Name: how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants
Uploaded: 2016-04-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

הפרוטוקול המתואר להלן גרימת CTA כלפי יבולים וודי פועל בהתאם להנחיות לטיפול בבעלי חיים של &quot;ברצלונה Universitat האוטונומית דה&quot; (Bellaterra, ספרד), והוא אושר על ידי ועדת האתיקה של בעלי חיים לניסויים בבני אדם לגבי צאן (CEEAH, הפניות 770 ו 998 בהתאמה). 1. הכנת LiCl Dose <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ערכו 25% w / v (משקל / נפח) פתרון LiCl במים מזוקקים. לחלופין, להשתמש במי ברז נקיים. LiCl מאוד היגרוסקופי ולכן יש צורך לטפל בעת הטיפול כימי האבקה. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשקול 250 גרם של LiCl לפזר אותו במים מזוקקים (פתרון להתרכז LiCl). כמו התגובה היא אקסותרמית, לחכות עד הפתרון חזר לטמפרטורת החדר לפני שתמשיך. יוצקים את הפתרון בתוך בקבוק מדידה ולהוסיף מים מזוקקים כדי להעבירה 1,000 מ&quot;ל. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חשבתי את הנפח של פתרון עבור כל חיה (יחידמָנָה). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשקול את החיות להשיג ממשקל גופם (BW) ולחשב את מ&quot;ל של LiCl צורך עבור כל חיה הבאים המשוואה 1. המינון המומלץ התמדה ארוכת טווח 225 מ&quot;ג LiCl / ק&quot;ג BW בכבשים 10 ו -200 מ&quot;ג LiCl / ק&quot;ג BW ב עז 17. עם זאת, מינונים אחרים המשמשים למרעה מוצגים בלוח 1. (ק&quot;ג BW x מנה LiCl בסול / ק&quot;ג BW) / ריכוז LiCl ב g / L = נפח של LiCl (L) [Eq. 1] לדוגמה: כבשים = 60 ק&quot;ג BW; מנה = 225 מ&quot;ג LiCl / ק&quot;ג BW; ריכוז של פתרון LiCl = 250 גר &#39;/ ל (60 ק&quot;ג x 0.225 גרם / ק&quot;ג) / 250 ג &#39;/ L = 0.054 L = 54 מ&quot;ל עיזים = 35 ק&quot;ג BW; מנה = 200 מ&quot;ג LiCl / ק&quot;ג BW; ריכוז של פתרון LiCl = 250 גר &#39;/ ל (35 ק&quot;ג x 0.200 גרם / ק&quot;ג) / 250 ג &#39;/ L = 0.028 L = 28 מ&quot;ל </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> מנת LiCl </td><td> Mazorra et al. (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> Burritt et al. (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> נָמוּך </td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td> בֵּינוֹנִי </td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td> גָבוֹהַ </td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> טבלה 1:. טווח המינון LiCl טווח של מינונים LiCl (מ&quot;ג / ק&quot;ג משקל גוף, BW) בשימוש על ידי מחברים שונים כדי לגרום סלידה ההזנה. 2. בחירה ומתקני בעלי החיים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בחר מבוגר, שאינו בהריון ויבש חיות, אשר מעולם לא אכלו בעבר את הזנת היעד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אין להשרות את CTA ליותר מ -20 חיות באותו הזמן, כדי לשלוט בהתנהגות שלהם טוב יותר. בתחילה, רק לגרום CTA עד 5 חיות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להקצות את החיות במקום שבו צריך להאכיל היעד ניתן להקליט בנפרד. להאכיל את החיות של פעם ביום עם תזונת בסיס מכסה את כל הדרישות התזונתיות שלהם ולספק גישה חופשית למים על מילבלוק neral. הבטח צריכת מלח נאות כדי למנוע תופעות LiCl רעילות, מאז תאי גוף יכולים להשתמש Li במקום Na 9. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אם המתקנים חדשים לבעלי החיים, לתת להם 1 בשבוע של זמן ההסתגלות ולהכיר את הסביבה ואת הדיאטה הבזליים. </li></ol> 3. אינדוקצית שנאה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את הדיאטה הבזליים בערב לפני (היום -1) ולהציע כרצונך להאכיל יעד על מנת להבטיח כי בעלי חיים אוכלים את הזנת היעד בשקיקה ביום הבא 12. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ביום שלמחרת (יום 0), להסיר את orts בבוקר ומציעים 200 גרם של מזון היעד כל חיה במהלך 30 דקות. לשקול את orts לאחריו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אם בעלי החיים צורכים יותר מ 20-30 גרם, לנהל את נפח מחושב המקביל של LiCl (מחושב מ&quot;ל ב 1.2) עם אקדח הַשׁקָאָה בהקדם היא אפשרית מבחינה מעשית, לא מחכה יותר מ 1 שעות לאחר הצריכה. אם בעלי החיים צורכים פחות מ 20-30 גרם, לחזור על התהליך למחרת. duדואר להתנהגות להאכיל neophobic המולדת שלהם, בעלי חיים יכול צריך יותר מ 1 יום להתחיל לצרוך את ההזנה היעד 10,17,25-27. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר מתן LiCl, לחכות 2 שעות לפני הצעת הדיאטה הבזליים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מיום 1 עד 3, לא מציע החיות להאכיל היעד ולבדוק אותם מדי פעם כדי לזהות כל סימן אפשרי מחלה קשה, הקלטת עדכונים יומיים צריכת מים (לפי משקל או על ידי א-רשימת תיוג), קצב נשימה ואת התנהגות בעלי חיים. הם יכלו להציג ראש ירד ואוזניים, חוסר פעילות, שלשולים, קצב נשימה מוגבר וירידת מים צריך דיאטה בימים הבאים ממשל LiCl 9-11,20,25. </li></ol> 4. אימות שנאה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בימים 4, 5, 6 ו -7 לאחר מתן LiCl, חזור על שלב 3.2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אם בעלי החיים צורכים &lt;10 גרם (או &lt;4 עקיצות) של ההזנה היעד, לשקול את סף CTA established.The בין אפס (לא צריכה) 10 גרם יכול לסמוך על הנסיבות שלצמח היעד (רעיל או לא). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אם כל חיה צורכת&gt; 10 גרם, לנהל מנת LiCl חדשה וחזור על שלב 4.1. אם החיה ממשיכה לצרוך את צמח המטרה לאחר המנה השנייה, לחסל אותו מקבוצת CTA. סיוע חברתי (למשל אמא, אחים ובני זוג קרוב) יכולים לשנות התנהגות CTA בהמות. בעלי חיים אשר היו למנוע לצמח יעד בקלות לצרוך אותו שוב כאשר הוא לרעות עם בעלי חיים שאינם מוסבים 28. </li></ol> ניהול מרעה 5. הערה: המינון של LiCl שימוש כדי לגרום CTA מופרש לחלוטין בעוד כמה ימים, בעיקר על ידי שתן. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> למרות Li מופץ באופן נרחב על קרום כדור הארץ, על מנת למנוע זיהום אפשרי היבול האורגני, לחכות 9-11 ימים לפני שעבר את החיות (זמן הפינוי הוקם עם pharmacokinetic Li) יבול 11. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ודא שמכסת קרקע היבול בשפע טעים ברחבימרעה לתקופה למנוע את החיות מן הדגימה להאכיל היעד. לרעות חיות שטופלו בנפרד שטופלו שאינם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אפשר חי לרעות מגרש delimitated של פני השטח כדי להשיג שליטה אחידה של גובה הדשא. התוחם את העלילה באמצעות גדרות חשמליות או מתכתיות ניידות או באמצעות רועה לרעות החיות בין קווי חיתוך מבוקשים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הימנע רעיית-יתר מגרש, הסרת חיות לפני כיסוי הקרקע הופך נדיר (גובה הדשא של 5 ס&quot;מ) 29. </li></ol> 6. להקים מחדש את CTA <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בכל שנה, לפני המאפשר החיות לחזור לרעות היבול, חזור על שלב 4. </li></ol>

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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+aversion+learning+in+lambs+with+or+without+a+mother:+discrimination,+novelty+and+persistence.">Food aversion learning in lambs with or without a mother: discrimination, novelty and persistence.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 18 (3-4), 327-340 (1987).</li><li>Pfister, J. A., Astorga, J. B., Panter, K., Molyneux, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+locoweed+exposure+in+utero+and+as+a+neonate+does+not+disrupt+taste+aversion+learning+in+lambs.">Maternal locoweed exposure in utero and as a neonate does not disrupt taste aversion learning in lambs.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36 (2-3), 159-167 (1993).</li><li>Villalba, J. J., Catanese, F., Provenza, F. D., Distel, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+early+experience+to+dietary+diversity,+acceptance+of+novel+flavors,+and+open+field+behavior+in+sheep.">Relationships between early experience to dietary diversity, acceptance of novel flavors, and open field behavior in sheep.</a> Physiol. Behav. 105 (2), 181-187 (2012).</li><li>Thorhallsdottir, A. G., Provenza, F. D., Balph, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+influences+on+conditioned+food+aversions+in+sheep.">Social influences on conditioned food aversions in sheep.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 25 (1-2), 45-50 (1990).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+taste+aversion+generalization+by+aroma+in+sheep.">Conditioned taste aversion generalization by aroma in sheep.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 93, 497 (2015).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+and+persistence+of+conditioned+aversion+to+grape+leaves+and+sprouts+for+grazing+sheep+in+vineyards.">Creation and persistence of conditioned aversion to grape leaves and sprouts for grazing sheep in vineyards.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 91, 497 (2013).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+lithium+chloride+for+mid-term+conditioned+aversion+to+olive+tree+leaves+in+penned+and+grazing+goats.">Effect of lithium chloride for mid-term conditioned aversion to olive tree leaves in penned and grazing goats.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 90, 672 (2012).</li><li>Conover, M. R., Mason, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+Principles+Governing+Conditioned+Food+Aversions+Based+on+Deception.">Behavioral Principles Governing Conditioned Food Aversions Based on Deception.</a> Repellents in wildlife management: Proceedings of the Second DWRC Special Symposium. , 29-40 (1997).</li><li>Howery, L. D., Provenza, F. D., Ruyle, G. B., Jordan, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+animals+learn+it+rangeland+plants+are+toxic+or+nutritious.">How do animals learn it rangeland plants are toxic or nutritious.</a> Rangelands. 20 (6), 4-9 (1998).</li><li>Ralphs, M. H., Cheney, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+cattle+age,+lithium+chloride+dose+level,+and+food+type+in+the+retention+of+food+aversions.">Influence of cattle age, lithium chloride dose level, and food type in the retention of food aversions.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 71 (2), 373-379 (1993).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

הקריאה לפעולה היא הוקמה בקלות במעלי גירה קטנה כאשר הזנת היעד היא צמח אשר החיה מעולם לא אכלה לפני ואינו מכילה חומר מזין תחליף. לבעלי חיים יש עמותה שלאחר ingestive חיובית עם הזנה רעילה אלא אם קשר קודם מקשה לשנות את התפיסה שלהם של אותה 7,33 להאכיל בפרט. התנאי סלידת טעם מופ...

שימוש כיסוי קרקע בין שורות יבול וודי מפחית סחף קרקע ושפלה ומגביר מים, פחמן אורגני וחנקן שמירה 1-3. בנוסף, כיסוי קרקע שומר ומגביר מגוון ביולוגי, התומך האיזון בין מזיקי יבול הטורפים הטבעיים שלהם. חקלאים נוטים לחסל עשבים ידי החלת המוצרים להגנת הצומח או באמצעות מכונה Reaper; ובכך להקטין תחרות מזינה בין יבולי כיסוי ירוק. דרך חסכונית לשלוט כיסוי קרקע תהיה השימוש של מרעה שמעלה גרים קטנה. יתרון נוסף מן המרעה הבהמית הוא השיפור בבריאות קרקע ופוריות. עם זאת, החקלאים אינם ששים ליישם את הנוהג הזה בשל מעלי גירה קטנים נזק לגידולים ידי צריכת עלים ונבטים צעירים. כדי למנוע נזק היבול הפוטנציאלי כדאי להשרות סלידת טעם המותנה (CTA) ב כבשים או עיזים בתוך עדר או עדר. הקריאה לפעולה היא הוקמה בקלות עבור nEW זנות, בשל התנהגות neophobia להאכיל מולד 4,5 של מעלי גירה קטנים, ובגלל הזנה מוכרת קשורות באופן חיובי עם &quot;נודע בטיחות&quot; מצב שהוא יותר קשה לשנות או לתפעל 6. בעלי חיים ללמוד לדחות עדכון מסוים (גירוי מותנה) עקב השפעה שלאחר ingestive השלילית (גירוי מותנה). כדי לגרום CTA כלפי צמחים טעימים ולא רעילים, ליתיום כלוריד (LiCl; סוכן משרן) ניתן דרך פה לאחר החיה צורכת את צמח המטרה. בעוד ישנם אחרים סוכני משרן (למשל הידרוכלורידי, ciclosphosphamide, thiabendazole), LiCl הראה את CTA החזק ביותר המתמשך בשל השפעתו על מערכת ההקאה על ידי גירוי של אזור אזור הדק chemoreceptor ומצוקת עיכול 7,8 עם סימנים קלים של כללי אִי נוֹחוּת. ליתיום (Li) נספג ממערכת העיכול העליון ומופץ בחלל 9 מי הגוף הכולל. חי caיש n תקופת החלמה קצרה ככל ימים 7,10,11. LiCl יכול להינתן על ידי לערבב אותו עם האוכל 12,13, בכמוסה ג&#39;לטין 13,14 או בתמיסה אוראלית ידי הַשׁקָאָה אקדח 15-17. למרות שפתרון LiCl הוא מאכל, ללא פגיעה בפה או הוושט תוארה. LiCl משמש בטווח של 100 עד 400 מ&quot;ג LiCl / ק&quot;ג משקל גוף (BW), עם תוצאות טובות יותר (CTA עיקש יותר) באמצעות מינונים גבוהים יותר 16,18. אף על פי כן, בהתחשב בהשפעות המינון הידועות כלפי מינים שונים וגזעים, ההשפעה הקטלנית במקרים מסוימים מתחילה ב 400 מ&quot;ג LiCl / קילו BW. המינון המומלץ עבור CTA לטווח ארוך יעילים מתחיל ב 200 מ&quot;ג / ק&quot;ג BW לעיזים 225 מ&quot;ג / ק&quot;ג BW לכבשים 10,17,19. Li בשימוש במינונים אלה מופרש בתוך 4 ימים לאחר השימוש הראשון, בעיקר דרך השתן (92 ± 4%), ואחריו צואה (6.5 ± 1.3%) וחלב (2.8 ± 0.4%) 11. וההשלמהתקופת נסיגה משוערת מנה בודדת של LiCl בפלזמה היא 9 ו -11 ימים לגבי צאן, בהתאמה. בשל הפרשת Li המינימאלית בחלב, CTA לא ניתן לקבוע באופן טבעי היונק מחוץ אביב 11,20. התמדת CTA לטווח ארוכה בכבשים דווחה לאורך כל עונת מרעה כולו (3-4 חודשים) כאשר מקור מזון חלופי היה זמין 14,21, להיות הוקם מחדש כדי סלידה כמעט מוחלטת עם מנת LiCl יחידה בבית המרעה הבא העונה (9 חודשים לאחר מכן) 14. יתר על כן, persistences CTA של 2 ו -3 שנים דווח פרות בתנאים מרעים, ללא צורך במינוני חיזוק, כאשר להאכיל היעד הוא צמח רעיל אבל טעים 22,23. האפשרות של בהתחשב עדכון החלופה היא קריטית עבור החיה לשמור על CTA כנגד מפעל רעיל. בכל פעם החיה צורכת יותר מ -10 גרם של הצמח נמנע מבלי לגרום di העיכולscomfort, את CTA עלול להיפגע 24.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

התוצאות המתוארות להלן התקבלו על ידי מספר מחקרים ב CTA כלפי יבולים וודי במעלי גירה קטנות שנערכו בברצלונה Universitat האוטונומית דה והם מספקים ראיות כדי לבסס את הפרוטוקול המוצע. מינונים של 175 ו -200 מ&quot;ג...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

כיצד ליצור סלידת טעם הותנה מַרעִית העטיפות בגידולים וודי עם מעלי גירה קטנות

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K Views.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

Video: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

השימוש במערכת אוטומטית (GreenFeed) לפקח פליטות המעיים מתאן ופחמן דו חמצני מבעלי חיים מעלה הגירה

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

שיטה להשתקה מרחוק עצבית פעילות במכרסמים בשלבים בדידים של למידה

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Behavior

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which include many crops such as cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts etc. Rearing of the insects takes place on cabbage plants in the greenhouse. At least two cages are needed for the rearing of Pieris rapae. One for the larvae and the other to contain the adults, the butterflies. In order to investigate the role of plant hormones and toxic plant chemicals in resistance to this insect pest, we demonstrate two experiments. First, determination of the role of jasmonic acid (JA - a plant hormone often indicated in resistance to insects) in resistance to the chewing insect Pieris rapae. Caterpillar growth can be compared on wild-type and mutant plants impaired in production of JA. This experiment is considered "No Choice", because larvae are forced to subsist on a single plant which synthesizes or is deficient in JA. Second, we demonstrate an experiment that investigates the role of glucosinolates, which are used as oviposition (egg-laying) signals. Here, we use WT and mutant Arabidopsis impaired in glucosinolate production in a "Choice" experiment in which female butterflies are allowed to choose to lay their eggs on plants of either genotype. This video demonstrates the experimental setup for both assays as well as representative results.

Plant resistance to chewing insect herbivores can be tested in several ways. Here, we demonstrate how to set-up a choice and a no-choice experiment with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify resistance against the pest species Pieris rapae.

בחירה אין ברירה מבחני לבחינות ההתנגדות של thaliana א &#39;חרקים לעיסת

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

Biology

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

פרוטוקול העדפה המקום ממוזגים למדידת דגירה של השתוקקות אצל חולדות

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

צנתור של לולאות מעיים של מעלי גירה

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

השימוש של בדיקות פחד מסורתיות להערכת מעגלים רגשיים שונים בבקר

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

אפיון מנגנוני ההתנגדות אוכלי עשב: Spittlebugs על Brachiaria Spp. כדוגמה

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

א<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; מצב תזונתיים מבוססי Assay Assersion

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Neuroscience

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

שיטות איסוף חלב לעכברים וריבס &#39;Muntjac צביים

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...

כיצד ליצור סלידת טעם הותנה מַרעִית העטיפות בגידולים וודי עם מעלי גירה קטנות

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