אנו מודים פרנק ארווין, רוברטה Palmour ואנשי מדעי ההתנהגות קרן מעבדות ממוקם בסנט קיטס, הודו המערבית, על המשך התמיכה עבודתם הפרימטים שלנו. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מענק של X השביר קרן המחקר של קנדה (FXRFC) כדי SZ ו - מענקים ההפעלה המכונים הקנדי לבריאות מחקר (AC) ועל הנדסת הלאומי מועצת המחקר של קנדה (MP).

Immunohistochemisty היא אחת הטכניקות הנפוצה ביותר לאפיון ביטוי חלבון במוח של שונות במודלים של בעלי חיים ניסיוניים. קל יחסית לנהל הליכים immunohistochemical שיטתי על מוחותיהם של מכרסמים אחרים מודלים ניסיוניים משותף עם מוח בגודל דומה. עם זאת, אין עבודה שפורסם לידע שלנו המספק תיאור מקיף של איך לבצע את ההליכים immunodetection כאלה ברחבי מוח קוף כולו. להלן תיאור מפורט של איך להכין מוח קוף כולו לגילוי בקנה מידה גדול immunohistochemical של חלבונים היעד השונים. עבודה זו התפתחה כתוצאה של שיתוף פעולה בין יוזמות מסחריות אקדמי. ככזה, פרטים הנוגעים רקמות הטבעה וכן חתך להישאר ידע קנייני של NSA. חלק 1: טיפול בבעלי חיים והכנה רקמה המוח של קוף vervet מבוגר (Cercopithecus aethiops) משמש פרוטוקול הנוכחי. כל ההליכים מתבצעים בהתאם המועצה הקנדית על בריאות בעלי חיים (CCAC) הנחיות שימוש וטיפול בבעלי חיים במחקר ביו 1. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעלי חיים היא מורדמת עם קטמין הידרוכלוריד (10 מ&quot;ג / ק&quot;ג, IM), מורדמים עם ממנת יתר של pentobarbital נתרן (25 מ&quot;ג / ק&quot;ג, ד) ו perfused transcardially עם 0.1 מ PBS עד exsanguinated לחלוטין. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> זה ואחריו פתרון paraformaldehyde 4% PBS דקות 5 (~ 1 ליטר). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> המוח מוחצן ממוקם PBS שנאגרו פתרונות מדורגים סוכרוז (10, 20 ו ברצף, 30%) המכיל נתרן אזיד 0.02% ומתוחזק ב -4 ˚ C עד המוח שוקע לתחתית המיכל. הפתרון הוא להחליף כל כמה ימים עד שהמוח עובר להקפיא חתך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> המוח הוא נשלח Neuroscience Associates (NSA; Knoxville, TN) להיות נתון MultiBrain הקניינית שלהם ™ הטבעה ולהקפיא-חתך הטכנולוגיה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שבע (7) ציוני דרך יישור ממוקמים המטריצה ​​הטבעה כך ניתן לזהות קטעים אוריינטציה כראוי (כלומר, משמאל לימין כיוון) מחדש בציר לאחר עיבוד היסטולוגית תושלם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הבלוק קפוא מצולמת דיגיטלית בפניו לחסום לפני כל קטע סדרתי הוא שנאספו ברחוב. תמונות דיגיטליות, כמו גם חלקים מהמוח זה יכול להיות מאוחר יותר נעשה שימוש לשיקום 3D של מפות אנטומית היסטולוגית, בהתאמה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סידורי חופשי צף סעיפים העטרה, על עובי של 50 מיקרומטר לכל סעיף, נאספים מן המוח כולו. </li></ol> חלק 2: עיבוד היסטולוגית קטעים נבחרים במרווח מרחבי נתון (למשל, 500 מיקרומטר) ולמטרות הניסוי שלנו עובדו עם נוגדנים הבאים:-X השביר חלבון פיגור שכלי (FMRP; Chemicon: Temecula, CA), SMI32 (Sternberger Monoclonals Inc; בולטימור, MD), ו NeuN (Chemicon: Temecula, CA). FMRP הוא חלבון cytoplasmic כי מצאו בשפע בנוירונים של המוח המוביל נורמלי תמורה 2. NeuN (גרעינים עצבי) דווקא מזהה את ה-DNA מחייבת נוירון ספציפי NeuN חלבון אשר שוהה רוב הנוירונים מופץ גרעינים העצבית, perikarya וכמה תהליכים עצביים הפרוקסימלי 3. SMI-32 היא נוגדן חד שבטי המכירה epitope הלא פוספורילציה על חלבונים neurofilament 4. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בהפרש של 500 מיקרומטר, כ 140 חלקים המשמשים לכל נוגדן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Incubations הכל, תחליבי צעדים מכתים מתבצעות עם תסיסה קלה באמצעות כלים מיוחדים מכתים וסלים (HistoTools; Knoxville, TN). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדורים מודגרת הראשון בתמיסה המכילה 0.1 M טריטון PBS/0.3% X-100 (TX) / 5% נסיוב צרוד רגילה (NHS) במשך 60 דקות על מנת לצמצם מחייב ספציפי של מולקולות נוגדן ו מכתים רקע וכתוצאה מכך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סעיפים המסומנים FMRP immunostaining לעבור שלב נוסף של התאוששות אנטיגן באמצעות חשיפת Antigen פתרון (וקטור Labs; ברלינגיים, CA) לפי הוראות יצרן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדורים מודגרת אז לילה ובימים נפרד בפתרונות שלהם נוגדן המכיל 0.1 M PBS/0.3% TX / NHS 3% (עם מקדם דילול של 1 / 5, 000 עבור FMRP ו - SMI-32 ו 1 / 2, 000 עבור נוגדנים NeuN. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> למחרת, חלקים נשטפים במשך שלוש תקופות של 10 דקות בתמיסה כביסה (0.1 M TX PBS/0.3%) ואחריו הדגירה של 2 שעות בטמפרטורת החדר נוגדן אנטי עכבר biotinylated משני וגדל סוס (וקטור Labs: 1 / דילול 1000 ב 0.1 M PBS/0.3% NHS TX / 3%). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר סדרה נוספת של 3 שוטף של 10 דקות, קטעי ממוקמים פתרון של מורכבות avidin-ביוטין חזרת מצומדות peroxidase (וקטור Labs) עבור 1 שעות בטמפרטורת החדר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לבסוף, לאחר סדרה נוספת של שוטף, הסעיפים חשופים במשך 10 דקות עד קוטר ניקל משופרתminobenzidine (Ni-DAB) תגובה המייצר כחול כהה כתם בתוך הנוירונים immunoreactive. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בסיום ההליך היסטולוגית, קטעי הם רכובים על ג&#39;לטין מצופה שקופיות הזכוכית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כל הסעיפים אוויר יבש במשך הלילה coverslipped פי נהלים קבועים. </li></ol> חלק 3: תוצאות נציג: שיטה זו יוצרת פרופיל הביטוי המלא של חלבון המטרה של עניין על פני מוח קוף כולו. כאן אנחנו מראים קטעים העטרה נציג המספקים תמונה של FMRP, NeuN ו SMI32 ביטוי במוח הקוף זהה. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1286/1286fig1.png" alt="" /> איור 1: צלחת מכתים (א) ו - סל (ב) המשמש לעיבוד בקנה מידה גדול אצווה של ריחוף ללא חלקים עבור immunodetection. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1286/1286fig2.png" alt="" /> איור 2: קטעים העטרה נציגת מוח קוף vervet מוכתם עבור FMRP (A), NeuN (B) SMI32 (C) נוגדנים.

<ol>
	<li>Olfert, E. D., Cross, B. M., McWilliam, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. , (1993).</li><li>Devys, D., Lutz, Y., Rouyer, N., Bellocq, J. P., Mandel, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+FMR-1+protein+is+cytoplasmic,+most+abundant+in+neurons+and+appears+normal+in+carriers+of+a+fragile+X+premutation.">The FMR-1 protein is cytoplasmic, most abundant in neurons and appears normal in carriers of a fragile X premutation.</a> Nat Genet. 4, 335-340 (1993).</li><li>Mullen, R. J., Buck, C. R., Smith, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NeuN,+a+neuronal+specific+nuclear+protein+in+vertebrates.">NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebrates.</a> Development. 116, 201-211 (1992).</li><li>Sternberger, L. A., Sternberger, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+distinguish+phosphorylated+and+nonphosphorylated+forms+of+neurofilaments+in+situ.">Monoclonal antibodies distinguish phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of neurofilaments in situ.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 80, 6126-6130 (1983).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ישנם שני שלבים קריטיים בהליך זה שהופכים בקנה מידה גדול זיהוי של חלבונים במוח הקוף כל האפשר. האחד הוא פרוטוקול הטבעה ואת חתך, אשר נשאר הידע הקנייני של NSA. השני הוא השימוש של מנות מכתים וסלים מסופק על ידי HistoTools. זו האחרונה מאפשרת טיפול קל ומהיר של (~ 40) קטעים רבים בזמן נתון....

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>anti-FMRP monoclonal antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemicon</td>
<td>MAB2160</td>
<td>Requires antigen retrieval in fixed tissue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>anti-NeuN monoclonal antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemicon</td>
<td>MAB377</td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>anti-Neurofilament H monoclonal antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sternberger Monoclonals Inc.</td>
<td>SMI32</td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Antigen Unmasking Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>H-3300</td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Normal horse serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>16050122</td>
<td>500 mL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biotinylated Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L), made in horse</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>BA-2000</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>VECTASTAIN ABC Kit (Standard)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>PK-4000</td>
<td>1.5 mg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Staining dish for floating sections</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>HistoTools</td>
<td>10009</td>
<td>12 x 65 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Staining transport basket</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>HistoTools</td>
<td>10012</td>
<td>large 
(fits 12 x 65 mm dish)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Triton X-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>P8514B</td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DAB</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>AC11209-0050</td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

batch immunostaining for large-scale protein detection in the whole monkey brain

אימונוהיסטוכימיה (IHC) הוא אחד טכניקות מעבדה הנפוצה ביותר לצורך זיהוי של חלבונים היעד<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt;. שאלות בנוגע דפוס הביטוי של חלבון מטרה ברחבי המוח כולו קל יחסית לענות בעת שימוש IHC במוח קטן, כמו אלה של מכרסמים. עם זאת, לענות על אותן שאלות במוח גדול ומסורבל, כמו אלה של פרימטים מציג מספר אתגרים. כאן אנו מציגים גישה שיטתית עבור immunodetection של חלבונים היעד במוח קוף בוגר. גישה זו מסתמכת על הרקמה הטבעה וכן חתך מתודולוגיה of Neuroscience Associates (NSA), כמו גם כלים שפותחו במיוחד עבור מכתים אצווה של ריחוף ללא סעיפים. התוצאה היא מכתים אחידה של קבוצה של סעיפים אשר, במרווח מסוים, מייצג את המוח כולו. סעיפים מוכתם וכתוצאה מכך יכולה להיות נתונה למגוון רחב של נהלים אנליטיים על מנת למדוד את רמות החלבון, אוכלוסיית נוירונים לבטא חלבון מסוים.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Batch Immunostaining for Large-Scale Protein Detection in the Whole Monkey Brain at JoVE.com

Batch Immunostaining for Large-Scale Protein Detection in the Whole Monkey Brain

בקנה מידה גדול immunodetection של חלבונים יעד ברחבי המוח הפרימטים כולו ניתן על ידי העסקת רקמה רומן הטבעה וכן חתך שיטות בשילוב עם השימוש במנגנון יצירתיים מכתים אצווה של ריחוף ללא מקטעים מרובים בכל זמן נתון.

אצווה Immunostaining לגילוי בקנה מידה גדול חלבון הנמצא במוח הקופים שלמים

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used laboratory techniques for the detection of target proteins in situ. Questions concerning the ...

batch-immunostaining-for-large-scale-protein-detection-whole-monkey

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.6K Views.  Montreal Neurological Institute. בקנה מידה גדול immunodetection של חלבונים יעד ברחבי המוח הפרימטים כולו ניתן על ידי העסקת רקמה רומן הטבעה וכן חתך שיטות בשילוב עם השימוש במנגנון יצירתיים מכתים אצווה של ריחוף ללא מקטעים מרובים בכל זמן נתון.

Video: Batch Immunostaining for Large-Scale Protein Detection in the Whole Monkey Brain

Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation. Generating a streamlined procedure for creating and screening metagenomic libraries is therefore useful for efficient high-throughput investigations into the genetic and metabolic properties of uncultured microbial assemblages. Here, key protocols are presented on video, which we propose is the most useful format for accurately describing a long process that alternately depends on robotic instrumentation and (human) manual interventions. First, we employed robotics to spot library clones onto high-density macroarray membranes, each of which can contain duplicate colonies from twenty-four 384-well library plates. Automation is essential for this procedure not only for accuracy and speed, but also due to the miniaturization of scale required to fit the large number of library clones into highly dense spatial arrangements. Once generated, we next demonstrated how the macroarray membranes can be screened for genes of interest using modified versions of standard protocols for probe labeling, membrane hybridization, and signal detection. We complemented the visual demonstration of these procedures with detailed written descriptions of the steps involved and the materials required, all of which are available online alongside the video.

בקנה מידה גדול של מסכי ספריות Metagenomic

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation.  Generating a ...

Detection of Protein Ubiquitination

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of three enzymes. They include ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and ubiquitin ligase E3. Unlike to E1 and E2, E3 ubiquitin ligases display substrate specificity. On the other hand, numerous deubiquitylating enzymes have roles in processing polyubiquitinated proteins. Ubiquitination can result in change of protein stability, cellular localization, and biological activity. Mutations of genes involved in the ubiquitination/deubiquitination pathway or altered ubiquitin system function are associated with many different human diseases such as various types of cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. The detection of altered or normal ubiquitination of target proteins may provide a better understanding on the pathogenesis of these diseases. &nbsp;Here, we describe protocols to detect protein ubiquitination in cultured cells in vivo and test tubes in vitro. These protocols are also useful to detect other ubiquitin-like small molecule modification such as sumolyation and neddylation.

Ubiquitination is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of three enzymes. Mutations of genes involved in this modification are associated with many different human diseases. Here, we describe protocols to detect protein ubiquitination in cultured cells in vivo and test tubes in vitro.

זיהוי של חלבון Ubiquitination

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of ...

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

באמצעות מערכת GELFREE 8100 ההיפוך חלוקה על ההיפוך חלוקה משקל מבוסס מולקולרית עם שלב החילוץ נוזלי

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Purification of the M. magneticum Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&Delta;41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is believed to aid their search for suitable environments (1). This capability is conferred by the magnetosome, a subcellular organelle that consists of a linear-chain assembly of lipid vesicles each able to biomineralize and enclose a ~50-nm crystal of magnetite or greigite. A principle component of the magnetosome that was shown to be required for the formation of functional vesicles is MamA. MamA is a highly abundant magnetosome-associated protein which is one of the most characterized magnetosome-associated proteins in vivo (2-6). This article focuses on the purification of MamA, which despite being studied in vivo, no clear functional or structural details have been identified for it. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that MamA is a tetra-tricopeptide repeat (TPR) containing protein. TPR is a structural motif found as such or forming part of a bigger fold in a wide range of proteins, it serves as a template for protein-protein interactions and mediates multi-protein complexes (7). TPRs are involved in many crucial tasks in eukaryotic cell organelle processes and many bacterial pathways (8-14). In order to understand MamA, a unique TPR containing protein, highly purified protein is required as a first step. In this article, we present the purification protocol for a stable MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

MamA is a unique Magnetosome associated protein which was shown to be involved in magnetosome activation. Here we present the purification protocol of MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

טיהור של מ magneticum מסננים השגריר-1 Magnetosome חלבון Associated MamAΔ41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is ...

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to mammals, zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

בקנה מידה גדול דג הזברה מבוסס ב-vivo מולקולה קטנה מסך

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to ...

Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications

Genotyping variants in the human genome has proven to be an efficient method to identify genetic associations with phenotypes. The distribution of variants within families or populations can facilitate identification of the genetic factors of disease. Illumina&#39;s panel of genotyping BeadChips allows investigators to genotype thousands or millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or to analyze other genomic variants, such as copy number, across a large number of DNA samples. These SNPs can be spread throughout the genome or targeted in specific regions in order to maximize potential discovery. The Infinium assay has been optimized to yield high-quality, accurate results quickly. With proper setup, a single technician can process from a few hundred to over a thousand DNA samples per week, depending on the type of array. This assay guides users through every step, starting with genomic DNA and ending with the scanning of the array. Using propriety reagents, samples are amplified, fragmented, precipitated, resuspended, hybridized to the chip, extended by a single base, stained, and scanned on either an iScan or Hi Scan high-resolution optical imaging system. One overnight step is required to amplify the DNA. The DNA is denatured and isothermally amplified by whole-genome amplification; therefore, no PCR is required. Samples are hybridized to the arrays during a second overnight step. By the third day, the samples are ready to be scanned and analyzed. Amplified DNA may be stockpiled in large quantities, allowing bead arrays to be processed every day of the week, thereby maximizing throughput.

A protocol is described that uses Illumina&#39;s Infinium assays to perform large-scale genotyping. These assays can reliably genotype millions of SNPs across hundreds of individual DNA samples in three days. Once generated, these genotypes can be used to check for associations with a variety of different diseases or phenotypes.

Infinium Assay עבור יישומי Genotyping SNP בקנה מידה גדולה

Genotyping variants in the human genome has proven to be an efficient method to identify genetic associations with phenotypes. The distribution of ...

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting factors, such as labor intensive sample preparations, low detection limits, slow scan speeds, intensive method optimization for each metabolite, and the inability to measure both positively and negatively charged ions in single experiments. Therefore, a novel metabolomics protocol could advance metabolomics studies. Amide-based hydrophilic chromatography enables polar metabolite analysis without any chemical derivatization. High resolution MS using the Q-Exactive (QE-MS) has improved ion optics, increased scan speeds (256 msec at resolution 70,000), and has the capability of carrying out positive/negative switching. Using a cold methanol extraction strategy, and coupling an amide column with QE-MS enables robust detection of 168 targeted polar metabolites and thousands of additional features simultaneously.&#160; Data processing is carried out with commercially available software in a highly efficient way, and unknown features extracted from the mass spectra can be queried in databases.

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. Utilizing normal-phased liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with polarity switching and a rapid duty cycle, we describe a protocol to analyze the polar metabolic composition of biological material with high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution.

אסטרטגיה בקנה מידה גדולה Metabolomics רגיש, כמותי

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

חוקר חלבונים אינטראקציות בתאים חיים באמצעות העברת פליטת אור התהודה אנרגיה

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

ODELAY: A Large-scale Method for Multi-parameter Quantification of Yeast Growth

Growth phenotypes of microorganisms are a strong indicator of their underlying genetic fitness and can be segregated into 3 growth regimes: lag-phase, log-phase, and stationary-phase. Each growth phase can reveal different aspects of fitness that are related to various environmental and genetic conditions. High-resolution and quantitative measurements of all 3 phases of growth are generally difficult to obtain. Here we present a detailed method to characterize all 3 growth phases on solid media using an assay called One-cell Doubling Evaluation of Living Arrays of Yeast (ODELAY). ODELAY quantifies growth phenotypes of individual cells growing into colonies on solid media using time-lapse microscopy. This method can directly observe population heterogeneity with each growth parameter in genetically identical cells growing into colonies. This population heterogeneity offers a unique perspective for understanding genetic and epigenetic regulation, and responses to genetic and environmental perturbations. While the ODELAY method is demonstrated using yeast, it can be utilized on any colony forming microorganism that is visible by bright field microscopy.

We present a method for quantifying growth phenotypes of individual yeast cells as they grow into colonies on solid media using time-lapse microscopy termed, One-cell Doubling Evaluation of Living Arrays of Yeast (ODELAY). Population heterogeneity of genetically identical cells growing into colonies can be directly observed and quantified.

ODLAY: שיטה בקנה מידה גדול עבור כימות רב פרמטר של גידול שמרים

Growth phenotypes of microorganisms are a strong indicator of their underlying genetic fitness and can be segregated into 3 growth regimes: lag-phase, ...

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus

Plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is governed by a variety of factors, among which the regulation of stomatal aperture in response to water deficit or pathogens plays a crucial role. Identifying small molecules that regulate stomatal movement can therefore contribute to understanding the physiological basis by which plants adapt to their environment. Large-scale screening approaches that have been used to identify regulators of stomatal movement have potential limitations: some rely heavily on the abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signaling pathway, therefore excluding ABA-independent mechanisms, while others rely on the observation of indirect, long-term physiological effects such as plant growth and development. The screening method presented here allows the large-scale treatment of plants with a library of chemicals coupled with a direct quantification of their transpiration by thermal imaging. Since evaporation of water through transpiration results in leaf surface cooling, thermal imaging provides a non-invasive approach to investigate changes in stomatal conductance over time. In this protocol, Helianthus annuus seedlings are grown hydroponically and then treated by root feeding, in which the primary root is cut and dipped into the chemical being tested. Thermal imaging followed by statistical analysis of cotyledonary temperature changes over time allows for the identification of bioactive molecules modulating stomatal aperture. Our proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that a chemical can be carried from the cut root to the cotyledon of the sunflower seedling within 10 minutes. In addition, when plants are treated with ABA as a positive control, an increase in leaf surface temperature can be detected within minutes. Our method thus allows the efficient and rapid identification of novel molecules regulating stomatal aperture.

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus

We provide a method for identifying modulators of foliar transpiration by large-scale screening of a compound library.

זיהוי של הרגולטורים הרומן של דיות צמח על ידי הקרנת הדמיה תרמית בקנה מידה גדול בהליוציץ השנתי

Plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is governed by a variety of factors, among which the regulation of stomatal aperture in response to water ...