch clamp techniques, in voltage clamp and current clamp configurations, are commonly used to study the physiological properties of neurons and to characterize their synaptic inputs. Although the application of these techniques is highly informative, they pose various limitations. For example, it is difficult to quantify how the precise interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs determine response output. To address this issue, we used a modified current clamp technique, dynamic clamp, also called conductance clamp 1, 2, 3 and examined the impact of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on neuronal excitability. This technique requires the injection of current into the cell and is dependent on the real-time feedback of its membrane potential at that time. The injected current is calculated from predetermined excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, their reversal potentials and the cell's instantaneous membrane potential. Details on the experimental procedures, patch clamping cells to achieve a whole-cell configuration and employment of the dynamic clamp technique are illustrated in this video article. Here, we show the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells to various conductance waveforms obtained from physiological experiments in control conditions or in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, we show the use of artificial excitatory and inhibitory conductances generated using alpha functions to investigate the responses of the cells.

This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal spiking.

Implementazione morsetto dinamico con conduttanze sinaptiche e artificiale nel topo cellule gangliari della retina

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the  retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs  arising from specific neural ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Tutta Monte immunomarcatura di recettore olfattivo neuroni nel<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Cultura primario di topo neuroni dopaminergici

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in &#8216;enriched environments&#8217; (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of &#8216;DA&#8217; genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g. Parkinson&#8217;s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

Modulazioni ambientali del numero di Mesencefalo dopamina neuroni in topi adulti

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Perforato Patch-clamp registrazione di topo neuroni sensoriali olfattivi In neuroepithelium intatto: Analisi funzionale di neuroni Esprimendo un Identificato odorizzante Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The identification of living dopaminergic neurons in primary Ventral Mesencephalic (VM) cultures using a fluorescent marker provides an alternative way to study the selective vulnerability of these neurons without relying on the immunostaining of fixed cells. Here, we isolate, dissociate, and culture mouse VM neurons for 3 weeks. We then identify dopaminergic neurons in the cultures using eGFP fluorescence (driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter). Individual neurons are harvested into microcentrifuge tubes using glass micropipettes. Next, we lyse the harvested cells, and conduct cDNA synthesis and transposon-mediated &#34;tagmentation&#34; to produce single cell RNA-Seq libraries1,2,3,4,5. After passing a quality-control check, single-cell libraries are sequenced and subsequent analysis is carried out to measure gene expression. We report transcriptome results for individual dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons isolated from midbrain cultures. We report that 100% of the live TH-eGFP cells that were harvested and sequenced were dopaminergic neurons. These techniques will have widespread applications in neuroscience and molecular biology.

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using RNA-seq.

Identificazione affidabile di vita neuroni dopaminergici in Culture Midbrain Utilizzando RNA Sequencing e TH-promotore-driven eGFP Expression

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, ...

Simultaneous Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Light Scattering Properties of the In Vivo Rat Brain Using Multispectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional multispectral diffuse reflectance imaging system. This system is constructed from a broadband white light source, a motorized filter wheel with a set of narrowband interference filters, a light guide, a collecting lens, a video zoom lens, and a monochromatic charged-coupled device (CCD) camera. An ellipsoidal cranial window is made in the skull bone of a rat under isoflurane anesthesia to capture in vivo multispectral diffuse reflectance images of the cortical surface. Regulation of the fraction of inspired oxygen using a gas mixture device enables the induction of different respiratory states such as normoxia, hyperoxia, and anoxia. A Monte Carlo simulation-based multiple regression analysis for the measured multispectral diffuse reflectance images at nine wavelengths (500, 520, 540, 560, 570, 580, 600, 730, and 760 nm) is then performed to visualize the two-dimensional maps of hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of the in vivo rat brain.

Simultaneous Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Light Scattering Properties of the In Vivo Rat Brain Using Multispectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional multispectral diffuse reflectance imaging system.

La valutazione simultanea di Emodinamica cerebrale e Light Scattering proprietà del<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Cervello del cervello usando l&#39;imaging di riflessione diffusa multispettrale

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional ...

L'applicazione di una conduttanza recettore NMDA nei neuroni dopaminergici mesencefalo Rat Utilizzando la tecnica dinamica morsetto

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Culture Slice organotipica del mesencefalo ventrale embrionali: un sistema per studiare dopaminergici sviluppo neuronale In vitro