Los autores desean agradecer Gregory Haller (Universidad de Mount Saint Vincent) para sus trabajos preliminares en el desarrollo del protocolo. Los autores también gustaría agradecer Nicholas Jones (Mount Saint Vincent University) por su experiencia técnica y asistencia con el rodaje y producción de la parte audiovisual del manuscrito. Daniel Andrews fue apoyado por fondos de MSVU y las ciencias naturales e Ingeniería investigación Consejo de Canadá (NSERC) a través de un premio de investigación del estudiante de pregrado. Tamara A. Franz-Odendaal es apoyada por una subvención de descubrimiento de NSERC.

Nota: Para las etapas de embrión, utilizar el Hamburger y Hamilton12 (HH) escenificando la mesa.
1. embrión incubación
<ol><li>Incubar huevos de gallina fecundados en una incubadora estéril, control de temperatura a 37 ° C ± 1 ° C y 40% humedad.</li>
	<li>Gire los huevos 1 x por día y que puedan incubar a HH34 (8 días tras la fertilización).</li>
</ol>2. preparación y esterilización de los materiales
<ol><li>12 embriones, autoclave 2 L de agua destilada, 1 L de solución salina al 0,85% pollo, 12 pipetas de vidrio, 1 caja de papel de fumar, 24 2,5 x 2,5 cm cuadrados semi porosa del papel de filtro y plazas 24 2,5 x 2,5 cm de alambre de acero del acoplamiento con los bordes curvados hacia abajo. Para esterilizar los materiales, autoclave a 121 ° C durante al menos 15 minutos. Nota: El autoclave de los materiales puede hacerse por adelantado.</li>
	<li>Esterilizar la incubadora con etanol al 70% por limpiar los lados estantes y puerta. Coloque 2 recipientes de plástico que contienen autoclave destilación agua dentro de la incubadora para mantener la humedad. Precaliente la incubadora de cultivo a 37 ° C ± 1 ° C y 40% humedad. La incubadora esté completamente a oscuras; Si la puerta es transparente, cubrirlo con papel de aluminio.</li>
	<li>Precaliente 100 mL de medio nutritivo y 1 mL de la penicilina por colocarlos en la incubadora de la cultura.</li>
	<li>Cubrir el espacio de trabajo con una toalla de papel y esterilizar el Banco rociando con etanol al 70%. Esterilizar 2 pares de pinzas, tijeras de disección, una hoja de afeitar y una cuchara de plástico con etanol al 70% de manera similar.</li>
	<li>Lugar 12 placas de Petri estériles de 100 mm y 24 placas de Petri estériles de 35 mm en el Banco para el uso. Mantener los platos en una bolsa estéril hasta su utilización.</li>
</ol>3. embrión preparación
Nota: De aquí en adelante, usar una máscara protectora de polvo para evitar la contaminación de las culturas. Una infección bacteriana o micótica arruinará la cultura y existe un riesgo de separarse rápidamente a todas las culturas en la incubadora.
<ol><li>Crack abre el huevo y transferir el embrión a un plato de Petri de 100 mm que contiene solución salina al 0,85% chick. Etapa del embrión según las características anatómicas descritas en la Hamburger y Hamilton escenificando las pautas12 y confirmar el embrión está en HH34.</li>
	<li>Cortar el cuello y luego atraviesan la cabeza del embrión en la línea media usando una navaja esterilizada. Utilizando pinzas estériles, quite el cerebro. Deje intacto el pico.</li>
</ol>4. cultura configuración
<ol><li>2 lugar de los platos de Petri de 35 mm dentro de un plato de Petri de 100 mm.</li>
	<li>Colocar una malla de alambre de acero dentro de cada plato de Petri de 35 mm.</li>
	<li>Con unas pinzas, transferencia 1 de las cabezas bisecadas una pieza de 2,5 x 2,5 cm semi poroso papel de filtro con el ojo mirando hacia arriba. Asegúrese de que el tejido es seguro y no se deslice fuera inclinándola ligeramente.</li>
	<li>Utilizando pinzas, coloque con cuidado el tejido ocular y el papel de filtro sobre la malla de alambre de acero en 1 de los platos de Petri de 35 mm, creando un escenario levantado con el tejido del ojo en la parte superior.</li>
	<li>Repita los pasos 4.3 y 4.4, con la otra media cabeza.</li>
	<li>Cuidadosamente con una pipeta de vidrio estéril, añadir medio nutritivo directamente en cada plato de Petri de 35 mm hasta alcanzar el nivel del papel de filtro. No sumerja la cabeza medio en el medio nutritivo.</li>
	<li>Añadir 50 μl de 10.000 U/mL de penicilina-estreptomicina en el medio nutritivo en cada placa de Petri.</li>
	<li>Doble un pedazo de papel de tejido en una pequeña plaza y colocar dentro de la caja de Petri de 100 mm. Humedecer con agua destilada esterilizada.</li>
	<li>Coloque la placa de cultivo en la incubadora a 37 ° C ± 1 ° C y 40% humedad estéril, oscurezca durante 4 días.</li>
	<li>Repita los pasos 3 y 4 para cada embrión. Nota: El número de embriones necesarios dependerá de la experiencia específica; aquí, describimos el protocolo de 12 embriones.</li>
</ol>5. cultura mantenimiento
<ol><li>Una vez al día, depositar los envases de plástico en la incubadora con agua destilada esterilizada.</li>
	<li>Diario comprobar todas las culturas para las infecciones bacterianas o por hongos. Infectan a las culturas que se han desintegrado o que el medio ha cambiado de color. Deseche todas las culturas que están infectadas.</li>
</ol>6. fijación
<ol><li>Siguiente cultivo, retirar todos los platos de la incubadora.</li>
	<li>Usando un par de pinzas, eliminar suavemente el ojo desde el papel de filtro, teniendo cuidado de no para rasgar el tejido.</li>
	<li>Fijar el tejido ocular en paraformaldehído al 4% en el 1 x de solución salina con tampón fosfato durante la noche a 4 ° C o en formalina tamponada neutra 10% durante la noche a temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Guarde el tejido a 4 ° C en 1 x solución salina con tampón fosfato.</li>
</ol>

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+series+of+normal+stages+in+the+development+of+the+chick+embryo.">A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.</a> Journal of Morphology. 88 (1), 49-92 (1951).</li><li>Yu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+developmental+biology+of+feather+follicles.">The developmental biology of feather follicles.</a> The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 48, 181-191 (2004).</li><li>Jabalee, J., Hillier, S., Franz-Odendaal, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+cellular+dynamics+during+the+development+of+intramembranous+bones:+the+scleral+ossicles.">An investigation of cellular dynamics during the development of intramembranous bones: the scleral ossicles.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 223 (4), 311-320 (2013).</li><li>Trowell, O. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+culture+of+mature+organs+in+a+synthetic+medium.">The culture of mature organs in a synthetic medium.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 16 (1), 118-147 (1959).</li><li>Pinto, C. B., Hall, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+an+understanding+of+the+epithelial+requirement+for+osteogenesis+in+scleral+mesenchyme+of+the+embryonic+chick.">Toward an understanding of the epithelial requirement for osteogenesis in scleral mesenchyme of the embryonic chick.</a> Journal of Experimental Zoology. 259 (1), 92-108 (1991).</li><li>Mbiene, J. P., MacCallum, D. K., Mistretta, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+cultures+of+embryonic+rat+tongue+support+tongue+and+gustatory+papilla+morphogenesis+in+vitro+without+intact+sensory+ganglia.">Organ cultures of embryonic rat tongue support tongue and gustatory papilla morphogenesis in vitro without intact sensory ganglia.</a> Journal of Comparative Neurology. 377 (3), 324-340 (1997).</li><li>Cloney, K., Franz-Odendaal, T. 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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Este protocolo hace uso de técnicas de cultivo del tejido establecido para lograr el crecimiento de un ojo de pollo del día embrionario 8 (HH34) en vitro por 4 días. Este método de cultivo de rejilla fue descrito originalmente por Trowell15. Hemos optimizado un protocolo de Pinto y Hall 1991 estudio16 utilizando una membrana semi porosa con la red para el estudio de señales inductivas entre capas de tejido separadas del embrionario pollo ojo1...

El embrionario pollo (Gallus gallus) es un organismo de excelente modelo comúnmente utilizado en el campo de la biología. Su período de incubación es de aproximadamente 21 días y muchos huevos pueden incubarse simultáneamente, haciendo experimentación rápida y eficiente. Tal vez lo más importante, el embrión es también fácilmente manipulable, permite el estudio exhaustivo de procesos clave del desarrollo y de los genes y las proteínas que impulsan estos procesos.
El ojo de embrión de pollo es un órgano complejo que se desarrolla a través de la interacción de un número de diferentes tejidos similares a muchos otros sistemas del cuerpo. Este método permite el estudio del desarrollo de estos tejidos, especialmente en etapas avanzadas de desarrollo. Por ejemplo, la retina varias capas puede ser de particular interés para quienes estudian el desarrollo del sistema nervioso. Métodos alternativos que permiten el estudio de otros tejidos oculares como la córnea, el cuerpo de vitreal, la lente, la esclera y los párpados son de beneficio para los investigadores. El ojo de embrión de pollo también contiene una serie de huesos planos, los osículos esclerales, que pueden ser utilizados como un modelo para el estudio de inducción ósea intramembranosa y osificación en vertebrados1.
Actualmente, hay una serie de métodos utilizados para estudiar el desarrollo embrionario. Microinyecciones de anticuerpos inhibitorios u otras moléculas inhibidoras2,3, implantaron quirúrgicamente microbeads en inhibidor de la4, y electroporación5 son todos los métodos que pueden utilizarse para regular a la baja los genes o proteínas de interés en un embrión. Métodos similares se utilizan a las proteínas del alza. Estos métodos no están sin sus limitaciones. Por ejemplo, al utilizar productos químicos para alterar el desarrollo embrionario, los efectos letales sobre los embriones deben ser evaluados, y esto limita el uso de los métodos mencionados para sitios localizados de la aplicación en dosis lo suficientemente bajas para asegurar la supervivencia de la embrión.
In vitro cultivo de tejidos se ha utilizado en una amplia gama de organismos para el estudio de desarrollo y se puede utilizar para saltarse algunas de las limitaciones mencionadas. Por ejemplo, los fémures6pluma yemas7,8y miembros9 del pollo se todos han estudiado usando métodos de cultivo de tejidos como los testículos del ratón10 y las raíces y tallos de las plantas11. Estos métodos otorgan a los científicos un alto grado de control sobre el desarrollo de tejido, tales como la capacidad de fluctuar la temperatura y alterar la disponibilidad de nutrientes. El aislamiento de los tejidos del embrión entero también hace mucho menos susceptible a los efectos letales de sustancias químicas, lo que permite estudios de manipulación a escala global en concentraciones más altas. Otra ventaja notable de cultivo en vitro es la preservación del medio ambiente celular del tejido; el arreglo de los tejidos permanece relativamente sin cambios, lo que es posible estudiar las interacciones entre tipos de tejido diferentes9. Así, en vitro cultivo abre puertas a más experimental acercamientos no disponible en modelos en vivo o en ovo .
Actualmente, estudiando el desarrollo del ojo de pollo embrionario utilizando productos químicos es particularmente desafiante. Cubierta de una serie de membranas extraembrionarias del embrión, lo que hace difícil aplicar microesferas o productos químicos. el embrión también es muy activo dentro del huevo como se pone más viejo, complicando aún más un método ya difícil. Este protocolo permite el acceso fácil para el ojo y los tejidos circundantes, eliminando esas barreras, mientras que también proporciona nuevas oportunidades para examinar los procesos del desarrollo dentro del ojo. Este protocolo fue establecido para estudiar la inducción de los osículos esclerales en el ojo embrionario.

<table><tbody><tr><td>35 mm cell culture petri dishes</td><td>Corning</td><td>353001</td><td>easy grip tissue culture dish, polystyrene, non-pyrogenic</td></tr><tr><td>100 mm cell culture petri dishes</td><td>Corning</td><td>353003</td><td>tissue culture dish, polystyrene, non-pyrogenic</td></tr><tr><td>paper tissue</td><td>Kimtech</td><td>34155</td><td>Kimtech Science Brand Task Wipers, 280 per carton</td></tr><tr><td>wire mesh</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>stainless steel wire mesh (grid size 0.7 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>disposable glass pipettes</td><td>VWR</td><td>14673-010</td><td>Borosilicate glass disposable 5 3/4&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>nutrient medium</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12591-038</td><td>Fitton-Jackson Modification, [+] L-glutamine with phenol red (BGJB)</td></tr><tr><td>penicillin-streptomycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4458</td><td>10000 units/mL penicillin streptomycin solution stabilised</td></tr><tr><td>filter paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>1454 090</td><td>semi-porous filter paper 90mm</td></tr><tr><td>fertilized chicken eggs</td><td>Dalhousie University Agricultural College</td><td>n/a</td><td>can be obtained from local farms</td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride (NaCl)</td><td>EMD</td><td>SX0420-3</td><td>sodium chloride crystals, reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>1 L glass bottle</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-240</td><td>1 L pyrex autoclavable glass bottle</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP82011</td><td>70% molecular biology grade</td></tr><tr><td>tupperware containers</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>store-bought and sterilized with EtOH</td></tr><tr><td>disposable razor blades</td><td>VWR</td><td>55411-050</td><td>single edge industrial razor blades (surgical carbon steel)</td></tr><tr><td>plastic spoons</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>store-bought and sterilized with EtOH</td></tr><tr><td>dust mask</td><td>3M</td><td>n/a</td><td>3M 8500 Comfort Mask</td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P6148</td><td>paraformaldehyde, reagent grade, crystalline</td></tr><tr><td>neutral-buffered formalin</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>72210</td><td>10% neutral buffered formalin</td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>10X phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 (137mM NaCl, 2.5mM KCl, 4.3mM Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, 1.4mM KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml falcon tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>21008-216</td><td>presterilized centrifuge tubes</td></tr><tr><td>forceps</td><td>FST</td><td>n/a</td><td>fine forceps</td></tr><tr><td>chick saline&amp;nbsp;</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a&amp;nbsp;</td><td>0.85% NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>tinfoil</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>store-bought</td></tr><tr><td>paper towel</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>store-bought</td></tr></tbody></table>

organotypic culture method to study the development of embryonic chicken tissues

El pollo embrionario se utiliza comúnmente como un organismo modelo confiable para el desarrollo de vertebrados. Su accesibilidad e incubación corto período es ideal para la experimentación. En la actualidad, el estudio de estas vías de desarrollo en el embrión de pollo se lleva a cabo mediante la aplicación de inhibidores y las drogas en los sitios localizados y a bajas concentraciones usando una variedad de métodos. In vitro cultivo de tejidos es una técnica que permite el estudio de los tejidos separados del organismo anfitrión, mientras que al mismo tiempo pasando por alto muchas de las limitaciones físicas presentes al trabajar con embriones enteros, como la susceptibilidad de los embriones a altas dosis de químicos potencialmente letales. Aquí, presentamos un organotypic cultivo de protocolo para el cultivo del embrionario pollo media cabeza en vitro, que presenta nuevas oportunidades para el examen de los procesos de desarrollo más allá de los métodos actualmente establecidos.

Usando este método, un ojo de embrión de pollo puede cultivarse del día 8 de su desarrollo (HH34) en vitro durante 4 días. Cuatro días de desarrollo en ovo corresponde a HH38.
Este método de cultivo apoya el desarrollo de brotes de plumas que rodean el ojo y los párpados (figura 1B). Estos brotes de plumas no están presentes en ovo en HH34 antes el cultivo (<strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues at JoVE.com

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

Cultura Organotypic método para estudiar el desarrollo de tejidos de embrión de pollo

Aquí, presentamos un organotypic cultivo protocolo para crecer órganos embrionarios de pollo en vitro. Usando este método, el desarrollo de tejidos de embrión de pollo puede ser estudiado, manteniendo un alto grado de control sobre el ambiente de cultivo.

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

organotypic-culture-method-to-study-development-embryonic-chicken

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

5.9K vistas.  Mount Saint Vincent University. Aquí, presentamos un organotypic cultivo protocolo para crecer órganos embrionarios de pollo en vitro. Usando este método, el desarrollo de tejidos de embrión de pollo puede ser estudiado, manteniendo un alto grado de control sobre el ambiente de cultivo.

Video: Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Research in anatomy, embryology, and developmental biology has largely relied on the use of model organisms. In order to study development in live embryos model organisms, such as the chicken, are often used. The chicken is an excellent model organism due to its low cost and minimal maintenance, however they present observational challenges because they are enclosed in an opaque eggshell. In order to properly view the embryo as it develops, the shell must be windowed or removed. Both windowing and ex ovo techniques have been developed to assist researchers in the study of embryonic development. However, each of the methods has limitations and challenges. Here, we present a simple, optimized ex ovo culture technique for chicken embryos that enables the observation of embryonic development from stage HH 19 into late stages of development (HH 40), when many organs have developed. This technique is easy to adopt in both undergraduate classes and more advanced research laboratories where embryo manipulations are conducted.

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Viewing and accessing the chicken embryo during development can be challenging. We have developed an ex ovo method that is simple, cost effective, and can easily be used in a classroom or research setting. This method provides access to the embryo into late stages of embryonic development (HH 40).

Optimizado<em&gt; Ex-ovo</em&gt; El cultivo de embriones del polluelo a etapas avanzadas de desarrollo

Research in anatomy, embryology, and developmental biology has largely relied on the use of model organisms. In order to study development in live embryos ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Método para la Cultura de primeros embriones del polluelo ex vivo (Nueva Cultura)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Biología

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

The avian embryo, as an experimental model, has been of utmost importance for seminal discoveries in developmental biology. Among several approaches, the formation of quail-chicken chimeras and the use of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to sustain the development of ectopic tissues date back to the last century. Nowadays, the combination of these classical techniques with recent in vitro methodologies offers novel prospects to further explore organ formation.
Here we describe a two-step approach to study early- and late-stages of organogenesis. Briefly, the embryonic region containing the presumptive territory of the organ is isolated from quail embryos and grown in vitro in an organotypic system (up to 48 h). Cultured tissues are subsequently grafted onto the CAM of a chicken embryo. After 10 days of in ovo development, fully formed organs are obtained from grafted tissues. This method also allows the modulation of signaling pathways by the regular administration of pharmacological agents and tissue genetic manipulation throughout in vitro and in ovo developmental steps. Additionally, developing tissues can be collected at any time-window to analyze their gene-expression profile (using quantitative PCR (qPCR), microarrays, etc.) and morphology (assessed with conventional histology and immunochemistry).
The described experimental procedure can be used as a tool to follow organ formation outside the avian embryo, from the early stages of organogenesis to fully formed and functional organs.

This article provides an updated approach to the classical quail-chicken chimera system to study organ formation, by combining novel in vitro and in ovo experimental procedures.

Enfoque de dos pasos para explorar y finales-inicios de la formación de órganos en el modelo aviar: el timo y glándulas paratiroides organogénesis paradigma

The avian embryo, as an experimental model, has been of utmost importance for seminal discoveries in developmental biology. Among several approaches, the ...

Chicken Embryo Spinal Cord Slice Culture Protocol

Slice cultures can facilitate the manipulation of embryo development both pharmacologically and through gene manipulations. In this reduced system, potential lethal side effects due to systemic drug applications can be overcome. However, culture conditions must ensure that normal development proceeds within the reduced environment of the slice. We have focused on the development of the spinal cord, particularly that of spinal motor neurons. We systematically varied culture conditions of chicken embryo slices from the point at which most spinal motor neurons had been born. We assayed the number and type of motor neurons that survived during the culture period and the position of those motor neurons compared to that in vivo. We found that serum type and neurotrophic factors were required during the culture period and were able to keep motor neurons alive for at least 24 hr and allow those motor neurons to migrate to appropriate positions in the spinal cord. We present these culture conditions and the methodology of preparing the embryo slice cultures using eviscerated chicken embryos embedded in agarose and sliced using a vibratome.

Slice cultures facilitate the manipulation of embryo development by gene and pharmacological perturbations. However, culture conditions must ensure that normal development can proceed within the reduced environment of the slice. We illustrate a protocol that facilitates normal spinal cord development to proceed for at least 24 hr.

Embriones de pollo de la Médula Espinal Slice Cultura Protocolo

Slice cultures can facilitate the manipulation of  embryo development both pharmacologically and through gene manipulations. In  this reduced system, ...

Neurociencias

Isolation of Embryonic Tissues and Formation of Quail-Chicken Chimeric Organs Using The Thymus Example

The capacity to isolate embryonic tissues was an essential step for establishing the quail-chicken chimera system, which in turn has provided undisputed contributions to unveiling key processes in developmental biology.
Herein is described an optimized method to isolate embryonic tissues from quail and chickens by microsurgery and enzymatic digestion while preserving its biological properties. After isolation, tissues from both species are associated in an in vitro organotypic assay for 48 h. Quail and chicken tissues can be discriminated by distinct nuclear features and molecular markers allowing the study of the cellular cross-talk between heterospecific association of tissues. This approach is, therefore, a useful tool for studying complex tissue interactions in developmental processes with highly dynamic spatial modifications, such as those occurring during pharyngeal morphogenesis and the formation of the foregut endoderm-derived organs. This experimental approach was first developed to study the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during early-stages of thymus formation. In this, the endoderm-derived prospective thymic rudiment and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme, were isolated from quail and chicken embryos, respectively.
The capacity of the associated tissues to generate organs can be further tested by grafting them onto the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of a chicken embryo. The CAM provides nutrients and allows gas exchanges to the explanted tissues. After 10 days of in ovo development, the chimeric organs can be analyzed in the harvested explants by conventional morphological methods. This procedure also allows studying tissue-specific contributions during organ formation, from its initial development (in vitro development) to the final stages of organogenesis (in ovo development).
Finally, the improved isolation method also provides three-dimensionally (3D) preserved embryonic tissues, that can also be used for high-resolution topographical analysis of tissue-specific gene-expression patterns.

This article provides a method to isolate pure embryonic tissues from quail and chicken embryos that can be combined to form ex vivo chimeric organs.

Aislamiento de los tejidos embrionarios y formación de órganos quiméricas pollo codorniz utilizando el ejemplo de timo

The capacity to isolate embryonic tissues was an essential step for establishing the quail-chicken chimera system, which in turn has provided undisputed ...

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for discovering new therapeutic strategies. Advancements in imaging technology have enabled quantitative investigation of the organization and maturing of the body plan, but later stage embryonic morphogenesis is less clear. Chicken embryos are an attractive vertebrate animal model system for this application because of its ease of culture and surgical manipulation. Early embryos can be cultured for a short time on filter paper rings, which enables complete optical access for cell patterning and fate studies1,2. Studying advanced developmental processes such as cardiac morphogenesis are traditionally performed through a window of the eggshell3-5, but this technique limits optical access due to window size. We previously developed a simple method to culture whole embryos ex-ovo on hexagonal weigh boats for up to 10 days, which enabled high resolution imaging via ultrasonography6,7. These cultures were difficult to transport, limiting the types of imaging tools available for live experiments. We here present an improved shell-less culture system with a cost-effective, portable environmental chamber. Eggs were cracked onto a hammock created by a polyurethane membrane (cling wrap) affixed circumferentially to a plastic cup partially filled with sterile water. The dimensions of the circumference and depth of the hammock were both critical to maintain surface tension, while the mechanics of the hammock and water beneath helped dampen vibrations induced by transportation. A small footprint circulating water bath was also developed to enable continuous temperature control during experimentation. We demonstrate the ability to culture embryos in this way for at least 14 days without morphogenic defect or delay and employ this system in several microsurgical and imaging applications.

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

In this article, we present a simple methodology to enable long-term ex-ovo avian embryo culture. This technique is ideal for longitudinal experimentation requiring complete optical accessibility and/or sterile transportation in avian embryos.

Un Ex-ovo</emPollo> Embrión de cultivo apropiado para aplicaciones de imagen y sistema de Microcirugía

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for ...

Efficient Vascularization of Kidney Organoids through Intracelomic Transplantation in Chicken Embryos

Kidney organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells contain nephron-like structures that resemble those in the adult kidney to a certain degree. Unfortunately, their clinical applicability is hampered by the lack of a functional vasculature and consequently limited maturation in vitro. The transplantation of kidney organoids in the celomic cavity of chicken embryos induces vascularization by perfused blood vessels, including the formation of glomerular capillaries, and enhances their maturation. This technique is very efficient, allowing for the transplantation and analysis of large numbers of organoids. This paper describes a detailed protocol for the intracelomic transplantation of kidney organoids in chicken embryos, followed by the injection of fluorescently labeled lectin to stain the perfused vasculature, and the collection of transplanted organoids for imaging analysis. This method can be used to induce and study organoid vascularization and maturation to find clues for enhancing these processes in vitro and improve disease modeling.

Here, we present a detailed protocol for the transplantation of kidney organoids in the celomic cavity of chicken embryos. This method induces vascularization and enhanced maturation of the organoids within 8 days and can be used to study these processes in an efficient manner.

Vascularización eficiente de organoides renales mediante trasplante intracelomico en embriones de pollo

Kidney organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells contain nephron-like structures that resemble those in the adult kidney to a certain ...

Una revisión exhaustiva de los protocolos de cultivo de explantes de piel embrionaria aviar

Using Avian Skin Explants to Study Tissue Patterning and Organogenesis

The developing avian skin during embryogenesis is a unique model that can provide valuable insights into tissue patterning. Here three variations on skin explant cultures to examine different aspects of skin development are described. First, ex vivo organ cultures and manipulations offer researchers opportunities to observe and study the development of feather buds directly. Skin explant culture can grow for 7 days enabling direct analysis of cellular behavior and 4D imaging at intervals during this growth period. This also allows for physical and molecular manipulations of culture conditions to visualize tissue response. For example, growth factor-coated beads can be applied locally to induce changes in feather patterning in a limited area. Alternatively, viral transduction can be delivered globally in the culture media to up or downregulate gene expression. Second, the skin recombination protocol allows researchers to investigate tissue interactions between the epidermis and mesenchyme that are derived from different skin regions, different life stages, or different species. This affords an opportunity to test the time window in which the epithelium is competent to respond to signals and its ability to form different skin appendages in response to signals from different mesenchymal sources. Third, skin reconstitution using dissociated dermal cells overlaid with intact epithelium resets skin development and enables the study of the initial processes of periodic patterning. This approach also enhances our ability to manipulate gene expression among the dissociated cells before creating the reconstituted skin explant. This paper provides the three culture protocols and exemplary experiments to demonstrate their utility.

Autor destacado: Visión de las metodologías experimentales actuales de explantes de piel de ave

Here we describe protocols for three types of avian embryonic skin explant cultures that can be used to examine tissue interactions, 4D imaging timelapse movie (3D plus time), global or local perturbation of molecular function, and systems biology characterization.

Uso de explantes de piel de ave para estudiar el patrón de tejidos y la organogénesis

The developing avian skin during embryogenesis is a unique model that can provide valuable insights into tissue patterning. Here three variations on skin ...

Cultura Organotypic método para estudiar el desarrollo de tejidos de embrión de pollo

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Método para la Cultura de primeros embriones del polluelo ex vivo (Nueva Cultura)

Enfoque de dos pasos para explorar y finales-inicios de la formación de órganos en el modelo aviar: el timo y glándulas paratiroides organogénesis paradigma

Embriones de pollo de la Médula Espinal Slice Cultura Protocolo

Aislamiento de los tejidos embrionarios y formación de órganos quiméricas pollo codorniz utilizando el ejemplo de timo

Un Ex-ovo Embrión de cultivo apropiado para aplicaciones de imagen y sistema de Microcirugía

Vascularización eficiente de organoides renales mediante trasplante intracelomico en embriones de pollo

Uso de explantes de piel de ave para estudiar el patrón de tejidos y la organogénesis

Uso de explantes de piel de ave para estudiar el patrón de tejidos y la organogénesis

Uso de explantes de piel de ave para estudiar el patrón de tejidos y la organogénesis