This work was supported by "Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness" [grant number BIO2014-5258P], "European Commission" by the H2020 programs [grant numbers TBVAC2020 643381].

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Although current vaccine against tuberculosis, BCG, is the most widely administered vaccine in history, tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death and morbidity from infectious diseases worldwide. This paradox is explained by the lack of protection of this vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis, the responsible form of transmission. New vaccination approaches effective against pulmonary forms of the disease are urgently needed, as they would have the greatest impact on disease transmission globally.
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שחפת (TB) היא אחת המחלות הזיהומיות המובילים בגרימת מותם מזוהה יותר HIV בעולם בשילוב עם העלייה הגואה של זנים עמידים multidrug גורם שחפת בעיה בריאותית עולמית מדאיגה 1. כלי אבחון חדשים, תרופות יעילות יותר ופחות רעילות, וחיסוני TB בטוחים ויעילים חדשים הם צורך דחוף, במיוחד במדינות המתפתחות. לחיות Bacille Calmette-גרן מוחלשים (BCG) היא כיום חיסון מורשה רק נגד שחפת, אשר כבר מנוהל intradermally בלידה מאז 1970 ברחבי העולם. BCG נחשב יעיל במניעת צורות חמורות של המחלה (דלקת קרום המוח שחפת miliary) בילדים, אך הראה יעילות עולה בקנה אחד נגד שחפת ריאתית אחראית של העברת מחלות 2. חיסון ריאתי, אשר מחק מסלול טבעי של זיהום שחפת, מייצג גישה אטרקטיבית עבור תחול תגובה מקומי חיסון של פונדקאיים. בהקשר זה, יצירות פרה-קליניים שונים במודלים של בעלי חיים TB רלוונטיים שונים הוכיחו יעילות החיסון יותר בעקבות חיסון ריאתי כפי בהשוואה לתוואי תת עורית או תוך-3-6. עם זאת, מנגנוני ההגנה מופעלים על ידי חיסון ריאתי אינם מובנים היטב. בשנים האחרונות, כמה יצירות הצביעו לעבר בתגובה בתיווך IL17 כגורם חשוב של תגובה חיסונית ברירית ספציפית TB, כמו במודלים של עכברים לוקים עבור יעילות מגן עקב חיסון רירי IL17 נפגע 7,8. לאחרונה הראינו לראשונה כי אפי ממשל BCG מוגן DBA / 2 עכברים, זן עכבר מאופיין בהיעדר הגנה לאחר תת עורית BCG חיסון 9. תוצאות אלו הראו כי חיסון TB נשימה יכול להיות יעיל יותר בהפחתת שיעור השחפת במדינות אנדמיות, שבו BCG תוך-עורית נחשב יעיל נגד pulmonTB האר&quot;י.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Middlebrook 7H9 broth</td><td>BD</td><td>271310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Middlebrook ADC Enrichment</td><td>BD</td><td>211887</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 80</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>TW00800250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-mm diameter Glass Beads</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>038-138003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Middlebrook 7H10 Agar</td><td>BD</td><td>262710</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-ml syringe 26GA 0.45 x 10 mm</td><td>BD</td><td>301358</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GentleMACS dissociator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-235</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C tubes</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-237</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>M tubes</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-236</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase D</td><td>Roche</td><td>11088882001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNaseI</td><td>Applichem</td><td>A3778,0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon 70 &amp;micro;m Cell Strainer</td><td>Corning</td><td>352350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>Sigma</td><td>R0883</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer</td><td>Sigma</td><td>R7757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td><td>Gibco</td><td>35050-061</td><td>100x concentrated</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4333</td><td>100x concentrated</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Calf Serum</td><td>Biological Industries</td><td>04-001-1A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M3148-25ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scepter 2.0 Handheld Automated Cell Counter</td><td>Millipore</td><td>PHCC20040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scepter Cell Counter Sensors, 40 &amp;micro;m</td><td>Millipore</td><td>PHCC40050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - Tuberculin PPD</td><td>Statens Serum Institut (SSI)</td><td>2390</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse IFN-&amp;gamma; ELISA development kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mabtech</td><td>3321-1H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse IL17A ELISA development kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mabtech</td><td>3521-1H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brefeldin A</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B7651</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD4</td><td>BD</td><td>553047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit</td><td>BD</td><td>555028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>APC-Cy7 Rat Anti-mouse IL-17A</td><td>BD</td><td>560821</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>APC Mouse Anti-mouse IFNg</td><td>BD</td><td>554413</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LACHRYMAL OLIVE LUER LOCK 0.60 x 30 mm. 23G x 1 1/4&amp;rdquo;</td><td>UNIMED</td><td>27.134</td><td>Used as trachea cannula for BAL</td></tr><tr><td>high-protein binding polystyrene flat-bottom 96-well plates MAXISORP</td><td>NUNC</td><td>430341</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Albumin, from bovine serum</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A4503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgA (&amp;alpha;-chain specific)&amp;minus;Peroxidase antibody</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A4789</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3,3&amp;prime;,5,5&amp;prime;-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T0440</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MyTaq DNA Polymerase</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-21107</td><td>The kit Includes Buffer 5x</td></tr></tbody></table>

protective efficacy and pulmonary immune response following subcutaneous and intranasal bcg administration in mice

Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data have encouraged pulmonary tuberculosis vaccines as a promising strategy to prevent pulmonary disease, which is responsible for transmission. In this work, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate in the mouse model the benefits of intranasal BCG vaccination when compared to subcutaneous. Our data revealed greater protective efficacy following intranasal BCG administration. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a higher immune response in lungs, including Th1 and Th17 responses, as well as an increase of immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in respiratory airways. Our data show correlation between protective efficacy and the presence of IL17-producing cells in lungs post-Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the protective response conferred by pulmonary vaccination. Finally, we detail the global workflow we have developed to study respiratory vaccination in the mouse model, which could be extrapolated to other tuberculosis vaccines, apart from BCG, targeting the mucosal response or other pulmonary routes of administration such as the intratracheal or aerosol.

עבודה זו מתארת ​​את ההשוואה של שני מסלולים של ממשל של BCG: תת עורי אף. מסלול תת עורי ניתן להשוות את intradermal, המהווה את הציר הקליני הנוכחי עבור BCG ברחבי העולם. מסלול אפי חיסון שואף לחקות את הקו הטבעי של זיהום של M. שחפת, במטרה להשרות תגובה חיסונית ישיר?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice at JoVE.com

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

We herein detail the methodology followed to compare protective efficacy and lung immune response induced by intranasal and subcutaneous immunization with BCG in mouse model. Our results show the benefits of pulmonary vaccination and suggest a role for IL17-mediated response in vaccine-induced protection.

מגן היעילות ריאתי החיסונית בתגובה תת עורי ואת אפי BCG מינהל עכברים

Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data ...

protective-efficacy-pulmonary-immune-response-following-subcutaneous

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.5K Views.  University of Zaragoza. We herein detail the methodology followed to compare protective efficacy and lung immune response induced by intranasal and subcutaneous immunization with BCG in mouse model. Our results show the benefits of pulmonary vaccination and suggest a role for IL17-mediated response in vaccine-induced protection.

Video: Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

A Functional Whole Blood Assay to Measure Viability of Mycobacteria, using Reporter-Gene Tagged BCG or M.Tb (BCG lux/M.Tb lux)

Functional assays have long played a key role in measuring of immunogenicity of a given vaccine. This is conventionally expressed as serum bactericidal titers. Studies of serum bactericidal titers in response to childhood vaccines have enabled us to develop and validate cut-off levels for protective immune responses and such cut-offs are in routine use. No such assays have been taken forward into the routine assessment of vaccines that induce primarily cell-mediated immunity in the form of effector T cell responses, such as TB vaccines. In the animal model, the performance of a given vaccine candidate is routinely evaluated in standardized bactericidal assays, and all current novel TB-vaccine candidates have been subjected to this step in their evaluation prior to phase 1 human trials. The assessment of immunogenicity and therefore likelihood of protective efficacy of novel anti-TB vaccines should ideally undergo a similar step-wise evaluation in the human models now, including measurements in bactericidal assays.
Bactericidal assays in the context of tuberculosis vaccine research are already well established in the animal models, where they are applied to screen potentially promising vaccine candidates. Reduction of bacterial load in various organs functions as the main read-out of immunogenicity. However, no such assays have been incorporated into clinical trials for novel anti-TB vaccines to date.
Although there is still uncertainty about the exact mechanisms that lead to killing of mycobacteria inside human macrophages, the interaction of macrophages and T cells with mycobacteria is clearly required. The assay described in this paper represents a novel generation of bactericidal assays that enables studies of such key cellular components with all other cellular and humoral factors present in whole blood without making assumptions about their relative individual contribution. The assay described by our group uses small volumes of whole blood and has already been employed in studies of adults and children in TB-endemic settings. We have shown immunogenicity of the BCG vaccine, increased growth of mycobacteria in HIV-positive patients, as well as the effect of anti-retroviral therapy and Vitamin D on mycobacterial survival in vitro. Here we summarise the methodology, and present our reproducibility data using this relatively simple, low-cost and field-friendly model.
Note: Definitions/Abbreviations
BCG lux = M. bovis BCG, Montreal strain, transformed with shuttle plasmid pSMT1 carrying the luxAB genes from Vibrio harveyi, under the control of the mycobacterial GroEL (hsp60) promoter. 
CFU = Colony Forming Unit (a measure of mycobacterial viability).

A Functional Whole Blood Assay to Measure Viability of Mycobacteria, using Reporter-Gene Tagged BCG or M.Tb BCG lux/M.Tb lux

We describe an alternative approach to the enumeration of mycobacteria in vitro, which uses reporter-gene tagged mycobacteria instead of colony-forming units (CFU). &#x201C;Survival&#x201D; of organisms as well as host response-markers are measured simultaneously, providing a low-cost, versatile and functional system for studies of host/pathogen interactions in the context of tuberculosis.

Assay פונקציונלית הדם כולו כדי למדוד את הכדאיות של mycobacteria, באמצעות הכתב-Gene Tagged BCG או מ Tb (BCG לוקס / מ Tb לוקס)

Functional assays have long played a key role in measuring of immunogenicity of a given vaccine. This is conventionally expressed as serum bactericidal ...

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Vaccines are typically injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly for stimulation of immune responses. The success of this requires efficient drainage of vaccine to lymph nodes where antigen presenting cells can interact with lymphocytes for generation of the wanted immune responses. The strength and the type of immune responses induced also depend on the density or frequency of interactions as well as the microenvironment, especially the content of cytokines. As only a minute fraction of peripherally injected vaccines reaches the lymph nodes, vaccinations of mice and humans were performed by direct injection of vaccine into inguinal lymph nodes, i.e.&#160;intralymphatic injection. In man, the procedure is guided by ultrasound. In mice, a small (5-10 mm) incision is made in the inguinal region of anesthetized animals, the lymph node is localized and immobilized with forceps, and a volume of 10-20 &#956;l of the vaccine is injected under visual control. The incision is closed with a single stitch using surgical sutures. Mice were vaccinated with plasmid DNA, RNA, peptide, protein, particles, and bacteria as well as adjuvants, and strong improvement of immune responses against all type of vaccines was observed. The intralymphatic method of vaccination is especially appropriate in situations where conventional vaccination produces insufficient immunity or where the amount of available vaccine is limited.

Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination often fails to stimulate strong immune responses due to week drainage of the vaccine to lymph nodes and consequently poor involvement of immune cells. By direct injection of vaccine to lymph nodes, so-called intralymphatic injection, vaccine efficacy can be strongly improved and vaccine doses can be reduced.

Intralymphatic חיסוני וחיסון בעכברים

Vaccines are typically injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly for stimulation of immune responses. The success of this requires efficient drainage of ...

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been shown to effectively induce humoral and cellular responses at systemic and mucosal sites, namely the lungs and urogenital tract. Sublingual vaccination can promote protection against infections at the lower and upper respiratory tract; it can also promote tolerance to allergens and ameliorate asthma symptoms. Modulation of lung&#8217;s immune response by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is safer than direct administration of formulations by intranasal route because it does not require delivery of potentially harmful molecules directly into the airways. In contrast to intranasal delivery, side effects involving brain toxicity or facial paralysis are not promoted by SLIT. The immune mechanisms underlying SLIT remain elusive and its use for the treatment of acute lung infections has not yet been explored. Thus, development of appropriate animal models of SLIT is needed to further explore its potential advantages. 
This work shows how to perform sublingual administration of therapeutic agents in mice to evaluate their ability to protect against acute pneumococcal pneumonia. Technical aspects of mouse handling during sublingual inoculation, precise identification of sublingual mucosa, draining lymph nodes and isolation of tissues, bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs are illustrated. Protocols for single cell suspension preparation for FACS analysis are described in detail. Other downstream applications for the analysis of the immune response are discussed. Technical aspects of the preparation of Streptococcus pneumoniae inoculum and intranasal challenge of mice are also explained.
SLIT is a simple technique that allows screening of candidate molecules to modulate lungs&#8217; immune response. Parameters affecting the success of SLIT are related to molecular size, susceptibility to degradation and stability of highly concentrated formulations.

The present work illustrates the convenience of using sublingual immunotherapy to boost the innate immune response in the lungs and confer protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia in mouse.

אימונותרפיה תת לשונית כחלופה ללהשרות הגנה מפני זיהומים בדרכי הנשימה חריפים

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been ...

Medicine

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph node (DLN). The mobilization of DCs to the DLN is complex and remains to be fully elucidated during infection. Herein described is the use of an innovative, simple assay that relies on the fluorochrome 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to track the migration of DCs during footpad infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) in C57BL/6 mice. This assay enables the characterization of skin DC sub-populations that actively relocate to the draining, popliteal LN in response to BCG. This protocol originates from a BCG model where migratory skin DCs were identified by flow cytometry. The assay is amiable to the study and identification of DCs or other cells that home to the popliteal LN after inoculation of microbes, their metabolites or other inflammatory stimuli in the footpad, and consequently to study factors that regulate the migration of these cells.

An assay in mice to track cell migration from skin to draining lymph node is described which enables the characterization of skin Dendritic cells mobilized to the lymph node after footpad infection with Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin.

Assay CFSE המבוסס לחקר נדידת תאי דנדריטים עור Murine לתוך ניקוז בלוטות הלימפה במהלך זיהום<em&gt; Mycobacterium בוביס</em&gt; Bacille Calmette-גרן

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph ...

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease and the only available vaccine M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is safe and effective for protection against children&#39;s severe TB meningitis and some forms of disseminated TB, but fails to protect against pulmonary TB, which is the most prevalent form of the disease. Promising strategies to improve BCG currently rely either on its transformation with genes encoding immunodominant M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific antigens and/or complementation with genes encoding co-factors that would stimulate antigen presenting cells. Major limitations to these approaches include low efficiency, low stability, and the uncertain level of safety of expression vectors. In this study, we present an alternative approach to vaccine improvement, which consists of BCG complementation with exogenous proteins of interest on the surface of bacteria, rather than transformation with plasmids encoding corresponding genes. First, proteins of interest are expressed in fusion with monomeric avidin in standard E. coli expression systems and then used to decorate the surface of biotinylated BCG. Animal experiments using BCG surface decorated with surrogate ovalbumin antigen demonstrate that the modified bacterium is fully immunogenic and capable of inducing specific T cell responses. Altogether, the data presented here strongly support a novel and efficient method for reshaping the current BCG vaccine that replaces the laborious conventional approach of complementation with exogenous nucleic acids.

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

A novel technique for rapid antigen display on a bacterial surface is presented, which involves surface biotinylation followed by exposure to proteins of interest in fusion with monomeric avidin. Loading BCG with selected antigens successfully improves its immunogenicity, suggesting that surface decoration can replace traditional genetic approaches.

ביטוי של אנטיגנים אקסוגני חיסון ה-BCG Mycobacterium חיידקי סטרפטקוקוס בוביס דרך קישוט משטח שאינו גנטי עם מערכת אבידין-ביוטין

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease and the only available vaccine M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is safe and effective for ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ.
This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. To exemplify the method, the tuberculin skin test is used for antigenic recall in individuals who, prior to this study, underwent a Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin vaccination against an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, examples of multiplex and flow cytometric analyses of SB specimens are provided, illustrating high fractions of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells available by this sampling method compared with cells isolated from the blood.
The method described here is safe and minimally invasive, provides a unique opportunity to study both innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, and may be beneficial to a broad community of researchers working with cell-mediated immunity and human memory responses, in the context of vaccine development.

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Here, we provide a demonstration of the suction blister cutaneous recall model. The model allows a simple access to study human in vivo adaptive immune responses, for instance in the context of vaccine development.

פרוטוקול שלפוחית היניקה לימודים אדם T-cell האחזור תגובות In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

הערכה של פתוגן-פונדקאי תגובות והיעילות החיסון בעכברים

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria

Most bacteria, including mycobacteria, generate extracellular vesicles (EVs). Since bacterial EVs (bEVs) contain a subset of cellular components, including metabolites, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, several groups have evaluated either the native or recombinant versions of bEVs for their protective potency as subunit vaccine candidates. Unlike native EVs, recombinant EVs are molecularly engineered to contain one or more immunogens of interest. Over the last decade, different groups have explored diverse approaches for generating recombinant bEVs. However, here, we report the design, construction, and enrichment of recombinant mycobacterial EVs (mEVs) in mycobacteria. Towards that, we use Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), an avirulent soil mycobacterium as the model system. We first describe the generation and enrichment of native EVs of Msm. Then, we describe the design and construction of recombinant mEVs that contain either mCherry, a red fluorescent reporter protein, or EsxA (Esat-6), a prominent immunogen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We achieve this by separately fusing mCherry and EsxA N-termini with the C-terminus of a small Msm protein Cfp-29. Cfp-29 is one of the few abundantly present proteins of MsmEVs. The protocol to generate and enrich recombinant mEVs from Msm remains identical to the generation and enrichment of native EVs of Msm.

This protocol details the enrichment of native mycobacterial extracellular vesicles (mEVs) from axenic cultures of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) and how mCherry (a red fluorescent reporter)-containing recombinant MsmEVs can be designed and enriched. Lastly, it verifies the novel approach with the enrichment of MsmEVs containing the EsxA protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

העשרה של שלפוחיות חוץ-תאיות מקומיות ורקומביננטיות של מיקובקטריה

Most bacteria, including mycobacteria, generate extracellular vesicles (EVs). Since bacterial EVs (bEVs) contain a subset of cellular components, ...

האצת קביעת שחפת בשיטת Micro-CFU

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death worldwide by an infectious agent, killed 1.6 million people in 2022, only being surpassed by COVID-19 during the 2019-2021 pandemic. The disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). The Mycobacterium bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG), the only TB vaccine, is the oldest licensed vaccine in the world, still in use. Currently, there are 12 vaccines in clinical trials and dozens of vaccines under pre-clinical development. The method of choice used to assess the efficacy of TB vaccines in pre-clinical studies is the enumeration of bacterial colonies by the colony-forming units (CFU) assay. This time-consuming assay takes 4 to 6 weeks to conclude, requires substantial laboratory and incubator space, has high reagent costs, and is prone to contamination. Here we describe an optimized method for colony enumeration, the micro-CFU (mCFU), that offers a simple and rapid solution to analyze M.tb vaccine efficacy results. The mCFU assay requires tenfold fewer reagents, reduces the incubation period threefold, taking 1 to 2 weeks to conclude, reduces lab space and reagent cost, and minimizes the health and safety risks associated with working with large numbers of M.tb. Moreover, to evaluate the efficacy of a TB vaccine, samples may be obtained from a variety of sources, including tissues from vaccinated animals infected with Mycobacteria. We also describe an optimized method to produce a unicellular, uniform, and high-quality mycobacterial culture for infection studies. Finally, we propose that these methods should be universally adopted for pre-clinical studies of vaccine efficacy determination, ultimately leading to time reduction in the development of vaccines against TB.

מחבר זרקור: אופטימיזציה של קביעת CFU להערכה יעילה של יעילות החיסון לשחפת וניתוח הצגת אנטיגן 

The determination of colony-forming units (CFU) is the gold-standard technique for quantifying bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can take weeks to form visible colonies. Here we describe a micro-CFU for CFU determination with increased time efficiency, reduced lab space and reagent cost, and scalability to medium and high throughput experiments.

בדיקת יחידה להקמת מושבות מיקרו להערכת יעילות חיסונים נגד שחפת

Tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death worldwide by an infectious agent, killed 1.6 million people in 2022, only being surpassed by COVID-19 during ...

מגן היעילות ריאתי החיסונית בתגובה תת עורי ואת אפי BCG מינהל עכברים

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Assay פונקציונלית הדם כולו כדי למדוד את הכדאיות של mycobacteria, באמצעות הכתב-Gene Tagged BCG או מ Tb (BCG לוקס / מ Tb לוקס)

Intralymphatic חיסוני וחיסון בעכברים

אימונותרפיה תת לשונית כחלופה ללהשרות הגנה מפני זיהומים בדרכי הנשימה חריפים

Assay CFSE המבוסס לחקר נדידת תאי דנדריטים עור Murine לתוך ניקוז בלוטות הלימפה במהלך זיהום

ביטוי של אנטיגנים אקסוגני חיסון ה-BCG Mycobacterium חיידקי סטרפטקוקוס בוביס דרך קישוט משטח שאינו גנטי עם מערכת אבידין-ביוטין

פרוטוקול שלפוחית היניקה לימודים אדם T-cell האחזור תגובות In Vivo

הערכה של פתוגן-פונדקאי תגובות והיעילות החיסון בעכברים

העשרה של שלפוחיות חוץ-תאיות מקומיות ורקומביננטיות של מיקובקטריה

בדיקת יחידה להקמת מושבות מיקרו להערכת יעילות חיסונים נגד שחפת

בדיקת יחידה להקמת מושבות מיקרו להערכת יעילות חיסונים נגד שחפת