Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:

1. Trial and Error: This involves testing multiple solutions until one works. Thomas Edison exemplified this by testing thousands of filaments for the light bulb. It's not the most efficient process, but it's often necessary when no clear path exists.
2. Algorithms: These are step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution. While precise, they can be time-consuming. For instance, arranging the letters in SPLOYOCHYG in all possible ways involves 907,200 permutations.
3. Heuristics: These are simpler, quicker strategies that reduce complexity. By recognizing familiar patterns or common combinations, like grouping 'CH' and 'GY' in SPLOYOCHYG, individuals narrow down possibilities efficiently. Heuristics are faster but can be error-prone.
4. Insight: Sometimes, solutions appear suddenly. For example, when trying to solve a complex math problem, a student might suddenly see the correct approach or formula that makes everything clear. Brain scans reveal that insight involves a burst of activity in the right temporal lobe, reflecting a sudden realization.