Name: a method to test the efficacy of handwashing for the removal of emerging infectious pathogens
Uploaded: 2017-06-07T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 2 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens at JoVE.com

עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי הסוכנות האמריקאית לפיתוח בינלאומי, משרד סיוע חוץ מאסון (AID-OFDA-A-15-00026). מרלין וולף נתמך על ידי הקרן הלאומית למדע (מענק 0966093).

<ol>
	<li>Kampf, G., Kramer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiologic+Background+of+Hand+Hygiene+and+Evaluation+of+the+Most+Important+Agents+for+Scrubs+and+Rubs.">Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4), 863-893 (2004).</li><li>Miller, T., Patrick, D., Ormrod, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+decontamination:+influence+of+common+variables+on+hand-washing+efficiency.">Hand decontamination: influence of common variables on hand-washing efficiency.</a> Healthc Infect. 16 (1), 18 (2013).</li><li>Jensen, D. A., Danyluk, M. D., Harris, L. J., Schaffner, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+effect+of+hand+wash+duration,+soap+use,+ground+beef+debris,+and+drying+methods+on+the+removal+of+Enterobacter+aerogenes+on+hands.">Quantifying the effect of hand wash duration, soap use, ground beef debris, and drying methods on the removal of Enterobacter aerogenes on hands.</a> J Food Prot. 78 (4), 685-690 (2015).</li><li>Girou, E., Loyeau, S., Legrand, P., Oppein, F., Brun-Buisson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+handrubbing+with+alcohol+based+solution+versus+standard+handwashing+with+antiseptic+soap:+randomised+clinical+trial.">Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial.</a> BMJ. 325 (7360), 362 (2002).</li><li>Kac, G., Podglajen, I., Gueneret, M., Vaupr&#233;, S., Bissery, A., Meyer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbiological+evaluation+of+two+hand+hygiene+procedures+achieved+by+healthcare+workers+during+routine+patient+care:+a+randomized+study.">Microbiological evaluation of two hand hygiene procedures achieved by healthcare workers during routine patient care: a randomized study.</a> J Hosp Infect. 60 (1), 32-39 (2005).</li><li>Lages, S. L. S., Ramakrishnan, M. A., Goyal, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vivo+efficacy+of+hand+sanitisers+against+feline+calicivirus:+a+surrogate+for+norovirus.">In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus.</a> J Hosp Infect. 68 (2), 159-163 (2008).</li><li>Holton, R. H., Huber, M. A., Terezhalmy, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+efficacy+of+soap+and+water+hand+washing+versus+an+alcohol-based+hand+cleanser.">Antimicrobial efficacy of soap and water hand washing versus an alcohol-based hand cleanser.</a> Tex Dent J. 126 (12), 1175-1180 (2009).</li><li>Salmon, S., Truong, A. T., Nguyen, V. H., Pittet, D., McLaws, M. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Health+care+workers'+hand+contamination+levels+and+antibacterial+efficacy+of+different+hand+hygiene+methods+used+in+a+Vietnamese+hospital.">Health care workers' hand contamination levels and antibacterial efficacy of different hand hygiene methods used in a Vietnamese hospital.</a> Am J Infect Control. 42 (2), 178-181 (2014).</li><li>Steinmann, J., Nehrkorn, R., Meyer, A., Becker, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+in-vivo+protocols+for+testing+virucidal+efficacy+of+handwashing+and+hand+disinfection.">Two in-vivo protocols for testing virucidal efficacy of handwashing and hand disinfection.</a> Int J Hyg Environ Health. 196 (5), 425-436 (1995).</li><li>Weber, D. J., Sickbert-Bennett, E., Gergen, M. F., Rutala, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+selected+hand+hygiene+agents+used+to+remove+Bacillus+atrophaeus+(a+surrogate+of+Bacillus+anthracis)+from+contaminated+hands.">Efficacy of selected hand hygiene agents used to remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) from contaminated hands.</a> JAMA. 289 (10), 1274-1277 (2003).</li><li>Grayson, M. L., Melvani, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+Soap+and+Water+and+Alcohol-Based+Hand-Rub+Preparations+against+Live+H1N1+Influenza+Virus+on+the+Hands+of+Human+Volunteers.">Efficacy of Soap and Water and Alcohol-Based Hand-Rub Preparations against Live H1N1 Influenza Virus on the Hands of Human Volunteers.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 48 (3), 285-291 (2009).</li><li>Oughton, M. T., Loo, V. G., Dendukuri, N., Fenn, S., Libman, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+hygiene+with+soap+and+water+is+superior+to+alcohol+rub+and+antiseptic+wipes+for+removal+of+Clostridium+difficile.">Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile.</a> Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 30 (10), 939-944 (2009).</li><li>Liu, P., Yuen, Y., Hsiao, H. -. M., Jaykus, L. -. A., Moe, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+liquid+soap+and+hand+sanitizer+against+Norwalk+virus+on+contaminated+hands.">Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands.</a> Appl Environ Micro. 76 (2), 394-399 (2010).</li><li>Savolainen-Kopra, C., Korpela, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+treatment+with+ethanol+hand+rub+is+ineffective+against+human+rhinovirus--hand+washing+with+soap+and+water+removes+the+virus+efficiently.">Single treatment with ethanol hand rub is ineffective against human rhinovirus--hand washing with soap and water removes the virus efficiently.</a> J Med Virol. 84 (3), 543-547 (2012).</li><li>Tuladhar, E., Hazeleger, W. C., Koopmans, M., Zwietering, M. H., Duizer, E., Beumer, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+viral+contamination+from+finger+pads:+handwashing+is+more+effective+than+alcohol-based+hand+disinfectants.">Reducing viral contamination from finger pads: handwashing is more effective than alcohol-based hand disinfectants.</a> J Hosp Infect. 90 (3), 226-234 (2015).</li><li>Steinmann, J., Paulmann, D., Becker, B., Bischoff, B., Steinmann, E., Steinmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+virucidal+activity+of+alcohol-based+hand+sanitizers+versus+antimicrobial+hand+soaps+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Comparison of virucidal activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizers versus antimicrobial hand soaps in vitro and in vivo.</a> J Hosp Infect. 82 (4), 277-280 (2012).</li><li>de Aceituno, A. F., Bartz, F. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ability+of+Hand+Hygiene+Interventions+Using+Alcohol-Based+Hand+Sanitizers+and+Soap+To+Reduce+Microbial+Load+on+Farmworker+Hands+Soiled+during+Harvest.">Ability of Hand Hygiene Interventions Using Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers and Soap To Reduce Microbial Load on Farmworker Hands Soiled during Harvest.</a> J Food Protect. 78 (11), 2024-2032 (2015).</li><li>Boyce, J. M., Pittet, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guideline+for+Hand+Hygiene+in+Health-Care+Settings+Recommendations+of+the+Healthcare+Infection+Control+Practices+Advisory+Committee+and+the+HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA+Hand+Hygiene+Task+Force.">Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force.</a> Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 23 (12 Suppl), S3-S40 (2002).</li><li>. UNDP Medical Waste Experts Assessment and Recommendations Regarding Management of Ebola-Contaminated Waste Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://noharm-global.org/sites/default/files/documents-files/3127/Report%20to%20WHO%20WASH%20and%20Geneva%20on%20Ebola%20final.pdf">https://noharm-global.org/sites/default/files/documents-files/3127/Report%20to%20WHO%20WASH%20and%20Geneva%20on%20Ebola%20final.pdf</a> (2015)</li><li>Hopman, J., Kubilay, Z., Allen, T., Edrees, H., Pittet, D., Allegranzi, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+chlorine+solutions+used+for+hand+hygiene+and+gloves+disinfection+in+Ebola+settings:+a+systematic+review.">Efficacy of chlorine solutions used for hand hygiene and gloves disinfection in Ebola settings: a systematic review.</a> Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 4 (1), 1 (2015).</li><li>Lowbury, E. J. L., Lilly, H. A., Bull, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disinfection+of+hands:+removal+of+transient+organisms.">Disinfection of hands: removal of transient organisms.</a> BMJ. 2 (5403), 230-233 (1964).</li><li>Edmonds, S. L., Zapka, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+Hand+Hygiene+for+Removal+of+Clostridium+difficile+Spores+from+Hands.">Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene for Removal of Clostridium difficile Spores from Hands.</a> Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 34 (3), 302-305 (2013).</li><li>Rotter, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=150+years+of+hand+disinfection-Semmelweis'+heritage.">150 years of hand disinfection-Semmelweis' heritage.</a> Hyg Med. (22), 332-339 (1997).</li><li>Hitomi, S., Baba, S., Yano, H., Morisawa, Y., Kimura, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+effects+of+electrolytic+products+of+sodium+chloride--comparative+evaluation+with+sodium+hypochlorite+solution+and+efficacy+in+handwashing.">Antimicrobial effects of electrolytic products of sodium chloride--comparative evaluation with sodium hypochlorite solution and efficacy in handwashing.</a> Kansensh&#333;gaku Zasshi. 72 (11), 1176-1181 (1998).</li><li>. Standard E1174-13. Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Health Care Personnel Handwash Formulations Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.astm.org/">https://www.astm.org/</a> (2013)</li><li>Casanova, L. M., Weaver, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+eluents+for+the+recovery+of+an+enveloped+virus+from+hands+by+whole-hand+sampling.">Evaluation of eluents for the recovery of an enveloped virus from hands by whole-hand sampling.</a> J Appl Microbiol. 118 (5), 1210-1216 (2015).</li><li>Sinclair, R. G., Rose, J. B., Hashsham, S. A., Gerba, C. P., Haas, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Criteria+for+Selection+of+Surrogates+Used+To+Study+the+Fate+and+Control+of+Pathogens+in+the+Environment.">Criteria for Selection of Surrogates Used To Study the Fate and Control of Pathogens in the Environment.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 78 (6), 1969-1977 (2012).</li><li>Held, E., Skoet, R., Johansen, J. D., Agner, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hand+eczema+severity+index+(HECSI):+A+scoring+system+for+clinical+assessment+of+hand+eczema.+A+study+of+inter-+and+intraobserver+reliability.">The hand eczema severity index (HECSI): A scoring system for clinical assessment of hand eczema. A study of inter- and intraobserver reliability.</a> Br J Dermatol. 152 (2), 302-307 (2005).</li><li>. Method 1604: Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water by Membrane Filtration Using a Simultaneous Detection Technique (MI Medium) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_1604_2002.pdf">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_1604_2002.pdf</a> (2002)</li><li>Adams, M. H., Anderson, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bacteriophages. , (1959).</li><li>Kao, L. S., Green, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Variance:+Is+There+a+Difference+in+Means+and+What+Does+It+Mean?.">Analysis of Variance: Is There a Difference in Means and What Does It Mean?.</a> The Journal of surgical research. 144 (1), 158-170 (2008).</li><li>Schutz, R. W., Gessaroli, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Analysis+of+Repeated+Measures+Designs+Involving+Multiple+Dependent+Variables.">The Analysis of Repeated Measures Designs Involving Multiple Dependent Variables.</a> Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 58 (2), 132-149 (1987).</li><li>Woolwine, J. D., Gerberding, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+testing+method+on+apparent+activities+of+antiviral+disinfectants+and+antiseptics.">Effect of testing method on apparent activities of antiviral disinfectants and antiseptics.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39 (4), 921-923 (1995).</li></ol>

המחברים מצהירים כי אין להם אינטרסים פיננסיים מתחרים.

The method described here provides an approach for testing handwashing efficacy in a controlled laboratory setting. This method highlights the use of human volunteers and surrogate, non-infectious organisms. Using the method, it was possible to demonstrate differences in: 1) the efficacy of handwashing methods and 2) organism persistence in rinse water. The purpose of presenting this protocol is to provide a general framework that can be adapted to test a wide range of surrogate organisms and handwashing methods relevant...

שטיפת ידיים מומלצת באופן נרחב על מנת למנוע את התפשטות המחלה, במיוחד אלה המועברים על ידי הצוואר הפה או אוראלי, כולל מחלות שלשולים ונשימה. באופן מפתיע, יש עדויות רבות על יעילותן של שיטות שטיפת הידיים, כגון שטיפת ידיים במים וסבון (HWWS) ועם אלכוהול על בסיס אלכוהול (ABHS), על הסרת אורגניזמים מן הידיים. מחקר ראשוני מצא כי הפעולה המכנית של שטיפת ידיים, בניגוד לשיטת שטיפת הידיים, עשויה להסביר את רוב הסרת האורגניזם 2 , 3 . בנוסף, יש ראיות השוואתי קטן על אשר שיטת שטיפת ידיים היא היעילה ביותר. בסקירה ספרותית לא רשמית, 14 מחקרים אשר השוו את יעילות הסבון ותמצית היד על הסרת אורגניזמים זוהו. מתוך מחקרים אלה, חמישה מצאו ABHS להיות יעיל יותר 4 , </Sup&gt; 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 7 מצאו כי HWWS יעילים יותר 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , ושניים לא מצאו הבדל משמעותי בין השיטות 16 , 17 . ממצאים אלה אינם עקביים ואינם מתייחסים לסיכון המתמשך למחלות עקב התמשכות האורגניזמים במי השטיפה לאחר שטיפת ידיים. בסך הכל, הראיות על היעילות היחסית של שיטות שטיפת ידיים להסרת פתוגנים הגורמים למחלות זיהומיות מוגבלות. עדות מוגבלת זו הובילה לחוסר ודאות לגבי השיטות המתאימות ביותר להגדרות התפרצות המחלה. לדוגמה, במהלך התפרצות מחלת הנגיף (EVD) במערב אפריקה בשנים 2013 עד 2016, מספר מגיבים בינלאומיים גדולים סיפקו המלצות סותרות לפתרונות כלור HWWS, ABHS או 0.05%. Mddecins Sans Frontières (MSF) ממליצה על שימוש בפתרון של 0.05% כלור לשטיפת ידיים, בעוד ארגון הבריאות העולמי (WHO) ממליץ על HWWS או ABHS (אם הידיים אינן מלוכלכות). ארגון הבריאות העולמי מרחיק לכת על מנת לקבוע כי אין להשתמש בכלור אלא אם כן אין אפשרויות אחרות, כי הוא פחות יעיל מאשר שיטות אחרות עקב הביקוש כלור המופעל על ידי העור 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 . בנוסף, הפתרונות כלור מופקים בדרך כלל מארבעה תרכובות כלור שונות, כולל hypochlorite הבדיקה גבוהה (HTH), מקומי שנוצר וייצוב hypochlorite נתרן (NaOCl), ואת sodDichloroisocyanurate ium (NaDCC). סקירה שיטתית שהוזמנה על ידי ארגון הבריאות העולמי בתגובה לפריצת ה- EVD במערב אפריקה מצאה לאחרונה רק ארבעה מחקרים שחקרו את היעילות היחסית של שטיפת ידיים עם כלור 23 . מחקרים אלה גם הניבו תוצאות סותרות, ואף אחד מהמחקרים הללו לא השתמש בריכוז הכלור המומלץ של 0.05% לשטיפת ידיים או למיקרואורגניזמים שנבדקו בדומה לנגיף האבולה 10 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 . לפיכך, ההמלצות לא נמצאו מבוססות על ראיות, ולא ברור אילו המלצות היו יעילות ביותר. יש צורך במחקר נוסף כדי להשוות בין גישות שטיפת ידיים למניעת התפשטות של פתוגנים זיהומיים, שכן התערבויות שטיפת כלים הן כלי חשוב למניעת העברת מחלות מגיפה. אלה חוהמלצות שוטפות חייבות להתבסס על ראיות. לפיכך, פותחה שיטה 2 , 28 , 29 לבדיקת יעילות שטיפת ידיים ושטיפת מים, המבוצעת באמצעות תחליפים או פתוגנים לא זיהומיים. תוצאות לדוגמה, באמצעות Phi6 כמו תחליף עבור וירוס אבולה ושימוש Escherichia coli כאורגניזם מחוון משותף, מוצגים כאן. בפרוטוקול זה, יעילות שטיפת ידיים ושטיפת מיצוי המים מוצגים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Soap bar</td><td>Dove</td><td>White Beauty Bar soap</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol-based hand sanitizer</td><td>Purell</td><td>Advanced Instant Hand Sanitizer with 70% Ethyl Alcohol</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HTH Powder</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>300340010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaDCC Powder</td><td>Medentech</td><td>Klorsept granules</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOCl Solution</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>419550010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrochlorinator</td><td>AquaChlor</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodometric titrator</td><td>Hach</td><td>1690001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>NC0117242</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tryptone</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1421-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Mucin</td><td>EMD Milipore</td><td>49-964-3500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m Filter</td><td>EMD Milipore</td><td>GVWP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP358-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Skin pH probe</td><td>Hanna Instruments</td><td>H199181</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Large Whirlpak Sample Bag</td><td>Nasco</td><td>B01447WA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small Whirlpak Sample Bag</td><td>Nasco</td><td>B01323WA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Funnel bottle</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3120850001</td><td>You may drill an appropriately sized hole in the lid of a bottle to form a funnel that will dispense water at the appropriate flow rate</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>615090010</td><td>Mix with water to produce 70% ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>Spray bottle</td><td>Qorpak</td><td>PLC06934</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td>25922</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Broth</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP1426-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Agar</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP1425-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile loop</td><td>Globe Scientific</td><td>22-170-204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phi6</td><td>HER</td><td>102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutrient broth</td><td>BD Difco</td><td>BD 247110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneQuant 100 Spectrophotometer</td><td>General Electric</td><td>28-9182-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium thiosulfate</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S445-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Membrane filter (47 mm, 0.45 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>HAWP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>m-ColiBlue24 broth media</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>M00PMCB24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish with pad (47 mm)</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>09-720-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Manifold</td><td>Thermo Scientific/Nalgene</td><td>09-752-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter funnels</td><td>Thermo Scientific/Nalgene</td><td>09-747</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pseudomonas syringae</td><td>HER</td><td>1102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>10010031</td><td>Solution may also be mixed from source compounds according to any basic recipe</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method to test the efficacy of handwashing for the removal of emerging infectious pathogens

שטיפת ידיים מומלץ באופן נרחב כדי למנוע שידור מחלות מדבקות. עם זאת, קיימות עדויות רבות על יעילותן של שיטות שטיפת ידיים באופן כללי. בנוסף, קיימות עדויות קטנות להשוואת שיטות שטיפת ידיים כדי לקבוע אילו יעילים ביותר על הסרת פתוגנים זיהומיות. המחקר נדרש כדי לספק ראיות עבור גישות שונות לשטיפת ידיים, כי ניתן להשתמש במהלך התפרצויות מחלות זיהומיות. כאן, שיטה מעבדה כדי להעריך את היעילות של שיטות שטיפת ידיים על הסרת מיקרואורגניזמים מן הידיים ואת ההתמדה שלהם במי השטיפה מתואר. ידיים של מתנדבים הם הראשון spiked עם אורגניזם הבדיקה ולאחר מכן שטף עם כל שיטת שטיפת ידיים של עניין. בדרך כלל, מיקרואורגניזמים פונדקאים משמשים להגנה על בני אדם מפני מחלות. מספר האורגניזמים שנותרו על ידי מתנדבים לאחר הכביסה נבדק באמצעות שיטת &quot;מיץ כפפות&quot; שונה: הידיים ממוקמות כפפות עם eluEnt ו הם scrubbed להשעות את מיקרואורגניזמים ולהפוך אותם זמינים לניתוח על ידי סינון קרום (חיידקים) או assay פלאק (וירוסים / bacteriophages). לשטוף מים המיוצר מן שטיפת הידיים נאסף ישירות לניתוח. יעילות שטיפת ידיים היא לכמת על ידי השוואת ערך הפחתת יומן בין דגימות נלקח לאחר שטיפת ידיים לדגימות ללא שטיפת ידיים. לשטוף מים התמדה הוא לכמת על ידי השוואת דגימות מים לשטוף משיטות שונות שטיפת ידיים לדגימות שנאספו לאחר שטיפת ידיים עם מים פשוטים. בעוד ששיטה זו מוגבלת על ידי הצורך להשתמש באורגניזמים חלופיים כדי לשמור על שלומם של מתנדבים אנושיים, היא לוכדת היבטים של שטיפת ידיים שקשה לשכפל במחקר במבחנה וממלא פערים במחקר על יעילות שטיפת ידיים והתמדה של אורגניזמים זיהומיות בשטיפה מַיִם.

הנה, פרוטוקול ( איור 1 ) הושלמה עם 18 מתנדבים, אשר נבדקו כל אחד באמצעות E. קולי ו Phi6. נמצאו הבדלים משמעותיים בין תוצאות שטיפת ידיים עם E. coli הן עם וללא עומס קרקע ו ​​Phi6 עם עומס הקרקע ( איור 2 איור 3 ). ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens at JoVE.com

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

שטיפת ידיים מומלץ באופן נרחב כדי למנוע שידור מחלות מדבקות. עם זאת, יש ראיות מועטות בהן שיטות שטיפת ידיים יעילות ביותר בהסרת פתוגנים למחלות זיהומיות. פיתחנו שיטה כדי להעריך את היעילות של שיטות שטיפת ידיים בהסרת מיקרואורגניזמים.

שיטה לבדיקת יעילות שטיפת הידיים להסרת הפתוגנים המזהמים

Handwashing is widely recommended to prevent infectious disease transmission. However, little comparable evidence exists on the efficacy of handwashing ...

a-method-to-test-efficacy-handwashing-for-removal-emerging-infectious

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

19.0K Views.  Tufts University.  שטיפת ידיים מומלץ באופן נרחב כדי למנוע שידור מחלות מדבקות. עם זאת, יש ראיות מועטות בהן שיטות שטיפת ידיים יעילות ביותר בהסרת פתוגנים למחלות זיהומיות. פיתחנו שיטה כדי להעריך את היעילות של שיטות שטיפת ידיים בהסרת מיקרואורגניזמים. 

Video: A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA שיטת המדידה של 1615. Enterovirus ומופע norovirus במים על ידי תרבות וRT-qPCR. I. איסוף דגימות וירוסים

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

Environment

Determining Viral Disinfection Efficacy of Hot Water Laundering

This protocol provides an example of a laboratory process for conducting laundering studies that generate data on viral disinfection. While the protocol was developed for research during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is intended to be a framework, adaptable to other virus disinfection studies; it demonstrates the steps for preparing the test virus, inoculating the test material, assessing visual and integrity changes to the washed items due to the laundering process, and quantifying the reduction in viral load. Additionally, the protocol outlines the necessary quality control samples for ensuring the experiments are not biased by contamination and measurements/observations that should be recorded to track the material integrity of the personal protective equipment (PPE) items after multiple laundering cycles. The representative results presented with the protocol use the Phi6 bacteriophage inoculated onto cotton scrub, denim, and cotton face-covering materials and indicate that the hot water laundering and drying process achieved over a 3-log (99.9%) reduction in viral load for all samples (a 3-log reduction is the disinfectant performance metric in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Product Performance Test Guideline 810.2200). The reduction in viral load was uniform across different locations on the PPE items. The results of this viral disinfection efficacy testing protocol should help the scientific community explore the effectiveness of home laundering for other types of test viruses and laundering procedures.

In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, a laboratory protocol was developed to test the viral disinfection efficacy of hot water laundering of cloth face coverings, cotton scrubs, and denim pants. The Phi6 virus (bacteriophage) was used as the organism to test disinfection efficacy.

קביעת יעילות חיטוי ויראלי של הלבנת מים חמים

This protocol provides an example of a laboratory process for conducting laundering studies that generate data on viral disinfection. While the protocol ...

Engineering

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the person-to-person route or indirectly through environmental surfaces or food, contaminated fomites and inanimate surfaces are important vehicles for the spread of the virus during norovirus outbreaks.
We developed and evaluated a protocol using macrofoam swabs for the detection and typing of human noroviruses from hard surfaces. Compared with fiber-tipped swabs or antistatic wipes, macrofoam swabs allow virus recovery (range 1.2-33.6%) from toilet seat surfaces of up to 700 cm2. The protocol includes steps for the extraction of the virus from the swabs and further concentration of the viral RNA using spin columns. In total, 127 (58.5%) of 217 swab samples that had been collected from surfaces in cruise ships and long-term care facilities where norovirus gastroenteritis had been reported tested positive for GII norovirus by RT-qPCR. Of these 29 (22.8%) could be successfully genotyped. In conclusion, detection of norovirus on environmental surfaces using the protocol we developed may assist in determining the level of environmental contamination during outbreaks as well as detection of virus when clinical samples are not available; it may also facilitate monitoring of effectiveness of remediation strategies.

A macrofoam based sampling methodology was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of norovirus on environmental hard surfaces.

שיטת הדגימה ספוגית לצורך זיהוי של norovirus האדם על משטחים

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the ...

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

As rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens continue to rise, outpacing the development of new antimicrobials, novel approaches to treatment of MDR bacteria are increasingly becoming a necessity. One such approach is combination therapy, in which two or more antibiotics are used together to treat an infection against which one or both of the drugs may be ineffective alone. When two drugs, in combination, exert a greater than additive effect, they are considered synergistic. In vitro investigation of synergistic activity is an important first step in evaluating the possible efficacy of drug combinations. Two main in vitro synergy testing methods have been developed: the checkerboard array and the time-kill study. In this paper, we present an automated checkerboard array method that makes use of inkjet printing technology to increase the efficiency and accuracy of this technique, as well as a standard manual time-kill synergy method. The automated checkerboard array can serve as a high-throughput screening assay, while the manual time-kill study provides additional, complementary data on synergistic activity and killing.
The checkerboard array is a modification of standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing, in which bacteria are incubated with antibiotics at different concentration combinations and evaluated for growth inhibition after overnight incubation. Manual performance of the checkerboard array requires a laborious and error-prone series of calculations and dilutions. In the automated method presented here, the calculation and dispensing of required antibiotic stock solution volumes are automated through the use of inkjet printer technology. In the time-kill synergy assay, bacteria are incubated with the antibiotics of interest, both together and individually, and sampled at intervals over the course of 24 h for quantitative culture. The results can determine whether a combination is synergistic and whether it is bactericidal, and provide data on inhibition and killing of bacteria over time.

Antimicrobial synergy testing is used to evaluate the effect of two or more antibiotics used in combination and is typically performed by one of two methods: the checkerboard array or the time-kill assay. Here, we present an automated, inkjet printer-assisted checkerboard array synergy technique and a classic time-kill synergy study.

סינרגיה מיקרוביאלית בדיקות על ידי באמצעות מדפסת הזרקת דיו לוח שחמט אוטומטיות מערך ושיטת להרוג זמן ידנית

As rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens continue to rise, outpacing the development of new antimicrobials, novel approaches to treatment of MDR ...

VirWaTest, A Point-of-Use Method for the Detection of Viruses in Water Samples

Viruses excreted by humans and animals may contaminate water sources and pose a risk to human health when this water is used for drinking, food irrigation, washing, etc. The classical fecal bacteria indicator does not always check for the presence of viral pathogens so the detection of viral pathogens and viral indicators is relevant in order to adopt measures of risk mitigation, especially in humanitarian scenarios and in areas where water-borne viral outbreaks are frequent.
At present, several commercial tests allowing the quantification of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are available for testing at the point of use. However, such commercial tests are not available for the detection of viruses. The detection of viruses in environmental water samples requires concentrating several liters into smaller volumes. Moreover, once concentrated, the detection of viruses relies on methods such as nucleic acid extraction and molecular detection (e.g., polymerase chain reaction [PCR]-based assays) of the viral genomes.
The method described here allows the concentration of viruses from 10 L water samples, as well as the extraction of viral nucleic acids at the point of use, with simple and portable equipment. This allows the testing of water samples at the point of use for several viruses and is useful in humanitarian scenarios, as well as at any context where an equipped laboratory is not available. Alternatively, the method allows concentrating viruses present in water samples and the shipping of the concentrate to a laboratory at room temperature for further analysis.

Here we present VirWaTest, which is a simple, affordable and portable method for the concentration and detection of viruses from water samples at the point of use.

וירוטסט, נקודת שימוש לאיתור וירוסים בדגימות מים

Viruses excreted by humans and animals may contaminate water sources and pose a risk to human health when this water is used for drinking, food ...

Prion Safety Laboratory Swipe Test

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to prion-contaminated laboratory tools. Prions cause disease by the templated misfolding of the normal cellular form of the prion protein, PrPC, into the misfolded and pathogenic form PrPSc and are invariably fatal. Reducing iatrogenic and occupational prion transmission is challenging. First, prions can bind to and persist on surfaces for long periods of time. Second, prions are highly resistant to inactivation. Given this, surfaces can retain infectivity for long periods of time following ineffective decontamination. Not only can this pose a potential occupational risk for prion laboratory workers, but it could potentially cross-contaminate laboratory experiments utilizing sensitive prion amplification techniques. The protocol described here for a prion safety laboratory swipe test includes steps for the identification and documentation of high-traffic laboratory areas, recommended swabbing controls to ensure the validity of results, steps to identify proper responses to positive surface swabbing sites, representative results from prion swipe testing, as well as potential artifactual results. Overall, the prion safety laboratory swipe test can be implemented as part of a broader prion safety program to assess decontamination of surfaces, monitor common spaces for prion contamination, and implement the documentation of prion decontamination status.

A method to assess commonly used areas in laboratory settings for prion contamination and effective decontamination is lacking. The protocol described here provides key fundamentals for implementing a laboratory prion safety swipe test that can easily be modified to meet the individual needs of specific laboratories.

בדיקת החלקה של מעבדת בטיחות פריון

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to ...

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

To control community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the 2020 global pandemic, most countries implemented strategies based on direct human testing, face covering, and surface disinfection. Under the assumption that the main route of transmission includes aerosols and respiratory droplets, efforts to detect SARS-CoV-2 in fomites have focused on locations suspected of high prevalence (e.g., hospital wards, cruise ships, and mass transportation systems). To investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces in the urban environment that are rarely cleaned and&#160;seldomly disinfected, 350 citizens were enlisted from the greater San Diego County. In total, these citizen scientists collected 4,080 samples. An online platform was developed to monitor sampling kit delivery and pickup, as well as to collect sample data. The sampling kits were mostly built from supplies available in pandemic-stressed stores. Samples were processed using reagents that were easy to access despite the recurrent supply shortage. The methods used were highly sensitive and resistant to inhibitors that are commonly present in environmental samples. The proposed experimental design and processing methods were successful at engaging numerous citizen scientists who effectively gathered samples from diverse surface areas. The workflow and methods described here are relevant to survey the urban environment for other viruses, which are of public health concern and pose a threat for&#160;future pandemics.

A citizen science project was designed to recruit San Diego residents to collect environmental samples for SARS-CoV-2. A multilingual web-based platform was created for data submission using a user-friendly mobile device interface. A laboratory information management system facilitated the collection of thousands of geographically diverse samples with real-time outcome tracking.

סניקה של הסביבה העירונית - צינור לדגימה וזיהוי של SARS-CoV-2 ממאגרים סביבתיים

To control community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the 2020 global pandemic, most countries ...

Biology

יעילות אנטי-מיקרוביאלית של בדים מצופים ננו-צמחי מרפא

An Antimicrobial Fabric Using Nano-Herbal Encapsulation of Essential Oils

Lab coats are widely used in biohazard laboratories and healthcare facilities as protective garments to prevent direct exposure to pathogens, spills, and burns. These cotton-based protective coats provide ideal conditions for microbial growth and attachment sites due to their porous nature, moisture-holding capacity, and retention of warmth from the user&#39;s body. Several studies have demonstrated the survival of pathogenic bacteria on hospital garments and lab coats, acting as vectors of microbial transmission.
A common approach to fix these problems is the application of antimicrobial agents in textile finishing, but concerns have been raised due to the toxicity and environmental effects of many synthetic chemicals. The ongoing pandemic has also opened a window for the investigation of effective antimicrobials and eco-friendly and toxic-free formulations. This study uses two natural bioactive compounds, carvacrol and thymol, encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles, which guarantee effective protection against four human pathogens with up to a 4-log reduction (99.99%). These pathogens are frequently detected in lab coats used in biohazard laboratories.
The treated fabrics also resisted up to 10 wash cycles with 90% microbial reduction, which is sufficient for the intended use. We made modifications to the existing standard fabric tests to better represent the typical scenarios of lab coat usage. These refinements allow for a more accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of antimicrobial lab coats and for the simulation of the fate of any accidental microbial spills that must be neutralized within a short time. Further studies are recommended to investigate the accumulation of pathogens over time on antimicrobial lab coats compared to regular protective coats.

Author Spotlight: מארג אנטי-מיקרוביאלי באמצעות אנקפסולציה ננו-צמחית של שמנים אתריים  

Antimicrobial lab coats prevent the cross-contamination of pathogen accumulation and accidental bio-spills. Here, we describe the protocol for developing a skin-friendly antimicrobial fabric using nano-herbal encapsulation and modified standard tests to precisely evaluate the efficacy and suitability for typical usage of the lab coat.

מארג אנטי-מיקרוביאלי באמצעות אנקפסולציה ננו-צמחית של שמנים אתריים

Lab coats are widely used in biohazard laboratories and healthcare facilities as protective garments to prevent direct exposure to pathogens, spills, and ...

שיטה לבדיקת יעילות שטיפת הידיים להסרת הפתוגנים המזהמים

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

EPA שיטת המדידה של 1615. Enterovirus ומופע norovirus במים על ידי תרבות וRT-qPCR. I. איסוף דגימות וירוסים

קביעת יעילות חיטוי ויראלי של הלבנת מים חמים

שיטת הדגימה ספוגית לצורך זיהוי של norovirus האדם על משטחים

סינרגיה מיקרוביאלית בדיקות על ידי באמצעות מדפסת הזרקת דיו לוח שחמט אוטומטיות מערך ושיטת להרוג זמן ידנית

וירוטסט, נקודת שימוש לאיתור וירוסים בדגימות מים

בדיקת החלקה של מעבדת בטיחות פריון

סניקה של הסביבה העירונית - צינור לדגימה וזיהוי של SARS-CoV-2 ממאגרים סביבתיים

מארג אנטי-מיקרוביאלי באמצעות אנקפסולציה ננו-צמחית של שמנים אתריים

מארג אנטי-מיקרוביאלי באמצעות אנקפסולציה ננו-צמחית של שמנים אתריים

מארג אנטי-מיקרוביאלי באמצעות אנקפסולציה ננו-צמחית של שמנים אתריים